AmaSalamanders (Sаlаmandra) ayizinhlobo zezilwane ezingavamile kakhulu ezibukeka ze-oda lama-Tailed amphibians. Umndeni weSalamander nohlobo lweSalamander lubandakanya izinhlobo eziningi ezithuthukile, ezihlukile ekuzalweni okuphilayo nasezweni elihlala kulo.
Incazelo yesalamander
Ukuhunyushwa kwegama intulo kusuka Persian - "Burning from within"... Ngokubonakala kwazo, izilwane zasolwandle ezinomsila ezinjengalezi zifana nesibankwa, kodwa zabelwa amakilasi ahluke ngokuphelele: zonke izibankwa zisesigabeni sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, futhi ama-salamanders asesigabeni sama-Amphibian.
Izilwane zasemanzini zangempela kakhulu zinezinto ezimangalisayo futhi ziyakwazi ukukhulisa umsila noma izitho ezilahlekile. Ngenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, bonke abameleli beqembu bahlukaniswa:
- AmaSalamanders angokoqobo (Sаlаmаndridае);
- AmaSalamanders awanamaphaphu (I-Plethodontidae);
- Izintandokazi ze-gill ezifihliwe (Сryрtobrаnсhidаe).
Izincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni yi-salamander emifushane (i-Eurycea quadridigita) enobude bomzimba obungu-50-89 mm, ne-salamander encane (i-Desmognathus wrighti), ekhula ize ifike kumasentimitha amahlanu. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zihlala ezifundazweni ezisenyakatho zezwekazi laseMelika.
Ukubukeka
Umehluko omkhulu kwisibankwa ukuthi intulo inesikhumba esimanzi futhi esibushelelezi, kanye nokungabikho ngokuphelele kozipho. I-amphibian enomsila inomzimba ohlangene ngesimo futhi uhlangana kahle emsileni. Ezinye izinhlobo zinokwakhiwa okuminyene futhi okunamandla, kufaka phakathi
Intulo yomlilo, namanye amalungu omndeni abonakala ngomzimba omncane futhi ocwengile. Zonke izinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngemilenze emifushane, kepha ezinye azinazo izitho ezikhule kahle. Izinhlobo eziningi zihlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwezinzwane ezine emlenzeni ngamunye wangaphambili, nezinhlanu emilenzeni yangemuva.
Inhloko ye-salamander inesimo esinde futhi esicwecwe kancane, esiveza amehlo amnyama, njengomthetho, amajwabu amehlo athuthukile. Endaweni yekhanda le-amphibian kunezindlala ezithile zesikhumba ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-parotids, okuyizimpawu zazo zonke izilwane zasemanzini. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wezinhlayiya ezikhethekile ukukhiqiza uketshezi olunobuthi - i-bufotoxin, equkethe ama-alkaloid anemiphumela ye-neurotoxic, edala ukuquleka noma ukukhubazeka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zama-mammalian.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imvamisa kumbala wentulo, kuhlanganiswa imibala eminingana ehlukene ngasikhathi sinye, eguqulwa kakhulu ibe yimivimbo, ama-specks namabala ahluke ngokuma noma ngosayizi.
Ngokuya ngezimpawu zezinhlobo, ubude bomuntu omdala bungahluka ngaphakathi kuka-5-180 cm, futhi isici esivelele sabanye abameleli bama-salamanders anomsila omude ukuthi ubude bomsila bude kakhulu kunobude bomzimba. Umbala wentulo ubuye uhluke kakhulu, kepha i-Fire Salamander, enombala ogqamile omnyama ngokusawolintshi, ingenye yezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu okwamanje. Umbala wabanye abameleli ungahle ucace bha, ube mnyama, onsundu, ophuzi nomnqumo, futhi ube mpunga noma ube bomvu.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Emanzini, ama-salamanders ahamba ngokugoba umsila, ngokunye ngakwesokunxele nangakwesokudla. Emhlabeni, isilwane sihamba kuphela ngosizo lwama-pair amabili emilenze engathuthuki kangako.
Kulokhu, iminwe esezitho zezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezithile zama-salamanders inolwelwesi olunwebekayo nolunesikhumba, kepha ayinazinzipho ngokuphelele. Bonke abamele umndeni wakwaSalamander nohlobo lweSalamander banekhono nje eliyingqayizivele elivumela ukuthi izitho nomsila zivuseleleke.
Inqubo yokuphefumula yabantu abadala inikezwa ngamaphaphu, isikhumba noma ulwelwesi lwamafinyila olutholakala ngaphakathi komgodi womlomo... Abamele uhlobo, abahlala njalo emanzini, baphefumula ngosizo lwamaphaphu nohlelo lwangaphandle lwe-gill. Imishayo yentulo ifana namahlumela anezimpaphe atholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Izilwane cishe zonke izinhlobo azikwazi ukubekezelela izimo zokushisa okuphezulu, ngakho-ke zizama ukugwema imisebe yelanga futhi ngesikhathi sasemini zicasha ngaphansi kwamatshe, izihlahla eziwile noma emigodini yezilwane elahliwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kuyisiko ukudlulisa intulo ezilwaneni ezihola impilo yokuphila yodwa, kepha ngaphambi kokulala, cishe ngo-Okthoba, izilwane zasolwandle ezinomsila ezinjalo zihlangana ngamaqembu, okuzivumela ukuthi zisinde esikhathini esibi sonyaka.
Ama-alpine salamanders akhetha ukuhlala endaweni esogwini yemifudlana yezintaba, lapho acasha khona ngaphansi kwamatshe amaningi noma ezihlahleni, kepha ama-fire salamanders anentshisekelo ethile, akhetha amahlathi ahlanganisiwe nalawo aqinile, amagquma nezindawo ezinezintaba, kanye nezindawo ezisogwini zemifula. Ama-amphibian anomsila anokunamathela okuqinile endaweni ethile yokuhlala, futhi imvamisa ahola indlela yokuphila yasebusuku noma okuthiwa yasebusuku.
Ama-fire salamanders yizilwane ezingasebenzi futhi ezihamba kancane, zibhukuda kabi futhi zizama ukusondela emizimbeni yamanzi kuphela esigabeni sokuzalela. Esikhathini esivela ku-Okthoba kuya ekupheleni kukaNovemba, njengomthetho, bayahamba ebusika, okuhlala kuze kufike ukuqala kokushisa kwentwasahlobo. Abamele lezi zinhlobo bachitha ubusika becashe ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla noma ungqimba olujiyile lwamaqabunga awile, imvamisa behlangana emaqenjini amakhulu, aqukethe amashumi ambalwa noma abantu abambalwa.
Mangaki ama-salamanders ahlala
Isikhathi esiphakathi sokurekhodwa se-amphibian enomsila cishe siyiminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa. Kodwa-ke, phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo zale nhlobo, kukhona nabaneminyaka eyikhulu beqiniso. Isibonelo, isikhathi esimaphakathi sempilo enkulu yaseJapan singadlula isigamu sekhulu leminyaka. Ama-fire salamanders ahlala ekuthunjweni cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane kuya kwemihlanu, futhi ngokwemvelo isikhathi esiphelele sokuphila salolu hlobo asidluli, njengomthetho, iminyaka eyishumi nane. Abamele izinhlobo ze-Alpine salamanders bahlala endaweni yabo yemvelo isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi.
Izinhlobo ze-Salamander
Namuhla, ama-salamanders amelwe yizinhlobo eziyisikhombisa eziyinhloko, kepha bambalwa kuphela kubo abafunda kakhulu:
- I-Alpine, noma intulo emnyama (Sаlаmаndra аtra) Isilwane esifana nentulo yomlilo ngokubukeka, kepha sehlukile emzimbeni omncane, usayizi omncane futhi umbala omnyama ocwebezelayo onombala ocwazimulayo (ngaphandle kwama-subspecies Sаlаmаndra аtra аuroraеenomzimba ophuzi ophuzi nekhanda). Ubude bomuntu omdala ngokuvamile abukho ngaphezu kwama-90-140 mm. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-alpine salamander: Salamandra atra atra, Salamandra atra aurorae neSalamandra atra prenjensis;
- Intulo Lanza (Salamandra lanzai) Ingabe i-amphibian enomsila yomndeni wama-salamanders wangempela futhi iqanjwe ngo-Benedeto Lanza, isazi sezinambuzane esivela e-Italy. Abamele lolu hlobo banomzimba omnyama, ubude obulinganiselwa ku-110-160 mm, ikhanda eliyisicaba, umsila oyisiyingi nokhombe;
- Intulo yasePacific (Еnsаtina еsсhsсholtzii) - uhlobo olubonakala ngekhanda elincane futhi eliwugqinsi, kanye nomzimba omncane kodwa oqinile ofinyelela ku-145 mm ubude, embozwe ezinhlangothini ngesikhumba esishwabene nesigoqiwe;
- Umlilo, noma ibala, intulo evamile (Sаlаmаndra sаlаmаndra) Ingabe isilwane esingenye yezinhlobo ezidumile kakhulu zeSalamander kanye nommeleli omkhulu kulo mndeni. Intulo yomlilo inombala ogqamile omnyama ophuzi futhi ubude babantu abadala bungafika kahle ku-23-30 cm.
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi ezihlobene nezinhlobo zeSalamanders yoMlilo:
- S. s. gallaisa;
- S. Linnеаus - ama-subspecies aphakanyiswayo;
- S. alfredschmidti;
- S. Muller noHellmich;
- S. bejarae Mertens noMuller;
- S. bernardézi Gasser;
- S. beschkоvi Оbst;
- S. cresroi Malkmus;
- S. fastuosа (bоnаlli) Еisеlt;
- S. galliasa Nikolskii;
- S. giglioli Eiselt noLanza;
- S. Mertens noMuller;
- S. infraimmaculata;
- S. lоngirоstris Jоger kanye noSteinfаrtz;
- S. morenica Joger noSteinfartz;
- S. semenovi;
- S. terrestris Еisеlt.
Futhi, ummeleli ojwayelekile wama-amphibian anomsila womndeni wama-salamanders weqiniso yiSalamandra infraimmaculata. I-amphibian inkulu ngosayizi futhi ifinyelela kubude obungu-31-32 cm, kepha abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Isikhumba ngemuva sinombala omnyama onamabala aphuzi noma awolintshi, kanti isisu simnyama.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-Alpine salamanders ahlala ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga nasempumalanga ye-Alps, endaweni ephakeme ngokuvamile edlula amamitha angamakhulu ayisikhombisa ngaphezu kolwandle. Bahlala endaweni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeSwitzerland, entshonalanga nasenkabeni ye-Austria, enyakatho ye-Italy naseSlovenia, kanye naseningizimu yeFrance naseJalimane. Inani elilinganiselwe litholakala eCroatia naseBosnia, eHerzegovina naseLiechtenstein, eMontenegro naseSerbia.
Abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-Sаlаmаndra infraimmaculаta bahlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia kanye nesifunda se-Middle East, kusuka eTurkey kuya endaweni yase-Iran. Intulo kaLanza itholakala kuphela endaweni elinganiselwe kakhulu engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Alps, emngceleni weFrance ne-Italy. Abantu balolu hlobo batholakala ezigodini zemifula iPo, iGermanasca, iGil nePelliche. Abantu abangabodwa batholakale muva nje esigodini saseChisone e-Italy.
Kuyathakazelisa! E-Carpathians, ummeleli womndeni onobuthi kakhulu uyatholakala - i-alpine black newt, enobuthi obukwaziyo ukudala ukushisa okukhulu ezinhlakeni zomuntu.
Ama-fire salamanders ahlala emahlathini nasezifundeni ezinamagquma engxenyeni enkulu yeMpumalanga, Ephakathi neningizimu yeYurophu, kanye nasenyakatho yeMiddle East. Ngomngcele osentshonalanga wendawo yokusabalalisa yalezi zinhlobo, ukuthunjwa kwendawo yasePortugal, ingxenye esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSpain neFrance kuyisici. Imingcele esenyakatho yebanga idlulela enyakatho yeJalimane naseningizimu yePoland.
Imingcele esempumalanga ifinyelela kumaCarpathians endaweni yase-Ukraine, eRomania, e-Iran naseBulgaria. Inani elincane lentulo yomlilo litholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga yeTurkey. Yize isatshalaliswa kabanzi, abamele izinhlobo zoMlilo, noma ezinamabala, intulo evamile ayenzeki eBritish Isles.
Ukudla kwentulo
I-Alpine salamander iphakela izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezingenamgogodla... Ama-Lanza salamanders, asebenza ikakhulukazi ebusuku, asebenzisa izinambuzane, izicabucabu, izibungu, ama-isopods, izimbungulu kanye nezikelemu ukuze kudliwe. Izinhlobo ze-Salamander ezihlala endaweni yasemanzini zithanda ukubamba izinhlanzi ezinhlobonhlobo eziphakathi nendawo kanye ne-crayfish, futhi ziphinde zondle izinkalankala, ama-molluscs kanye nama-amphibian amaningi.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-salamander yaseLusitania ihlukaniswa ngendlela engavamile yokuzingela, efana nexoxo, ekwazi ukubamba inyamazane ngolimi lwayo, inombala omnyama womzimba onemigqa emincane yegolide emmangweni futhi ihlala ezweni lasePortugal, naseSpain.
Ama-fire salamanders nawo akhetha ukusebenzisa izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezahlukahlukene, amacimbi ezimvemvane ezahlukahlukene, izibungu ze-dipteran, izicabucabu kanye nama-slugs, kanye nezikelemu zomhlaba njengokudla. Futhi, ama-newtts amancane namaxoxo amancane angadliwa yi-amphibians enjalo enomsila evela emndenini weSalamander nohlobo lweSalamander. I-salamander yabantu abadala ibamba isisulu sayo, igijimisa umzimba wayo wonke phambili, ngemuva kwalokho izama ngamandla ukugwinya isisulu esibanjiwe ngokuphelele.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-Alpine salamander yisilwane esiyi-viviparous. Inzalo ikhula emzimbeni womama unyaka wonke. Cishe kunamaqanda angama-3 kuya kwangu-4 kumaqanda ezinsikazi, kepha ambalwa kuphela afinyelela ekuguqulweni komzimba okuphelele, kanti amanye amaqanda asetshenziswa njengokudla kwawo. Imibungu esindayo ibonakala ngemiphunga emikhulu emikhulu yangaphandle.
Izinqubo zokukhiqiza kabusha intulo yomlilo okwamanje aziqondakali ngokuphelele. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukhona umehluko ophawulekayo emjikelezweni wokuzalanisa walezi zinhlobo, ngenxa yezici zendawo yokuhlala. Njengomthetho, inkathi yokuzalanisa yenzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho izindlala zabesilisa abadala ziqala ukukhiqiza i-spermatophores ngenkuthalo.
Le nto ifakwa ngqo ebusweni bomhlaba, emva kwalokho abesifazane bayamunca leyo nto nge-cloaca yabo. Emanzini, inqubo yokufaka umquba yenzeka ngokuhlukile, ngakho-ke, abesilisa bakhipha ama-spermatophores ngokuqinile ekubekweni kwe-oviposition.
Kuyathakazelisa! Okukhulu kakhulu intwasahlobo yasentwasahlobo, ehlala eMelika naseCanada, izalela amaqanda angaphezu kuka-130-140 futhi ibonakala kalula ngombala wayo obomvu ngokuba khona kwamabala amnyama amancane emzimbeni.
Ama-subspecies we-fire salamander (i-fastuosa ne-bernаrdеzi) angaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezi-viviparous, ngakho-ke insikazi ayizaleli amaqanda, kepha ikhiqiza izibungu noma abantu asebethole ngokuphelele i-metamorphoses. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwalezi zinhlobo zibonakala ngokukhiqizwa kwamaqanda. Ama-salamanders emifino anamathisela amaqanda awo ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezingaphansi kwamanzi, futhi izibungu ziyavela ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa. Ezinyangeni ezintathu ngemuva kokuzalwa, abantu abasha ngobuningi beza ogwini, lapho impilo yabo yokuzimela iqala khona.
Izitha zemvelo
Intulo inezitha eziningi zemvelo, futhi ukuze isindise impilo yayo, isilwane esinjalo esingajwayelekile siye sajwayela ukushiya izitho noma umsila waso emazinyweni noma kuzipho zezilwane ezidla ezinye ukuze sibaleke. Isibonelo, izitha zemvelo zezinhlobo ze-Fire Salamander yizinyoka, kufaka phakathi inyoka ejwayelekile neyamanzi, izinhlanzi ezidlayo, izinyoni ezinkulu nezingulube zasendle.
Imvamisa, ama-salamanders abanjwa ngabantu, ngoba namuhla izazi eziningi zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene zasendlini zikhetha ukugcina i-amphibian yasenganekwaneni enjalo ekhaya. Kubantu, ubuthi obufihliwe ngabakwa-salamanders abuyongozi futhi ukungena kwe-toxin ezinhlakeni zomlomo kubangela ukuzwa okuvuthayo kuphela, kepha ngaphansi kwezimo zokuxineka okukhulu, isilwane esinjalo siyakwazi ukufafaza izinto ezinobuthi ebangeni elide kakhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izinhlobo ze-Alpine, noma i-black salamander, ihlukaniswa njenge-Least Consern, futhi inani labantu njengamanje alikhathazwa kangako ngokuya ngezigaba zeKhomishini Yezokusinda Yezinhlobo kanye nangenhlangano engenzi nzuzo ye-IUCN. Izinhlobo zeSalamandra lanzai zingokwesigaba sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, kanti abamele iSalamandra infraimmaculata namuhla basondele kakhulu endaweni esengozini.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Tuatara noma i-tuatara
- Inziki yomhlaba
- I-Axolotl - udrako wamanzi
- Inewt ejwayelekile noma ebushelelezi
Intulo yomlilo njengamanje ibhalwe emakhasini eRed Book yase-Ukraine futhi ingeyesigaba sesibili, okubandakanya izinhlobo ezisengozini. EYurophu, lolu hlobo luvikelwe yi-Berne Convention, evikela izinhlobo zaseYurophu zezilwane zasendle nezindawo zazo zokuhlala.
