INingizimu Melika idume ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane. Yilapho, emahlathini aminyene ashisayo, lapho kuhlala khona ama-tamarins - omunye wabamele abamangalisa kakhulu be-oda lama-primates. Kungani zimangalisa? Okokuqala - ngokubonakala kwayo okukhanyayo, okungenakulibaleka. Lezi zinkawu zihlukaniswa ngombala wejazi omibalabala kangangokuba maningi amathuba okuthi zibukeke njengezidalwa ezithile ezinhle kunezilwane zangempela, ezingokoqobo.
Incazelo yama-tamarins
AmaTamarini izinkawu ezincane ezihlala emahlathini emvula eNew World... Bangabomndeni wama-marmosets, abameleli bawo, njengama-lemurs, ababhekwa njengezinyamazane ezincane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Sekukonke, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyishumi zama-tamarine ziyaziwa, ezahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye ngombala woboya bazo, yize ubukhulu bezinkawu bungahluka futhi.
Ukubukeka
Ubude bomzimba bama-tamarin bungamasentimitha ayi-18 kuye kwangama-31 kuphela, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ubude bomsila wabo omncane onobuqhathaniso buqhathaniswa nosayizi womzimba futhi bungafinyelela kusuka kumasentimitha angama-21 kuye kwangama-44. Umbala oyinhloko woboya babo obuthambile nobugqinsi ungaba nsundu ngokuphuzi, mnyama noma mhlophe. Abantu abanoboya bezingubo ezibomvu zegolide nokubomvu bayatholakala.
Njengomthetho, ama-tamarin akayona i-monochromatic; ahlukaniswa ngamamaki ahlukahlukene wezimo ezixaka kakhulu nemibala ekhanyayo kakhulu. Kungenzeka babe nemilenze e-tan, amadevu amhlophe noma anemibala, "amashiya" noma "izintshebe." Amanye ama-tamarin, ngokwesibonelo, amahlombe asagolide, anemibala engajwayelekile kangangokuthi uma ukude ungabonakala njengezinyoni ezikhanyayo ezishisayo kunezinkawu.
Izifinyila zalezi zilwane ezimangazayo zingaba nezinwele ngokuphelele noma zikhule ngokuphelele ngoboya. AmaTamarin, kuya ngohlobo lwawo, angaba "namadevu" aluhlaza futhi aluhlaza kanye "nentshebe" noma amashiya anamahlahla.
Izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinkawu zibonakala ngobuningi bokubhuka ekhanda, entanyeni nasemahlombe, okwakha okufana nomhlwenga wengonyama. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi zama-tamarin... Nazi ezinye zazo:
- I-tamarin yasebukhosini. Isici esiyinhloko sale nkawu encane enesisindo esingeqile kwamakhulu amathathu amagremu amhlophe amhlophe njengeqhwa, amadevu amade futhi aluhlaza, agobe ezansi, ahluke kakhulu kumbala omkhulu onsundu omnyama. Lezi zinhlobo zathola igama lazo ngokufana kwangaphandle neKaiser yaseJalimane uWilhelm II, naye ohlukaniswe ngamadevu amahle.
- I-tamarin yesandla esibomvu. Kulezi zinkawu, umbala omkhulu wejazi umnyama noma nsundu. Kodwa imilenze yabo yangaphambili neyangemuva ipendwe ngomthunzi ohluke ngokubomvu ophuzi nombala oyinhloko wejazi. Izindlebe zalolu hlobo zinkulu futhi zivelile, zifana nezindawo ezime ngomumo.
- I-tamarin emnyama. Umbala wejazi oyinhloko umnyama noma onsundu. I-sacrum namathanga alezi zinhlobo apendwe ngombala okhanyayo obomvu-o-orenji, futhi isifonyo simhlophe. Kungase kube namabala amhlophe esiswini.
- I-tamarin enekhanda elinsundu. Ifana nensada emnyama, ngaphandle kokuthi nayo "inamashiya" amhlophe. Uhlobo loboya kulezi zinkawu nalo luhlukile ngandlela thile. Uma uboya bezinwele ezimnyama bufushane, khona-ke abanezinwele ezinsundu banezinwele ezinde, ezakha umhlwenga namafrimu amaningi. Futhi zinokuma okwehlukile kwezindlebe: ezindlebeni ezinomhlane omnyama, zinkulu, ziyindilinga futhi ziphume, kuyilapho ezinamakhanda ansundu zincane ngosayizi futhi zikhombe phezulu.
- I-tamarin enamahlombe egolide. Inombala ogqamile futhi ogqamile. Ikhanda lakhe limnyama, isifonyo sakhe simhlophe, intamo nesifuba sakhe kupendwe ngegolide noma ukhilimu, kuthi ngemuva komzimba wakhe kube mpunga osawolintshi. Imilenze yangaphambili imnyama, nsundu ngokumpunga kuze kufike ezinhlangothini zendololwane.
- I-tamarin ebomvu enebomvu. Umbala omkhulu umnyama, osethwa ngethani elikhanyayo ngokusawolintshi elibomvu esiswini nasesifubeni kanye nophawu oluncane olumhlophe oluzungeze ikhala.
- I-Oedipus tamarin. Ijazi emahlombe nangemuva kwalezi zinkawu linombala onsundu, isisu nezitho kupendwe ngokhilimu ophaphathekile noma umbala ophuzi. Umsila omude unombala obomvu eduze kwesisekelo, kuthi ekugcineni unombala omnyama. Isici esiyinhloko sangaphandle sama-tamarins e-oedipal yimane emhlophe yezinwele ezinde elenga kuye emahlombe esilwane. Igama lalesi silwane alihlangene nenkosi u-Oedipus kusuka ezinganekwaneni zasendulo zamaGrikhi, noma, ngaphezu kwalokho, nenkimbinkimbi ye-Oedipus. Ukuthi nje ngesiLatini kuyezwakala "oedipus", okusho ukuthi "imilenze ejiyile". Ama-tamarins ama-Oedipus aqanjwa kanjalo ngenxa yoboya obuntofontofo nobude obumboza izitho zalezi zinkawu, okwenza imilenze yabo ibonakale iminyene ngokubukeka.
- I-tamarin enezinyawo ezimhlophe. Ezinye izazi zikubheka njengesihlobo esiseduze se-Oedipus tamarin. Futhi ngemuva kwezifundo eziningi phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili, empeleni, bathola ukufana okuqinile. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, kuzo zombili, umbala woboya bamawundlu uyashintsha ngendlela efanayo njengoba zikhula. Ngokusobala, ukwehlukaniswa kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili kwenzeka ngesikhathi sePleistocene.
Namuhla lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zihlukaniswe yisithiyo semvelo esiseMfuleni i-Atrato. Kubantu abadala, ama-tamarin anezinyawo ezimhlophe abuyela emuva ngokuhlangana kokufakwa okulula. Ingaphambili lomzimba libomvu ngokubomvu. Umsila unombala onsundu; kubantu abaningi, ichopho lawo limhlophe. Isifonyo kanye nobuso bekhanda bumhlophe buye ezingeni lezindlebe, kusukela ezindlebeni kuya ekushintsheni kwentamo kuye emahlombe kunsundu ngokubunsundu. Izingalo zangaphambili zama-tamarine anezinyawo ezimhlophe zifushane ngokuphawulekayo kunezindluzelekazi. - UTamarin Geoffroy. Ngemuva kwalezi zinkawu, izinwele zinemibala ngemibala ehlukahlukene ephuzi nomnyama, imilenze yangemuva nesifuba kukhanya ngombala. Ubuso balezi zinkawu cishe abunazinwele, izinwele ekhanda zibomvu klebhu, zinophawu olungunxantathu olukhanyayo esiphongweni.
Igama laso lesiLatin - uSaguinus midas, itamarin yesandla esibomvu etholwe iqiniso lokuthi imilenze yaso yangemuva neyangemuva ipendwe ngemibala yegolide, ukuze izinyawo zayo zibukeke zimbozwe ngegolide, okwenza ihlobane neNkosi uMidas kusuka ezinganekwaneni zasendulo zamaGrikhi, owayekwazi ukuguqula konke kube yigolide , noma yini oyithintayo.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
AmaTamarin ahlala emahlathini aminyene asezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho kunezitshalo nemivini eminingi ethela izithelo, athanda ukugibela kuzo. Lezi yizilwane ezihamba ngovivi ezivuka ngovivi futhi ziyasebenza ngezikhathi zasemini. Bahamba ebusuku kakhulu, bazinze bayolala emagatsheni nasemivinini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umsila omude futhi oguquguqukayo ubaluleke kakhulu kuma-tamarin, ngoba ngawo basuka egatsheni baye egatsheni.
Lezi zinkawu zigcinwa emaqenjini emindeni amancane - "imindeni", lapho kunezilwane ezisukela kwezine kuya kwezingamashumi amabili... Baxhumana nezihlobo zabo besebenzisa ukuma, ukubukeka kobuso, ukuqhuma koboya, kanye nemisindo ephezulu eyenziwa wonke ama-tamarine. Le misindo ingahluka: kufana nokuhayiza kwezinyoni, amakhwela noma ukubabaza okuqhubekayo. Uma kunengozi, ama-tamarine akhipha umsindo omkhulu, ukukhamuluka okukhazimulayo.
"Emndenini" wama-tamarin, kukhona isigaba sabaphathi - matriarchy, lapho umholi eqenjini kungowesifazane omdala kunabo bonke futhi onolwazi kakhulu. Abesilisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, basebenza kakhulu ekukhiqizeleni ukudla kwabo nezihlobo zabo. AmaTamarin avikela indawo yawo ekuhlaselweni ngabantu angabazi, amaka izihlahla, aziququda amagxolo. Njengezinye izinkawu, ama-tamarine achitha isikhathi esiningi exubha uboya bomunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, balahla izimuncagazi zangaphandle, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bathola ukubhucungwa okumnandi okuphumuzayo.
Mangaki ama-tamarine ahlala
Endle, ama-tamarin angaphila kusuka eminyakeni eyi-10 kuya kwengu-15, ema-zoo angaphila isikhathi eside. Ngokwesilinganiso, isikhathi sabo sokuphila siyiminyaka eyishumi nambili.
Indawo yokuhlala
Onke ama-tamarin angabahlali behlathi lemvula laseNew World... Indawo abahlala kuyo iseMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, kusukela eCosta Rica kuya ezinkangala zase-Amazonia nasenyakatho yeBolivia. Kodwa lezi zinkawu azitholakali ezindaweni ezinezintaba, zithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni eziphansi.
Ukudla kwamaTamarin
AmaTamarin ikakhulukazi adla ukudla kwezitshalo njengezithelo, izimbali kanye nompe wawo. Kepha futhi ngeke bakudele ukudla kwezilwane: amaqanda ezinyoni namachwane amancane, kanye nezinambuzane, izicabucabu, izibankwa, izinyoka namaxoxo.
Okubalulekile! Empeleni, ama-tamarin awathobeki futhi adla cishe yonke into. Kepha ekuthunjweni, ngenxa yengcindezi, bangahle benqabe ukudla ukudla abangajwayele.
Kuma-zoo, ama-tamarin ngokuvamile aphakelwa izithelo ezahlukahlukene lezi zimfene ezimane zikukhonze, kanye nezinambuzane ezincane eziphilayo: izintethe, amaphela, izinkumbi, amakhilikithi. Ukuze benze lokhu, basuke ngokukhethekile yethulwa ku aviary izinkawu. Bangeza inyama ebilisiwe, inyama yenkukhu, intuthwane namaqanda enkukhu, i-cottage shizi kanye ne-resin yezihlahla zezithelo ezishisayo ekudleni kwabo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
AmaTamarin afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe ezinyangeni eziyi-15. futhi kusukela kule minyaka bangazala kabusha. Imidlalo yabo yokukhwelana iqala phakathi noma ekupheleni kobusika - cishe ngoJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari. Futhi, cishe zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, ama-tamarins wesilisa abakhwenyana besifazane enkambisweni ethile yokukhwelana. Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane balezi zinkawu kuhlala cishe izinsuku eziyi-140, ukuze kuthi ngo-Ephreli-ekuqaleni kukaJuni inzalo yabo izalwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abesifazane abavundile betamarin bavame ukuzala amawele. Futhi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngemuva kokuzalwa kwezingane ezedlule, ziyakwazi futhi ukuzala futhi zingaletha amawundlu amabili futhi.
Ama-tamarin amancane akhula ngokushesha futhi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili angakwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela futhi azame nokuzitholela ukudla.... Hhayi umama wabo kuphela, kodwa futhi "yonke imindeni" inakekela amawundlu akhulayo: izinkawu ezindala zibanika izingcezu ezimnandi kakhulu futhi ngazo zonke izindlela zivikele abancane ezingozini ezingaba khona. Njengoba usufinyelele eminyakeni emibili futhi ekugcineni uvuthiwe, ama-tamarin amancane, njengomthetho, awushiyi umhlambi, ahlala "emndenini" futhi abambe iqhaza empilweni yawo. Ekuthunjweni, bazwana kahle ngababili futhi bazala kahle; njengomthetho, abanankinga ngokukhulisa nokukhulisa amawundlu.
Izitha zemvelo
Emahlathini ashisayo lapho kuhlala khona ama-tamarine, banezitha eziningi. Izinyoni ezidla ezinye ezifana noKlebe, izinkozi, i-harpy yaseNingizimu Melika, izidalwa ezincelisayo - ama-jaguar, ama-ocelots, ama-jaguarundis, ama-ferrets, nezinyoka ezinkulu ezahlukahlukene.
Ngaphezu kwazo, izicabucabu ezinobuthi, izinambuzane namaxoxo zingaba yingozi kuma-tamarin, okuthi, noma zingazidli izinkawu, kodwa ngenxa yelukuluku labo lokufuna ukuzama konke "ngokubamba", bangazama ukudla ezinye izilwane ezinobuthi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kuma-tamarin amancane, ahlukaniswa ilukuluku elingenakulungiswa futhi abambe konke okuheha ukunakwa kwawo.
Ukuze zingabi sengozini yokuhlaselwa yizilwane ezidliwayo, izinkawu ezindala zibhekisisa ngokucophelela ihlathi lehlathi elishisayo nesibhakabhaka futhi, uma kuvela isilwane esidlayo, inyoni noma inyoka eduzane, baxwayisa abantu bakubo ngengozi ngokukhala okukhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ingozi enkulu esongela ama-tamarine ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi ehlathi elishisayo lapho kuhlala lezi zinkawu. Yize kunjalo, izinhlobo eziningi zama-tamarini zisemaningi kakhulu futhi azisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Isimo kuye ngohlobo lwama-tamarin.
Ukukhathazeka Okungenani
- I-tamarin yasebukhosini
- I-tamarin yesandla esibomvu
- I-tamarin emnyama
- I-tamarin enekhanda elinsundu
- I-tamarin ebomvu ebomvu
- I-tamarin enqunu
- UTamarin Geoffroy
- UTamarin Schwartz
Kepha, ngeshwa, phakathi kwama-tamarine kukhona nezinhlobo ezisengozini futhi ezisondele nasekuqothulweni.
Vala endaweni esengozini
- I-tamarin enamahlombe egolide... Usongo olukhulu ukubhujiswa kwendawo yemvelo yalolu hlobo, okuholela ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi ashisayo. Inani lama-tamarin anamahlombe egolide liselikhulu ngokwanele, kepha lehla cishe ngama-25% njalo ezizukulwaneni ezintathu, okungukuthi, cishe iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili.
Uhlobo lwemvelo olusengozini yokushabalala
- I-tamarin enezinyawo ezimhlophe... Amahlathi okuhlala kuwo ama-tamarine anezinyawo ezimhlophe ayanyamalala ngokushesha, futhi indawo abahlala kuyo isetshenziswa ngabantu ukumba, kanye nezolimo, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo namadamu. Isibalo salezi zinkawu naso sehlile ngenxa yokuthi iningi lazo ligcina ezimakethe zendawo, lapho zidayiswa khona njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature inikeze isikhundla sezinhlobo ezisengozini engozini kuma-tamarine anezinyawo ezimhlophe.
Izinhlobo ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa
- I-Oedipus tamarin. Inani labantu lalezi zinkawu ezindaweni zabo zemvelo libalelwa kubantu ababalelwa ku-6,000 kuphela. Lezi zinhlobo zisengozini futhi zafakwa ohlwini "lwezinkawu ezisengozini kakhulu emhlabeni ezingama-25" futhi zabalwa kulo kusukela ngo-2008 kuya ku-2012. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi indawo yokuhlala ye-Oedipus tamarin yehliswa ngezingxenye ezintathu, okwathinta nakanjani inani lalezi zinkawu. Ukuthengiswa kwama-tamarins e-oedipal njengezilwane ezifuywayo kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi, olwenziwe isikhathi esithile ezinkawini zalesi silwane, nakho akubanga nakancane ukulimala kubantu. Futhi uma eminyakeni yamuva nje, ucwaningo lwesayensi ngama-oedipal tamarins luphelile, ukuhweba ngokungemthetho kwezilwane kuyaqhubeka nokuthinta kabi inani lazo labantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane zihlala endaweni elinganiselwe, zisengozini enkulu yomthelela ongemuhle wanoma yiziphi izinguquko endaweni ezijwayelene nayo.
AmaTamarin ngezinye zezidalwa ezinhle kakhulu ezidalwe yiMvelo. Lezi zinkawu ezihlala emahlathini emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNew World zisengozini enkulu ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yazo yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubanjwa okungalawuleki kwalezi zilwane kuthinte nezinombolo zazo. Uma unganakekeli ukongiwa kwalezi zinkawu manje, cishe zizofa, ukuze isizukulwane esilandelayo sabantu sizokwazi ukubona ama-tamarini kuphela ezithombeni ezindala.
