Ngisho ubona ingungumbane okokuqala ngqa, kunzima ukuyiphambanisa nanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane, ngenxa yokubukeka kwaso okuhlukile. Yiziphi izinganekwane ezikhona ngalesi silwane esingaqondakali? Lapho kuhlala khona lesi simangaliso semvelo, kudlani nokuthi sikhiqiza kanjani - sizokhuluma esihlokweni.
Incazelo yengungumbane
Izingungumbane zaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngezinaliti zazo ezinde eziyingozi. Noma yisiphi isivakashi esingamenyiwe esivuse ukuqaphela esilwaneni singahlangana naso ngokusondele. Lezi zinhlayiya ezinde zivame ukusiza igundane le-porcupine ukuthi lizivikele engozini. Ngemininingwane yakho, kuneziningi zazo emzimbeni wengungumbane kune-hedgehog. Ngeshwa, ukubukeka kuvame ukuphela kolwazi abantu abaningi abanalo ngalezi zilwane. Isibonelo, abantu abaningi abalazi iqiniso lokuthi ingungumbane yigundane, elinye lamagundane amakhulu emhlabeni.... Isisindo esimaphakathi se-porcupine yabantu abadala singamakhilogremu ayishumi nambili. Yize enobudlelwano bomndeni nama-hedgehogs.
Ungahlangana nalesi silwane esihle kakhulu emahlathini nasehlathini laseYurophu, e-Afrika, e-Asia, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. Ngokuvamile, ingungumbane ibhekwa njengemfuyo edla imifino, kepha ngokuntuleka kokudla kwezitshalo, izokujabulela ukuzitika ngezilwanyana ezihuquzelayo, izinambuzane namaqanda atholakala ezidlekeni zabanye abantu. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30 ezahlukahlukene zezinkukhu ezitholakala endaweni yazo yokudabuka emhlabeni jikelele.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ubukhulu bezilwane bungahluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinhlobo - kusuka kwabamele ikhilogremu abancane bezinkukhu zaseNingizimu Melika, kuye ezinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayishumi noma ngaphezulu ase-Afrika.
Njengomthetho, lezi yizilwane ezinombala ompunga noma onsundu, kepha abameleli abamhlophe abavamile ukutholakala. Umsila wenkukhu endala ufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-25. Isisindo singahluka ngokuya ngendawo, ngesilinganiso sama-5.5 kuye kwayi-16 kilograms. Kuhunyushwe kusuka esiFulentshi, igama le-porcupine lihunyushwa ngokuthi "ingulube e-spiked".
Izinaliti ezicijile eziyingozi, ezingaba ngu-25 cm ubude, ezingafika ku-7 mm ubukhulu, ezinesisindo esingu-250 g, ziqhuma kalula emzimbeni. Kwakungaleli qiniso elenza umuntu acabange phambilini ukuthi ingungumbane ingadubula umenzi wobubi naye. Eqinisweni, banamathele ngokukhululekile futhi bawe bodwa lapho beshayela noma behamba ezindaweni ezimbi. Isigelekeqe esiwele ngaphansi kwentukuthelo yalesi sigundane siba sengozini yokushiya izinaliti emzimbeni, ezinzima kakhulu futhi ezibuhlungu ukuzisusa kamuva. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile, azinabo ubuthi, kepha ukubhoboza uqobo kungadala ukuphazamiseka okuningi ngenxa yokutheleleka okuphezulu, ngoba kungangcola.
Kuyiqiniso leli elivame ukuholela ekuveleni kwamahlosi adla abantu, esizokhuluma ngawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinaliti zivuselelwa njalo, ezintsha zikhula ngokushesha esikhundleni sezinduku eziwile. Izingungumbane zinamaphimbo ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi "ngomculo" aziphatha ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ethwele izingane nokubeletha. Ngendlela - izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zinesisindo esingaba ngama-450 g.Ubude bomzimba wabo cishe bube ngu-25 cm (10 inches). Izimpaphe zezingungumbane ezisanda kuzalwa zisathambile futhi ziphephile, ukuze ziqine futhi ziphenduke isikhali sangempela sokuzivikela - zidinga isikhathi. Ingane esanda kuzalwa izohlala nomama cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha.
Ukubukeka
Umbala wangaphandle unikezwa ngokwemvelo engungubeni yokufihla ngempumelelo endaweni ejwayelekile... Futhi njengoba indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene yehlukile, ngakho-ke, umbala wejazi nawo uyahluka. Zingaba mpunga, nsundu, kuyaqabukela zimhlophe. Isakhiwo somzimba se-porcupine siyindida kancane. Kukhulu ngemilenze emikhulu kodwa emifushane ububanzi buqhelelene. "Isibalo" esinjalo esiningi sidala izinkinga eziningi ngesikhathi sokugijima noma sokujaha, kanti ingungumbane igijima ngejubane ngokwanele, noma ngabe inyathela ngezinyawo elikhulu.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nezinaliti. Zingaphezu kwama-30,000 izinaliti ezimboza usizo lomzimba wengungu ngesikhathi sokuzivikela nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Le nwele elukhuni, engenalutho yakhiwe nge-keratin futhi ifinyelela isilinganiso samasentimitha ayi-8 ubude. Insiba ngayinye inameva obukhali esicutshini. Unwele ngalunye lufakwe emgodleni walo, oluyivikelayo kuze kube yilapho ingungumbane izizwa isongelwa bese idedela uphaphe. Izeluleko ezibukhali zivezwa ngesimo se-fish hook, nguyena okuvumela ukuthi ungene ngokukhululekile emisipheni yomhlaseli, bese uletha ukuhlushwa okungakholeki lapho ususwa. Uma isisulu, sizama ukuzikhulula, senza ukunyakaza okubukhali okunesiphithiphithi - izingwegwe zihlala ziqinile emzimbeni kuphela.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngokuphikisana nombono wangaphandle, izinaliti azivimbeli ingungumbane ukuba ihambe, kepha kunalokho, ziyayivumela ukuthi ihlale kahle ebusweni bamanzi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yama-void angaphakathi kwezinaliti futhi asebenze njengokuntanta. Ngeshwa, kukhona nokususa kokuzifaka esilwaneni. Ngemuva kwakho konke, imishayo emihle yezinkukhu ivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokuhlobisa, yingakho zizingelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Izinungu nazo zinezingubo zangaphansi kanye nezinwele zokuqapha. Lezi zinhlobo zezinwele zivame ukumboza imizimba yentsha. Ingubo yangaphansi uqobo luhlaza oluminyene lwezinwele ezinhle, ezimnyama. Sisebenza njengesivikelo, sigcina ukufudumala komzimba kwezinungu phakathi nobusika. Qapha izinwele phezu kwengubo yangaphansi, etholakala ngemuva nasemsileni. Zikhula zibe ngamasentimitha amane futhi zivikela ingubo yangaphansi.
Imilenze yangaphambili yengungumbane inezinzwane ezine. Kunezinhlanu zazo emilenzeni yangemuva. Uzwane ngalunye luphela ngozipho olubukhali, olunamandla olusetshenziswa yizinkukhu ngezinhloso ezimbili. Okokuqala ukuzisiza ukwazi ukuthola ukudla. Ngosizo lwezinzipho ezinamandla, ukhipha kalula izitshalo ezidingekayo ukuze kudliwe, aqhaqhe amagxolo ezihlahleni, asebenzisane nomvini, efuna ukuthola amajikijolo amnandi futhi anomsoco. Inhloso yesibili ifaka ukungcwatshwa ngozipho abaqinile ezihlahleni, sengathi ukhipha ihange ukuze uhambe ngeziqu zemithi. Ngendlela - izingungumbane zingamasele amahle kakhulu.
Ngokwehlukana, kufanele ukhulume ngamazinyo esilwane. Kunezikhala ezine ezibukhali phambi komlomo. Izakhiwo zabo zingaqhathaniswa netshizili. Njengamagundane amaningi, amazinyo ebungu ayaqhubeka nokukhula kukho konke ukuphila kwawo. Uma isilwane siyeke ukugaya, kukhona amathuba okungena kanye nokuvaleka kwesikhala somlomo, ngemuva kwalokho igundane lizobulawa yindlala. Ukuvimbela lokhu, bahlala behlafuna inqwaba yezinkuni. Amazinyo ebungu ngokuvamile ajika abe olintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa ye-tannin, i-enzyme etholakala ezihlahleni.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
I-Asia ne-Afrika kuyikhaya lenkukhu. Zibhekwa njengezilokazane ezinkulu kulo lonke elaseKenya ngenxa yobuningi bazo nothando lwezitshalo. Izinkukhu zingatholakala naseNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika. Izinkumbi ziyathanda ukuhlala eduze kwezifunda ezinamadwala, kanye nasezintabeni nasemathambekeni amnene. Bangababhukudi nabagibeli abahle kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa!Iningi lomsebenzi walezi zilwane wenzeka ebusuku. Ngaphandle kokuthi ngesikhathi sasemini bakhetha ukulala phansi emizini yabo, usengabahlangabeza.
Izingungumbane zivame ukuhlala eduze kwesifunda lapho kuhlala khona abantu. Isifiso sokuthola usawoti sibasunduza ekukhetheni okunjalo. Bazama ukuyithola ngokufuna upende, iminyango, ipulangwe nezinye izinto abangazithola kuzo. Kungakho ezindaweni eziningi abantu benze konke okusemandleni ukubasusa endleleni. Ekufuneni amanzi ahlanzekile, izingungumbane zivame ukugibela emagcekeni ezakhiwo zokuhlala, konakalisa amapayipi amanzi namapayipi ngamazinyo nangezinzipho. Ngisho nocingo olwenziwe ngocingo lwensimbi alunakuqukatha lokho. Ngosizo lwamazinyo abo anamandla kakhulu, bayiluma kalula.
Izingungumbane ngokuvamile zihlala zodwa, ngaphandle kwezikhathi zokukhwelana noma lapho kunesidingo sokubambisana ukunakekela izingane ezisencane. Noma kunjalo, bangathola izindawo zabo zokuhlala eduze komunye nomunye. Isibonelo, emihumeni, izihlahla zasendulo noma izingodo. Izingungumbane azilali ubusuku bonke, zibekezelela isimo sezulu esingajabulisi namakhaza ngaphakathi emakhaya abo.
Zingaki izingungumbane ezihlala
Ngokuya ngemininingwane eqoshiwe, ingungumbane eyaphila isikhathi eside ngo-2011 e-zoo yagubha iminyaka engama-30 yasungulwa... Endle, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwalezi zilwane siphakathi kweminyaka eyishumi nengamashumi amabili. Ngalesi sikhathi samanje, esinolwazi oluningi mayelana nezinkukhu, ziye zathanjiswa zagcinwa ekuthunjweni. Lapho izimo zivuma kakhudlwana, isikhathi eside lapho isilwane esihluphayo siphila. Ingathengwa njengesilwane ezimakethe ezikhungayo noma ezitolo ezikhethekile zezilwane ezifuywayo.
Izinhlobo ze-Porcupine
Izingungumbane zizinhlobo eziningi. Abadume kakhulu kulaba ngabamele iMalay, South Africa, Javanese, Crested kanye namaNdiya. Ngokwamagama kuyacaca ukuthi imvelaphi yazo ihlobene ngqo nendawo yokuhlala izilwane. Futhi, ingungumbane yaseNingizimu Afrika ayikhethi maqondana nemvelo. Lesi silwane sifinyelela kuma-25 kilograms wesisindo.
Futhi ikhula ize ifike kumasentimitha angama-80 ubude. Wanelisekile ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezembozo zezitshalo eNingizimu Afrika, ngaphandle kwehlathi. Futhi kuleli zwekazi, olunye uhlobo luphila - ingungumbane enomsila webhulashi. Kukhona intshakaza emhlophe ekugcineni kwesikhumba sayo. Ingungumbane enomsila omude itholakala eSumatra naseBorneo. Izinaliti zalo ziyisici esiyinhloko esihlukanisa izinhlobo. Ziguquguquka kakhulu, zifushane futhi zizacile, okunikeza isithombe sokuthi kune-hair-bristle eminyene nje. Wenza umsebenzi omuhle wokuqwala izihlahla futhi ubukeka njengegundane elikhulu elimanzi.
Futhi eSumatra kukhona ingungumbane yaseSumatran. Iyabonakala ngosayizi wayo omncane, isisindo sayo asidluli ama-5.5 kilograms, futhi ukuphakama kwayo ngamasentimitha angama-56. Unezinaliti ezifanayo ezinhle ezicishe zifane noboya, kepha zimhlophe ezingcebeni. Le ngungumbane ihlala esiqhingini saseSumatra kuphela. Ingungumbane enonya ingowokuzalwa eBorneo. Inkulu kuneSumatran, izinaliti zayo ziqinile. Ngaphezu kwezindawo zasendle, zingabonakala ezigcawini zedolobha, lapho abantu bendawo kanye nabavakashi ngokufanayo bebondla izithelo nemifino.
Kuyathakazelisa!Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zohlobo lwe-porcupine. Itholakala eNdiya, eMiddle East, e-Southern Europe, nase-Asia Minor naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Izingungumbane zaseMelika zizinhlobo ezimbili: ENyakatho Melika naseNingizimu Melika. Ezokuqala zimbozwe imicu efanayo emzimbeni wonke, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinde endaweni ye-caudal. Abokugcina, ngakolunye uhlangothi, banesici esisodwa esihlukanisayo - bangakhuphuka ezihlahleni ngokuphelele futhi bahlomise namakhaya abo lapho. Futhi kule ndawo kunezinhlobo ezinamathela emagatsheni ezihlahla nezihlahla ngomsila wazo omude. Ubude bomsila esilwaneni esikhulile bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-45.
Ingungumbane yaseNdiya, ngokungafani negama layo, isabalele hhayi kuphela eNdiya... Ungayithola eNingizimu, e-Asia Ephakathi, eTranscaucasus nasendaweni yaseKazakhstan. Ingungumbane yaseJavan ingabonakala e-Indonesia, naseMalay - eChina, Thailand, India, Vietnam, eziqhingini nasezinhlonhlweni ezimbalwa, naseNepal. Ngokwemvelo yazo, izingungumbane zibhekwa njengezilwane zasentabeni. Zihlala kamnandi emigodini yazo, yize zivame ukuhlala emigodini yezihlahla noma emigedeni. Lesi silwane simba imigodi emide, sihlonyiswe ngemihubhe eminingana.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izindunduma zenaliti - izingungumbane sezizinze emhlabeni wonke. Zitholakala e-Asia, eYurophu, e-Afrika, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika. Abahlali bamazwekazi ahlukene bangahlukaniswa ngokuziphatha nangokubukeka kwabo.
Ukudla kwengulube
Ukudla kwamagundane kufaka phakathi ama-rhizomes ahlukahlukene ezitshalo nezihlahla, ama-apula, kanye nezithelo ze-hawthorn nama rose rose. Esikhathini sentwasahlobo-ehlobo, ingungumbane isivele idla ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zezitshalo eziluhlaza, ama-rhizomes azo ahluma. Izilimo eziyizigaxa nama-bulb nazo ziyasetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi sokuvuna ekwindla, ukudla kudla ngokucebile. Iqukethe amakhabe, amagilebhisi, i-alfalfa, kanye nethanga eliyintandokazi nekhukhamba elingadonswa kumasayithi abantu. Imihlathi namazinyo ayo aqinile futhi anamandla amakhulu kangangokuba ngeke kube nzima ukuthi igundane lidle induku yensimbi.
La magundane ezindaweni zawo eziningi ahlukaniswa njengezilokazane. Konke ngothando lwesilwane ngezitshalo zezimpande. Futhi esifisweni sokuzuza ngemifino emnandi, ngeke esabe ukuyodoba ezweni eliseduzane lezolimo, ecekela phansi isivuno. Amazambane noma ithanga kuphakathi kwezitshalo zasekhaya eziyintandokazi. Ngokushisekela idla ithanga elimnandi, ingungumbane ngenjabulo ingenza ngisho nemisindo yokuncinza neyokububula. Futhi, lezi zilwane zilimaza isimo sehlathi. Inkinga yonke isothandweni lwamagxolo esihlahla namahlumela amancane amancane. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sasebusika, ingungumbane eyodwa yabantu abadala ingabhubhisa izihlahla ezingaba yikhulu.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukuphela kwehlobo nokuqala kwekwindla kuyisikhathi semidlalo yokukhwelana esebenzayo yezinkukhu. Zizala kanye kuphela ngonyaka. Ukuheha ongaba umlingani wezocansi, benza imisindo eminingi ekhethekile. Abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi basebenzisa isitayela esihlukile sokukhuluma, esabisa abanye abesilisa - abangahle bancintisane nabo. Lapho ukhetha owesilisa, imithetho yokukhethwa kwemvelo yangempela iyasebenza. Ngalesi sikhathi, abanumzane baziphatha ngolaka ngokweqile, ngoba kuphela abanamandla, abanesibindi nabanesibindi kakhulu abazothola ithuba lokuba nabesifazane.
Kuyathakazelisa!Isitayela sokuqomisa intokazi ngezinkukhu, ukusibeka ngobumnene, asijwayelekile. Abesilisa baqala ngokudansa umdanso wokukhwelana, bese bechamela owesifazane ukuze anakwe. Inyunyana yezinkukhu ihlala isikhashana. Lezi zithandani zihlala ndawonye ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa futhi ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-7 zizelwe, ziyahlakazeka, zifeze umsebenzi wazo.
Ngemuva kwakho konke, umsebenzi omkhulu wabashadikazi ukukhiqiza nokukhulisa inzalo... Ngokuvamile kukhona amawundlu ambalwa kudoti. Inombolo yabo ingahle isuke kokunye kuye kwemihlanu. Kepha okuvame kakhulu yizimo zokuzalwa kwengane eyodwa noma ngazimbili. Izingungumbane ezisanda kuzalwa sezivele zishesha futhi zingakhuphuka ezihlahleni, kepha zisengozini enkulu, ngoba zizalwa zinezinaliti ezithambile kakhulu. Bahlala nonina isikhathi esingangezinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuya emhlabeni impilo ezimele, yabantu abadala.
Izitha zemvelo
Endle, izingungumbane zinezitha ezimbalwa, ngoba iziqu zazo ziyisivikelo esihle kakhulu ezilwaneni ezifana nezingwe, izingwe noma izingulule. Ngesikhathi sokusondela komuntu onobuhlakani obuyingozi, igundane lenza imisindo yokuxwayisa. Uqala ukunyathela izinyawo zakhe ngokuzwakalayo ngangokunokwenzeka futhi, ejika ngapha nangapha, ushaya izinaliti lapho ethintana. Uma izimpawu zokuxwayisa zingamethusi umhlaseli, ingungumbane igijimela kumuntu osonile bese imhlaba ngezinaliti. Akesabi noma yiziphi izilwane ezinkulu ezidlayo noma izimoto ezidlulayo, okwenza ukubukeka okwesabisayo, akafuni ukuyeka.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imikhuhlane enezinkukhu ngokuvamile ibangela izilwane ezidla ezinye zihlasele abantu. Ama-cheetah nama-tiger, aqhunywe yizikhonyane zezinkukhu, esesimweni sokugula futhi elambile, awakwazi ukuzingela izilwane zasendle ezishesha. Balahlekelwa ukushesha kwabo kwangaphambili futhi bakhubazeke ngokoqobo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, baqala ukusondela kubantu abangasheshi futhi abashesha njengezilwane ezinamanqina - isisulu sangaphambili esikhulu.
Ezimweni eziningi, yize kunebhadi, isitha esikhulu sengungumbane, njengezinye izilwane eziningi, ngumuntu. Izingubo ezigqamile zengungu zamnika isiphetho esidabukisayo.Kwamanye amazwe, bayabanjwa babulawe ngenxa yezinaliti ezinhle ezahlukahlukene, ezilungele ukudala ubucwebe. Futhi emazweni ase-Asia, ingxenye yenyama yayo ibhekwa njengesibiliboco sendawo. Inambitheka njengenyama kanogwaja. Imhlophe, i-tastier futhi inamanzi amaningi. Okwamanje, ukuzingela lezi zilwane kuthole umlingiswa wezemidlalo nokuncintisana. Ukuzingela okunenjongo ngaye akuvamile ukwenziwa - imvamisa izinkukhu ziyabulawa endleleni, ngenkathi zizingela ezinye izilwane zasendle.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Inani lezingungumbane, yize lehlile esikhathini esedlule ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yemvelo, lihlala lisezingeni eliphezulu impela.... Uma zihlanganiswa, lezi zinhlobo zisengabhekwa njengezingezansi komugqa wosongo. Ukulandela imininingwane ye-International Red Data Book, isimo sezinkukhu sizimisele ukuba sengozini encane. Lesi simo sikhombisa amathuba aphansi okuqothulwa.
