Izikhova zingabameleli abadlayo besigaba seZinyoni, ezingaphansi kwe-oda Izikhova (Latin Strigiformes, noma Striges). Lo myalelo umelwe yizinhlobo zezinyoni ezingaphezu kwezingamakhulu amabili ezinkulu nezisemaphakathi, okuyizona ezihamba kakhulu ebusuku, futhi zivame kakhulu cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba.
Incazelo yesikhova
Ngokuya ngezici zabo zokwakheka, bonke abamele izikhova banokuhluka okuphawulekayo kwabadli bezimpaphe basemini, ngenxa yokuthi bangabakahulumeni abazimele.
Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zamathambo wesikhova:
- ukutholakala kwezinqubo zesici emathanjeni amakhulu;
- ukutholakala kwenhlangano eyingqayizivele kathathu yogebhezi nomhlathi ongezansi;
- ukutholakala kwama-phalanges amafushane kakhulu ozwane lwesithathu;
- ukutholakala kokuhamba okucacisiwe kweminwe yangaphandle, ekwazi ukugoba emuva;
- ubukhona engxenyeni ebalulekile yezinhlobo zesinothi esiseceleni komphetho ongemuva ku-sternum.
Ikhanda le-Owl lingazungeza u-270 °... Lesi sici sichazwa ngokuba khona kokuthamba okungajwayelekile kwemithambo ye-carotid ezingeni lethambo lomhlathi ongezansi, okuholela ekwakhiweni kokuphakelwa kwegazi futhi kwandise inani lemithambo yegazi emincane ephuma emithanjeni emikhulu. Amalunga emithambo ye-carotid anamabhuloho anastomosed, ngaleyo ndlela evimbela ukucindezelwa okweqile kwemikhumbi.
Ukubukeka
I-corolla ekhazimulayo yakhiwa emigqeni emihlanu yezimpaphe eziqinile futhi ezixegayo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-facial disc kwizikhova. Izimpaphe zokundiza zale nyoni zinemikhawulo eyindilinga nokugoba okuphathelene nomzimba. Kuvame ukuqashelwa ukubhoboza noma ukubhoboza izinsalela zezintambo ezingxenyeni ezintathu zokuqala zezimpaphe, ngenxa yokuthi izikhova zindiza cishe buthule. Izimpaphe zesithathu nezesine zibonakala ngobude obuchaziwe. Izimpaphe zomsila osikeni olusikiwe noma oluyindilinga, imvamisa imisila emifushane ibuye ihlukaniswe ngokugoba kwayo kuya ezansi. Imilenze iyimpaphe ecishe ifinyelele esisekelweni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo zezinhlobo zabamele i-oda Izikhova zinombala obuthuntu, onombala ompunga onamabala amnyama noma amnyama, imivimbo nemigwaqo, okwenza izimpaphe zezikhova zihambisane nemvelo ezungezile, ikakhulukazi emva kokuhlwa.
Izinzipho ezibukhali nezinde zesikhova nazo zibonakala ngokugobeka okuqinile, futhi uqhwaku lwesilwane esinamaphiko olunjalo lunentambo, luqala ukusuka ezansi, futhi alunakunqunywa emaphethelweni. Iphela ngehhuku elifinyeziwe, lapho isikhova sikwazi ukukhiqiza ukuchofoza okuyisici. Ubhontshisi omfushane we-wax umbozwe izimpaphe ezinamakhasi. Amehlo esikhova sanoma yiluphi uhlobo makhulu impela, abheke phambili ngqo, okuchazwa indawo yesokhethi yamehlo ngaphambili kogebhezi, kanti umhlaseli onezimpaphe onjalo ubona umhlaba omzungezile kuphela ngombala omnyama nomhlophe.
Ngokuphikisana nombono osabalele kodwa onamaphutha, isikhova sikwazi ukubona kahle ngokwanele ngezikhathi zasemini, ngoba amehlo enyoni enjalo awanakho ukuzwela okukhethekile emini. Umfundi wesikhova uhlukaniswa nokuncipha okubonakalayo nokukhula, hhayi kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo zezinguquko ezingeni lokukhanyisa, kepha futhi ngesikhathi sokuhogela noma sokuphefumula... Ukuzwa kwesikhova kuncane ngendlela eyisimanga, kucace kakhulu ukwedlula lokho kwanoma yibaphi abamele umndeni wakwaFeline. Indlebe engaphandle enkulu ivame ukumbozwa ngesikhumba esingumahamba nendlwana.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Okwamanje ayikho impendulo engagunci embuzweni wokuthi ngabe isikhova siyinyoni efudukayo yini, kepha ikakhulukazi izidlakela ezinezimpaphe zokuhleleka kwazo kwezikhova zithanda ukuhlala zodwa, futhi futhi zithanda ukuhlala ngababili kuphela. Umsebenzi omkhulu, omkhulu wesikhova wenzeka ebusuku, ngakho-ke emini izinyoni ezinjalo zihlala ezidlekeni noma emagatsheni ezihlahla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezikhathini zasendulo, izikhova zazisatshwa kakhulu futhi ukuhlangana nazo kwakuvame ukubhekwa njengophawu olubi kakhulu, oluhlotshaniswa nemicimbi engaqondakali engaqondakali, futhi kungalesi sizathu ukuthi lezo zinyoni zazishushiswa cishe yonke indawo.
Okuhlukile yizikhova ezineqhwa, ezikwazi ukukhombisa cishe umsebenzi wewashi lonke ngezinsuku ze-polar. Abesilisa nabesifazane bezikhova bahlangana ngababili futhi bachitha impilo yabo yonke emshadweni onjalo, kepha isikhathi semidlalo yokuqomisana noma yemidlalo yokukhwelana, etholakala ezinhlotsheni eziningi kakhulu zezinyoni, cishe asikho ngokuphelele kwizilwane ezinonya.
Zingaki izikhova ezihlala
Isikhathi sokuphila sezikhova singahluka kusuka eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu futhi, njengoba ukubonwa kukhombisa, kuxhomeke ngqo ezimweni zokuphila, ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo nobukhulu benyoni. Izikhova ziphakathi kwabaphethe amarekhodi okuphila isikhathi eside. Ukurekhodwa komhlaba kwaqoshwa eSweden, lapho iminyaka yokuphila yesikhova esisodwa yayifinyelela eminyakeni engama-24 nezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye.
Izinhlobo zezikhova
I-oda lifaka phakathi imindeni embalwa, emelwe yizikhova, noma izikhova zangempela, kanye nezikhova zesibaya.
Umndeni omncane Izikhova eziyiqiniso (Striginae) zifaka phakathi
- uhlobo Scoops (Оtus) - lezi zinhlobo eziyishumi nanhlanu, ezimele zazo zihlukaniswe ngediski yobuso engaphelele, kanye "nezindlebe" ezinempaphe ezinkulu, iminwe inqunu noma enama-bristles anokhahlo. Izinyoni zibonakala ngombala obomvu, onsundu noma ompunga onamabala;
- uhlobo Ama-MEGASCORS - lezi zinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu zezinyoni ezidla inyama;
- uhlobo Isikhova (Strix) - lezi zinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili nanye, abameleli bazo abanobude bomzimba ebangeni elingama-30-70 cm. Lolu hlobo alunazo izindlebe zezimpaphe, futhi idiski yobuso ibonakala ngokuveza kahle. Izimpaphe zikhululekile, zimpunga noma zibomvu ngombala ngobukhona bezintambo ezinsundu;
- uhlobo Izikhova zokhozi (Wubo) - lezi zinhlobo eziyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, ezimele okuyizinyoni zasebusuku ezinombala obomvu onsundu onemigqa ebonakalayo. Izimpaphe "izindlebe" zitholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Ubude besilinganiso bomzimba buhluka phakathi kuka-36-75 cm;
- uhlobo Izikhova ze-Neotropical (Рulsatrix) - lezi yizinhlobo ezintathu zezinyoni ezidlayo;
- uhlobo Izikhova zezinhlanzi (IScotorelia) - lezi yizinhlobo ezintathu zezinyoni ezidlayo;
- uhlobo Izikhova zezinhlanzi (UKetura) - lezi yizinhlobo ezintathu, ezimele okufanele zifakwe kuhlobo olubanzi lweWubo;
- uhlobo Ama-scoops anobuso obumhlophe (UPtilorsis) - izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlobo, ezimele ngezinye izikhathi ezingaphansi kwenundu (Otus);
- uhlobo I-Cuba scoop (Okufanayo) - uhlobo oluzimele lodwa olwakha uhlobo lwe-monotypic Margarabyas futhi olugcwele eCuba;
- uhlobo I-Western American scoop (Ama-Psilosсors) - uhlobo olulodwa lwezinyoni ezidla inyama;
- uhlobo Isikhova esinezimpondo (LorhostrichIngabe uhlobo lwe-monotypic oluhlala ezindaweni ezingamahlathi eziseningizimu nasenkabeni yeMelika;
- uhlobo Isikhova Esinezimpondo Zase-Afrika (UJubula) Ingabe uhlobo oluzimele lodwa olwakha uhlobo lwe-monotypic Jubula futhi olugcwele e-Afrika.
Umndeni omncane Аsiоninae ufaka
- uhlobo Izikhova ezizimele (Asio) - izinhlobo eziyisithupha, ezimele zazo ezine-disc ebusweni, kanye ne-iris ephuzi noma e-orange. Izimpiko zinde futhi zincane, zinama-apices ngesimo sezimpaphe zendiza yesibili neyesithathu. Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswa ukuvuleka kwezindlebe ezinkulu okumbozwe yigoqo lesikhumba elingalinganiyo. Imilenze yenyoni iyimpaphe efinyelela engxenyeni yezipikili;
- uhlobo I-Jamaican scoop, noma Isikhova esinemishwe (Ama-Рsеudоsсорs) - izinhlobo ezifinyelela ubude obungu-28-35 cm futhi zibe nezimpaphe ezibomvu nomlomo o-grey ophuzi;
- uhlobo USolomoni eared owl (UNesаsio) Ingabe uhlobo oluthile olwakha uhlobo lwe-monotypic, obekukade kungokwezinhlobo zezikhova ezinamazinyo amade.
Umndeni omncane weSurniinae ufaka phakathi
- uhlobo Izikhova ezinemilenze yenaliti (Ninoh) - izinhlobo ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu, ezimele zazo ezinophaphe olungavamile nolunjenge-bristle olwakha ukumbozwa kweminwe. Ubude benyoni buyahluka kusuka ku-20 cm kuye kuhafu wemitha. Unqenqema olungezansi loqhwaku luhlukaniswa izinyo elihlukile;
- uhlobo Izikhova zondlunkulu (I-Glаucidium) - izinhlobo eziyishumi nambili, ezimele ezinosayizi abancane bomzimba, amaphiko amafushane nomsila omude. Idiski yobuso ibonakala ngokuthuthuka okuntekenteke, "izindlebe" azikho, amehlo mancane;
- uhlobo Izikhova zase-Upland (Аеgоlius) - izinhlobo ezinhlanu, ezimele ngokufana nokubukeka kwezikhova, kepha zinezinzwani ezinamaphiko aminyene, ubishi olufushane, izimpaphe ezikhululekile, ikhanda elikhudlwana nediski yobuso echazwe kahle;
- uhlobo Izikhova (Аthеne) - izinhlobo ezintathu, ezimele okuyizindawo ezivulekile kakhulu, amadolobha, izindawo ezisemaphandleni, izindawo ezisemaqeleni, izingwadule nezingwadule, kanye nanoma iziphi izindawo ezinamadwala;
- uhlobo Isikhova sasehlathini (Heteroglaux) Ingabe uhlobo olumele ukumelwa luphawuleka ngosayizi omncane kakhulu nomzimba omude kungakapheli ikota yemitha. Indawo yephiko imbozwe imivimbo emhlophe. Umehluko omkhulu wezinhlobo uboniswa izinzwane ezinamandla kakhulu ezimbozwe izimpaphe ezimhlophe. I-dimorphism yezocansi imnene;
- uhlobo Isikhova SoKlebe (I-SurniА) Ingabe uhlobo oluthile olunabameleli abanosayizi ophakathi kanye nomsila omude, futhi luyehluka ngamehlo nangomlomo ophuzi ngokungabi bikho "kwezindlebe". Ubude obujwayelekile benyoni bungu-35-43 cm ngamaphiko angama-60-80 cm;
- uhlobo Elf isikhova (UMiсrathеne) - Izinhlobo ezinabamele bazo abachazwa emuva ngonyaka we-1861, futhi zihluka ngobude bomzimba ngaphakathi kuka-12-14 cm, ngesisindo esingama-gramu angama-45. Ukufika komzimba ohlangothini oluqondile, nekhanda elikhulu kakhulu nokungabikho "kwezindlebe";
- uhlobo I-Andean sideburn (Xenoglaux) - uhlobo olulodwa, abamele balo ababonakala ngokwakhiwa kohlobo lwe-monotypic;
- uhlobo Isikhova sasePapua (Urоglаux) Ingabe uhlobo oluthile olunabamele uhlobo oluthile lwe-monotypic futhi luhluke ngosayizi omaphakathi nobude bomzimba obusukela ku-30-33 cm, ikhanda elincane, nomsila omude. Izimpiko zifinyeziwe, ziyindilinga. Idiski yobuso imhlophe, kepha ama-juveniles alula ngombala kunezinyoni ezindala.
Ngakho-ke, kuyisiko ukubiza umndeni wakwaNgulube njengemikhaya emithathu kuphela emikhulu, ehlanganisa imikhakha eyishumi nambili.
Indawo, ukusatshalaliswa
Izinhlobo ze-scoops zisabalale kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Asia, nase-Afrika naseMelika.... Abamele uhlobo lweSplyushka basakazeke kakhulu eYurophu. Ezweni lakithi, ngaphezu kwesikhova se-scops, eMpumalanga Ekude, amabhu asempumalanga nasekhola nawo ajwayelekile, futhi nase-Asia Ephakathi nasendaweni yaseKazakhstan, ungabona isigaxa sogwadule.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ondlunkulu abamele izinhlobonhlobo zama-biotopes, kufaka phakathi i-taiga, kanye nezingwadule nezindawo ezingamahlathi ezishisayo, ngakho-ke, abantu abanjalo bahlala cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi omhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-Australia.
Abamele uhlobo lweMegаsсors bangabantu baseNyakatho, eNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi, kanti iNeyasyti isakazeke kakhulu eYurophu, eNyakatho Afrika, nase-Asia naseMelika. Izikhova ze-Neotropical zihlala emahlathini aseNingizimu naseMelika Ephakathi, kanti ama-Fish Owls ahlala e-Asia kuphela. Ngokwedlulele izikhova eziningi ezinobuso obumhlophe zisabalele namuhla izakhamizi zase-Afrika, kanti iPseudoscors yizakhamuzi ezivelele esiqhingini saseJamaica.
Ukudla kwesikhova
Izikhova zihlala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba, ngakho-ke ukudla kwalezi zinyoni ezidla kakhulu ikakhulukazi imvelaphi yezilwane, kepha kuhlukaniswa ngokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo. Izikhova zokhozi, njengabameleli abakhulu bezikhova, zondla kuphela ukudla okunegazi elifudumele, futhi abantu abangavamile ngezinyawo zenaliti bathanda izinambuzane.
Isikhova sikwazi ukuchitha izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphandle kwamanzi, futhi izinga elanele loketshezi emzimbeni wenyoni edla inyama linikezwa ngegazi elisha lesilwane salo. Izikhova zizingela futhi, ngokufanele, zondla, ikakhulukazi ebumnyameni.
Izisulu zabameleli abakhulu be-oda Izikhova zingamelelwa hhayi izimpungushe ezinkulu kakhulu, ama-lemmings namagundane, kodwa futhi cishe nganoma iyiphi inyoni. Isibonelo, izikhova ezineqhwa ezineqhwa ikakhulu zizingela izinhlobo zamagundane we-vole, hares hhayi ama-ermine amakhulu kakhulu, futhi izikhova zasendlini zikhuthele kakhulu ekudleni zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, kufaka phakathi amagundane ahlukahlukene.
Okubalulekile! Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izikhova azidli izidumbu, futhi ngesikhathi sasebusika ukudla okwenziwe yizilwane ezinamaphiko kwenziwa ngqo ezidlekeni.
Izikhova ezincane zidla kuphela izinambuzane, futhi ukudla kwesikhova kumane nje kuyahlukahluka ngokumangazayo. Izikhova zeBarn, kanye nezikhova, zithanda ukuhlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu lapho ziqothula khona inani elikhulu lamagundane ayingozi.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izikhova zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zingazala kanye noma kaningi ngonyaka owodwa, futhi imvamisa yenzalo incike ngqo enanini lokudla ezindaweni zokuhlala zezinyoni ezidla inyama. I-clutch eyodwa ingamelwa amaqanda amaningana, kepha kaningi inani lawo liyahlukahluka ebangeni lamaqanda ama-3-10. Amaqanda e-Owl ikakhulukazi anombala omhlophe ocacile, ukuma okuyindilinga nosayizi omncane kakhulu.
Uma kungekho ukudla okwanele, izikhova ezindala zingabadla kahle abafowethu abancane noma ababuthaka esidlekeni. Njengomthetho, amaqanda afukanyelwa abesifazane, futhi abesilisa babandakanyeka ngqo ekondleni inzalo yabo.
Kaningi, amatshwele weminyaka ehlukene ahlalisana kahle esidlekeni esisodwa sezikhova. Abazali bondla ngokuphelele yonke inzalo esezelwe, kepha ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi nomzamo kunikelwe izikhova ezindala.
Izitha zemvelo
Imbangela enkulu yokufa kwezikhova kubhekwa ukungondleki. Kweminye iminyaka, lapho inani eliphelele lamagundane nezinye izilwane ezizingelwa izikhova lingabalulekile, cishe ingxenye yesine yentsha iyafa. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezikhova zivame kakhulu ukuhlaselwa yizinyoni ezinjengeziklebe, izinkozi nezinkozi zegolide.
Okubalulekile! Izidleke zesikhova esineqhwa zicekelwa phansi izimpungushe zase-Arctic, ezidla amaphuphu kanye namaqanda, nama-skuas anemilomo enamandla nezinzipho ezithuthuke kahle zisongela ngokukhethekile inzalo yalolu hlobo.
Izitha eziyinhloko zamantshontsho ezikhova eziwa noma ziphume esidlekeni sawo kungakabi isikhathi yizilwane ezidla inyama ezahlukahlukene, ezibandakanya ama-raccoon, ama-ferrets nezimpungushe. Kepha isitha esikhulu sesikhova kulesi sikhathi samanje ngumuntu onomthelela omubi endaweni yenyoni ngokusika izihlahla. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izikhova zivame ukuba yindaba yokuzingelwa kwabantu okungagunyaziwe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezikhova ziletha inzuzo enkulu kubantu futhi zibhubhise izinambuzane eziningi eziyingozi, kanye namagundane, amanye amalungu alo mndeni asethuke kakhulu, okucasulwa yindawo esabalalisiwe yokusabalalisa kanye nokususwa kwawo ezindaweni eziyinhloko, zemvelo. Kuze kube manje, isikhova esineqhwa, kanye nezinye izinhlobo, sekufakiwe kwiRed Book nakuSithasiselo II seCITES Convention.
Inani lezomnotho
Izikhova ezimweni zemvelo zibaluleke kakhulu. Izilwane ezinjengezimpaphe ezinjalo zivumela ukunciphisa inani eliphelele lamagundane, futhi zibambe iqhaza ekuqothulweni okusebenzayo kwezinyoni ezigulayo noma ezibuthakathaka kakhulu, okunomphumela omuhle kuzinkomba ezijwayelekile zechibi lofuzo.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinyoni ezinjalo zisabalalisa ngobuningi zonke izinhlobo zezithelo nezinhlobonhlobo zembewu yezitshalo, zithuthukisa ukuhlala kwazo kabusha. Udoti wabamele zonke izinhlobo zezikhova bahlukaniswa njengamanyolo abalulekile.Isikhova siyinyoni enhle ngokungajwayelekile futhi eziqhenyayo, futhi amalungu amaningi omndeni anezindlela zokuzivumelanisa kalula futhi ngokushesha nokuhlala nabantu, ngakho-ke kufanele babe sesigabeni sezilwane ezifunwayo nezithandwa kakhulu, ezifuywayo.
