Ama-eagles (lat. Aquila) ayizinhlobo zezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama, ezomndeni we-Hawk ne-oda elime njenge-Hawk. Lezi zidlakela ezinezimpaphe zikweleta igama lazo lesiRussia emsukeni omdala weSlavonic "op", okusho igama elithi "ukukhanya".
Incazelo yokhozi
Umlando wenyoni ebabazekayo edla inyama ususelwa endulo, kepha efeni lamasiko iningi labantu emhlabeni, ukhozi namuhla luqukethe inkazimulo nenhlanhla, ukunqoba namandla. Iningi lezinhlobo ezaziwa njengamanje zezinkozi zibonakala ngosayizi omangalisayo, futhi ubude bomzimba babanye abantu abadala bungaba ngama-80-95 cm... Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkozi zesifazane zikhulu ngokuphawulekayo kunezeduna. Isisindo somzimba wokhozi ngokuvamile sihluka phakathi kuka-3-7 kg. Okuhlukile yizinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke: ukhozi olumfushane ne-steppe ukhozi.
Ukubukeka
Abamele uhlobo bahlukaniswa ngumzimba omkhulu onokwakheka okwanele kwemisipha kanye nemilenze emide, enamandla, enezimpaphe kuze kufike ezinzwaneni. Indawo yekhanda yokhozi iyahlangana, inentamo eqinile futhi enemisipha. Ama-eyeballs amakhulu abonakala ngokuhamba okungabalulekile, kepha isifunda sentamo esithuthuke kahle singaphezulu kokunxephezelwa yilesi sici esincane.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinkozi ngosayizi ohlaba umxhwele wezinzipho, kanye noqhwaku oluqine kakhulu olunophetho olugobile, okunikeza inyoni enjalo izimfanelo ezidlalayo. Izinzipho noqhwaku lwokhozi lukhula kukho konke ukuphila komzingeli, kodwa umsebenzi obalulekile wezinyoni unomthelela ekugayeni kwawo okusebenzayo. Bonke abameleli bomndeni woKlebe nohlobo loKhozi banamaphiko amade futhi abanzi kakhulu, ubude bawo obufinyelela kuma-250 cm, okuvumela inyoni edla inyama ukuba ikhuphuke isikhathi eside endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kwama-600-700.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinkozi, noma zinomoya onamandla owenele, ziyakwazi ukubhekana nanoma imiphi imisinga yomoya, ngakho-ke zitshuza kalula esiswini esingaba yisisulu esibonwa ngejubane lama-300-320 km / h.
Phakathi kokunye, izinkozi ngokwemvelo zinamehlo abukhali ngokwedlulele, ngenxa yokuthi izinyoni ezidla inyama zikwazi ukubheka zisuka ebangeni eliphakeme kakhulu ngisho nesilwane esincanyana kunazo zonke, esivame ukumelwa yizibankwa, izinyoka namagundane, nombono oseduze kusiza inyoni ukuthi ihlole kalula izindawo ezivulekile ezifika ku-12 m2... Ukuzwa kusetshenziswa yizinkozi ezindala, ikakhulukazi ngenhloso yokuxhumana, futhi inzwa yokuhogela inyoni ayithuthukisiwe kahle.
Umbala wezimpaphe eziyinhloko zokhozi uyehluka kuye ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane, ngakho-ke ungahle ube yi-monochromatic ngokuphelele noma ube nokuphikisana namachashazi. Ukundiza kokhozi kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo kuhlukaniswa ngezinkomba ezikhethekile zokuhamba, kuhambisana nezimpiko ezijulile nezinamandla zamaphiko.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Izinkozi ziyizinyoni ezizodwa, ezikwazi ukukhetha umlingani oyedwa kuphela impilo yazo yonke, ngakho-ke abamele abomndeni woKlebe nohlobo loKhozi bavame ukuhlala ngababili. Ukuze zithole ukudla, izidlakela ezinamaphiko ziyakwazi ukuzungeza esibhakabhakeni amahora amaningana futhi zibheke inyamazane... Ngokuvamile, inqubo yokuzingela ayithathi isikhathi esiningi, ngakho-ke izinkozi zichitha ingxenye ebalulekile yezimpilo zazo zibuka okwenzekayo nxazonke. Phakathi kokunye, ukudla kugcinwa kukhasi lwokhozi izinsuku ezimbalwa, okuqeda isidingo senyoni edla inyama ukuzingela nsuku zonke.
Zihlala isikhathi esingakanani izinkozi
Ngokwesilinganiso, ezimweni zemvelo noma zemvelo, izinkozi ziphila kuze kube ikota yekhulu leminyaka, kepha kunezinhlobo ezinempilo ende kakhulu. Isibonelo, ama-steppe eag and eagold ekuthunjweni angaphila iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, kanti izinkozi ezidumile ezaphila isikhathi eside zaze zaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili.
Izinhlobo zezinkozi
Ngokwezifundo zamangqamuzana ezenziwa ososayensi baseJalimane esikhathini esingaphansi kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, abamele zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokwesiko okwakuthiwa zenziwa ngumkhakha u-Aquila, uHieraaetus, uLophaetus no-Istinaetus, kanye nohlobo olwalungasekho uNarragornis, bayiqembu elilodwa le-monophyletic. Kodwa-ke, izinkozi zangempela ezivela eqenjini le-Aquila zingukhokho wabo bonke.
Njengamanje, ukuma okuhlelekile kwawo wonke ama-taxa akuleli qembu kubonakala ngesigaba sokubuyekeza, esihambisana nesinqumo sesikhashana sokuhlanganisa i-taxa kuhlobo lwe-Aquila:
- Izinkozi zokhozi (Аquila fаsciata) - phambilini kwakuyizinhlobo zeHieraaetus fаssiаtus. Ubude bephiko obumaphakathi bungu-46-55 cm, nobude benyoni obungu-65-75 cm nobukhulu obungu-1.5-2.5 kg. Umbala ongemuva wenyoni endala unombala onsundu onsundu, umsila umpunga ngokuba khona kwephethini emnyama eguqukayo. Isifunda sesisu sigcwele noma simhlophe ngokuba khona kwemigqa emnyama emide nemivimbo emnyama eguqukayo ezimpapheni esifundeni se-tibia kanye ne-undertail. Izinsikazi zezinhlobo zikhulu ngokuphawulekayo kunabesilisa;
- Izinkozi ezincane (U-Aquila renata) - phambilini kwakuyizinhlobo ze-Hieraaetus pennatus. Ubukhulu kanye nobukhulu bomzimba walezi zinhlobo bufana nama-buzzards amancane, kepha umhlaseli unesimo esifana nesokhozi. Usayizi omaphakathi wesilwane esinezimpaphe: ubude obungu-45-53 cm, obunamaphiko angama-100-132 cm nesisindo esingaba ngama-500-1300 g.Izinsikazi neziduna azihlukani ngombala, kuthi uqhwaku olumnyama lufushane futhi lujige ngokuqinile. Umbala uboniswa ngama- "morphs" amabili - uhlobo olumnyama nolukhanyayo, kepha okuhlukile kwesibili kutholakala kaningi;
- Izinkozi zama-hawk zaseNdiya (Аquila kiеnеrii) - phambilini i-Нiеraаеtus kienеrii. Inyoni encane, ebude obusukela ku-46 kuye ku-61 cm nobubanzi bamaphiko amancane futhi akhombe kancane ezingeni lika-105 kuya ku-140 cm. Umsila uyindilinga kancane. Inyoni esikhulile inomzimba ongaphezulu omnyama, ukukhasa okumhlophe, isilevu nomphimbo. Imilenze nomzimba ongezansi kunsundu ngokubomvu ngemithende ebanzi emnyama. I-dimorphism yezocansi kulolu hlobo ayivezwa;
- Izinkozi zegolide (Аquila chrysаеtоsNgabamele abakhulu noqinile bohlobo, abanobude obumaphakathi bomzimba kububanzi obungu-76-93 cm, obunamaphiko angu-180-240 cm. Abesifazane bakhulu ngokuphawulekayo kunabesilisa, futhi isisindo sabo singahluka phakathi kuka-3.8-6.7 kg. Uqhwaku lwenyoni lujwayelekile kulezi zinhlobo - ukhozi, kunalokho lucindezelwe ezindaweni ezisemaceleni futhi luphakeme, lunokugoba okumise okwe-hook phansi;
- Amathuna (U-Aquila helias) Izilwane ezinkulu ezinamaphiko ezinamaphiko amade nobanzi, kanye nomsila oqondile. Ubude besilinganiso benyoni bungu-72-84 cm, ngamaphiko angu-180-215 cm nesisindo esiphezulu esingeqile ku-2.4-4.5 kg. Izindawo zokuhlala nezindawo zokungcwaba kanye nezinkozi zegolide zivame ukuhlangana;
- Izinkozi zamatshe (Аquila rarakh) Ingabe izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinobude bomzimba cishe obungu-60-70 cm, ezinamaphiko angu-160-180 cm nesisindo esingu-1.8-2.5 kg. Ama-morphs ahluka ngokobudala beminyaka kumbala wezimpaphe, izici ze-subspecies kanye nokuhlukahluka okuthile okwehlukile;
- Izinkozi zeSteppe (I-Aquila niralensis) Ingabe izidlakela zingama-60-85 cm ubude, zinamaphiko angama-220-230 cm kanye nesisindo esingu-2.7-4.8 kg. Umbala wezimpaphe zezinyoni ezindala uboniswa ngombala onsundu onsundu, imvamisa ngokuba khona kwendawo ebomvu endaweni ye-occiput kanye nezimpaphe eziyinhloko ezimnyama nsundu. Uphaphe lomsila lunombala onsundu onsundu ngemivimbo ewumbala ogqamile;
- Ukhozi Olunamabala Amakhulu (Аquila сlаngа) kanye noKhozi Olunamachashazi Amancane (Аquila romarina) - izinyoni ezidla inyama ezivela emndenini weHawk, okufanele zinikezwe izinyoni zohlobo lweLophaetus noma i-Istinaetus;
- Izinkozi zaseKaffir (Аquila verreuxii) Itekisi yaseLatin. Inyoni edla inyama iyehluka ngobude bomzimba ebangeni elingama-70-95 cm ngesisindo somzimba esingu-3.5-4.5 kg ngamaphiko ubude bamamitha amabili;
- Izinkozi zaseMoluccan (U-Aquila gurneyi) - izinyoni ezinkulu, ezihlukaniswa ngabantu abambalwa ngokulingene, ubude bomzimba obuphakathi kuka-74-85 cm, obunamaphiko wamasentimitha ayi-170-190. Isisindo sesifazane singamakhilogremu amathathu;
- Izinkozi zesiliva (Аquila wаhlbergi) - izinyoni ezidla inyama ezinomzimba ubude obungu-55-60 cm ezinamaphiko angekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-130-160. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika;
- Izinkozi ezinomsila ohlanganisiwe (Аquila audax) Ingabe izidlakela zasemini ezinezimpaphe ezivela emndenini waseYastrebiny, zifinyelela kubude bemitha ngamaphiko angaphezu kwamamitha ambalwa. Abesifazane bakhulu ngokuphawulekayo kunabesilisa, futhi isisindo sabo sivame ukuba ngama-5 kg.
I-Aquila kuroshkini, noma i-Pliocene, iyinhlobo yokhozi lwezinsalela. Izinkozi ezinesilinganiso esimaphakathi salolu hlobo zifana ne-morphology nezinkozi zanamuhla zokhozi.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ububanzi nensimu yokusatshalaliswa kwezinkozi zibanzi impela, futhi uhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala buya ngqo ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo zezinyoni ezidla inyama. Kodwa-ke, kuwo wonke amalungu omndeni, ukukhetha indawo, kude nokuhlala kwabantu nempucuko, kuyisici, ngakho-ke izinkozi zivame ukukhetha izintaba noma izintaba ezivulekile.
Isibonelo, izinkozi zegolide ezihlala endaweni yezwe lethu, kufaka phakathi inyakatho yeCaucasus kanye nengxenye eseningizimu yePrimorye, isidleke, njengomthetho, ezindaweni ezingamahlathi okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, kanye nezihlobo zazo zase-Australia, izinkozi zegolide ezinomsila omkhulu, zizizwa zikhululekile ngangokunokwenzeka ezindaweni ezinamahlathi eNew Guinea. Ukhozi olusemaqeleni lukhetha izindawo ezingama-steppe kanye ne-semi-desert njengendawo yokuhlala, ehlala ezindaweni ezisuka eTransbaikalia ziye ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama.
Sekuyisikhathi eside izinkozi zombuso zikhethwa izindawo ezinamahlathi asemahlathini e-Ukraine, izifunda ezisemaqeleni zaseKazakhstan, amahlathi aseCzech Republic, eRomania naseSpain. Futhi, lezi zinyoni ezidla inyama zitholakala ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu zase-Iran naseChina, eSlovakia naseHungary, eJalimane naseGrisi. Izizwe eziningi sekunesikhathi eside zisebenzisa amanye amalungu ohlobo lwazo njengezinyoni zokuzingela eziqeqeshwe kalula, futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamakhosi aseRussia, izinkozi zegolide zaqeqeshwa ngokukhethekile, ngemuva kwalokho zazisetshenziselwa ukubamba izimpungushe nezimpisi.
Ukudla kwamakhozi
Ukubamba inyoni edla inyama kungamelwa ngisho nezilwane ezinosayizi abakhulu kakhulu, kufaka phakathi impungushe, impisi nenyamazane yenyamazane, kepha imvamisa ama-hares amancane kanye nama-gopher, kanye nezinye izinyoni nezinhlanzi, ziwela kulezo zinyoni. Ekungabikho kwezilwane eziphilayo isikhathi eside, izinkozi zingadla kahle izidumbu, kuyilapho ukuzingela kwenziwa yizilwane ezinamaphiko hhayi kuphela emhlabeni, kodwa futhi ngqo emanzini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izilwane eziningi ziwela esigabeni sezilwane eziqinisekisiwe, kubandakanya i-lofura emnyama, amahlathi kanye nezinkukhu ezifuywayo, ama-partridges ama-scrwed and shrub, amajuba aluhlaza nasekhaya, ama-kingfishers kanye ne-squirrels.
Isilwane esibanjiwe, njengomthetho, sidliwa yinyoni ngokushesha noma sondliwe amaphuphu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinyoka ezinobuthi kakhulu zibhujiswa ezinye izinhlobo zezinkozi. Ngemuva kokudla ukudla, ukhozi ludla amanzi amaningi, futhi isikhathi eside luzama ukuhlanza ngokucophelela izimpaphe zalo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izinyoni ezidla inyama, kufaka phakathi izinkozi, zikhula ngokugcwele lapho sezineminyaka emihlanu. Ngokuvamile, izinkozi zanoma yiluphi uhlobo zizalela ezihlahleni noma ezihlahleni, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi izidleke zazo zitholakala emadwaleni, kufaka phakathi izinkozi zasentabeni. Bobabili abalingani benza ukwakhiwa kwesidleke, kepha imvamisa abesifazane bayatshala umzamo, ikhono nesikhathi kule nqubo. Isidleke esiqediwe ngokuphelele futhi esithembekile singasetshenziswa izinyoni iminyaka eminingana.
Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni ezidla ezinye zibamba izidleke zabanye abantu, ezenziwa izinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu, kufaka phakathi igwababa noheshe... Abesifazane babeka amaqanda kanye kuphela ngonyaka, futhi inani labo eliphelele lingafinyelela izingcezu ezintathu. Izici zenqubo yokufukamela amaqanda zincike ngqo kuzimpawu zezinhlobo zokhozi. Amantshontsho okhozi azalwe cishe ngokushesha abonisa isimo sawo sokuphanga. Ngesikhathi sokulwa okunjalo, izinkozi ezibuthakathaka noma ezingakheki kahle ziyafa ngenxa yokushaywa okunamandla okuthola emilonyeni yazo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imidlalo yokukhwelana yezinkozi ibonakala ngezimpawu zasemoyeni ezibukekayo, lapho abantu bobabili babamba iqhaza khona, futhi ukuqomisana kuhambisana nokusukelana, ukundiza okujiyile, ukujikela okucijile kakhulu nokujikeleza okujikelezayo.
Abazali abakhulu yizinkozi zamathuna, ezizalela amaqanda ngokulandelana inyanga eyodwa nengxenye. Lapho nje ubudala benzalo echanyuselwe sebuyizinyanga ezintathu, abantu abadala baqala ukufundisa amaphuphu ukundiza. Ngenxa yokulungiselela okuhle, izinyoni ezincane ezidla inyama ziyakwazi ukwenza izindiza ezinde ebusika.
Inqubo yokukhulisa amachwane okhozi asemaqeleni, azalela ngqo emhlabathini futhi akhe izindlu zokuhlala esebenzisa amagatsha, nayo iyathakazelisa. Amaqanda afudunyezwa yizinsikazi, kuthi abesilisa balethele izinkukhu zabo ukudla. Bobabili abazali banakekela amaphuphu azelwe. Izinyoni ezincane ziyakwazi ukuzulazula zize zithole umbhangqwana ohloniphekile.
Izitha zemvelo
Naphezu kwawo wonke amandla namandla emvelo, izinkozi manje seziyizixhumanisi ezisengozini kakhulu kuloluchungechunge lwemvelo. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, lezi zinyoni ezidla ezinye futhi ezinkulukazi zinezitha ezimbalwa, kepha izinyoni ezindala zingafa ngenxa yokulwa okungalingani nembangi yasemoyeni enamandla noma impisi ejwayelekile.
Izinsuku eziningi zendlala ziyingozi kakhulu ezinkozi, ngakho-ke isidingo esihlala njalo nesizinzile somzimba senyama enkulu siphoqa izinyoni ezinjalo kusuka ezindaweni ezipholile ukwenza ukufuduka ngenkani ziye emazweni aseningizimu, kulandela ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni ezifudukayo.
Okubalulekile! Eminyakeni enenani elanele lokudla kwenyama, inani elikhulu lamachwane achanyuselwa lisinda esidlekeni, kepha uma kungabikho isisekelo sokudla, njengomthetho, inkonyane elilodwa kuphela elihlala liphila.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ekuqaphelisweni okuningi nasekufundweni kwesayensi, ukulima kwezindawo ezintsha zomhlaba wezintombi nokunyamalala kwezilwane zasendle kuzo kubangela ukuntuleka okubonakalayo kwemithombo yokudla ejwayelekile okhozini, okuyimbangela yokufa okukhulu kwezinyoni ngenxa yendlala. Phakathi kokunye, izinkozi, ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni eziningi, zivame ukufa lapho zihlangana nentambo kagesi, edalwa umzamo wezilwane ezinamaphiko ukuhlomisa izidleke esigxotsheni esijwayelekile sikagesi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengamanje, izinyoni ezidla inyama ezivela emndenini weHawk, ezimelwe ngu:
- Ukhozi loKlebe (A.fаsciata noma H.fsciatus);
- Ukhozi lwase-Indian hawk (Lhorhotriorchis kieneri);
- IBerkut (A. chrysaetos);
- Ukhozi lwetshe (A. arakh);
- Ukhozi iKaffir (A.verreauuxii);
- Ukhozi lwesiliva (A. wahlbergi);
- Ukhozi olunemisila ehlanganisiwe (A.audax).
Izinyoni zanikezwa isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo "Izinhlobo Ezisengozini":
- Indawo yokungcwaba (A. helias);
- Indawo yokungcwaba yaseSpain (A. adalberti);
- Ukhozi olunamabala amakhulu (A. clanga).
Izinhlobo ezisengozini yokumelwa yiSteppe Eagle (A. niralensis), kanti okuseduze kwesimo esisengozini yi-Moluccan Eagle (Аquila gurneyi). Ukhozi lwemifino (A. renata noma H. renata) kanye nendawo yokungcwaba emazweni amaningi kufakiwe emakhasini eNcwadi Ebomvu kazwelonke.
Ukhozi nendoda
Ukhozi lungenye yezimpawu eziyinhloko zaseRussia, futhi isithombe salo singabonakala ezingubeni zezwe lethu... Kodwa-ke, ngokuzisola okukhulu kwezazi zezinyoni, izinkozi zisesigabeni sezinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu zezilwane ezinamaphiko ezibalwe emakhasini eRed Book.
Izinyoni eziqhoshayo ezizingelayo zazisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, ikakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu, futhi ukwehla okuthe xaxa kwesibalo sabantu akubanga nje kuphela ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kanye nezinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene ze-anthropogenic, kepha futhi nesimo sezulu esijwayelekile ezindaweni ezihlala ukhozi esiba sibi kakhulu minyaka yonke. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi yiRed Book esiza ukuthola ngesikhathi esifanele nokuqopha izinhlobo zezinkozi ezisengozini noma ezisengozini yokuqothulwa okuphelele, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuguqula isimo nabantu sibe ngcono.
