I-tiger (lat. Panthera tigris) isilwane esincelisayo esidliwayo esivela emndenini wamakati amaningi, kanye nommeleli ojwayelekile wohlobo lwe-Panther (lat. Panthera) oluvela emndenini omkhulu wamakati amakhulu. Kuhunyushwe kusuka esiGrekini, igama elithi "Tiger" lisho ukuthi "Sharp and fast".
Incazelo yamahlosi
Abamele lolu hlobo kufaka phakathi izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu ezidlayo ezivela emndenini wakwaFeline... Cishe wonke ama-subspecies ama-tiger aziwa njengamanje angenye yezilwane ezinkulu ngobukhulu futhi ezinamandla emhlabeni, ngakho-ke, ngokwesisindo, lezo zilwane ezincelisayo zilandela amabhere ansundu na-polar kuphela.
Ukubukeka, umbala
Ingwe yikati elikhulu nelisinda ukwedlula wonke amakati asendle. Noma kunjalo, ama-subspecies ahlukene ahluke ngokuphawulekayo komunye nomunye hhayi kuphela ekubukekeni kwawo, kepha futhi ngosayizi nesisindo somzimba esimaphakathi, futhi abamele izwe lonke lalezi zinhlobo bahlala bakhulu kakhulu kunamahlosi asesiqhingini. Okukhulu kunazo zonke namuhla ama-Amur subspecies nama-tiger ama-Bengal, amaduna awo amadala afinyelela kubude obungu-2.5-2.9 m futhi anesisindo esifinyelela ku-275-300 kg nangaphezulu kancane.
Ukuphakama okujwayelekile kwesilwane ekubuneni kungu-100-115 cm. Umzimba olengisiwe wesilwane esincelisayo unamandla amakhulu, unemisipha futhi uguquguquka ngokugqamile, kanti ingxenye yaso yangaphambili ithuthuke kangcono kakhulu kunengemuva kanye ne-sacrum. Umsila mude, ukhukhumeza umfaniswano, uhlala uphela ngothiphu omnyama futhi uhlukaniswa ngemivimbo eguqukayo eyakha uhlobo oluqhubekayo lwendandatho ezungezile. Imilenze engaphambili enamandla yesilwane inezinzwani ezinhlanu, kanti izinzwane ezine zitholakala emilenzeni yangemuva. Yonke iminwe yesilwane esinje inezinzipho ezihlehlekayo.
Ikhanda elikhulu eliyindilinga linengxenye yobuso evelele ngokugqamile kanye nesifunda esingaphambili esiyindilinga. Ukhakhayi lukhulu kakhulu, lunama-cheekbones ahlukaniswe kabanzi namathambo emakhaleni angaphezulu kwamathambo amakhulu. Izindlebe zincane futhi ziyindilinga. Kukhona amathangi ohlangothini lwekhanda.
I-vibrissae emhlophe, enwebeka ngokweqile ihlelwa ngemigqa emine noma emihlanu, futhi ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-165 mm ngobukhulu obumaphakathi obungu-1.5 mm. Abafundi bayindilinga, iris iphuzi. Onke amahlosi amadala, kanye nabanye abameleli bomndeni we-feline, banamazinyo akhule kahle futhi aqinile, abukhali.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amathrekhi wesilisa makhulu futhi ahlukaniswe kakhulu kunalawo abesifazane, futhi iminwe emaphakathi iphuma ngokusobala kakhulu ngokuya phambili. Ubude bethrekhi yowesilisa bungu-150-160 mm ngobubanzi obungu-130-140 mm, lokho kowesifazane kungu-140-150 mm ngobubanzi obungu-110-130 mm.
Isilwane esincelisayo esidliwayo sohlobo lwaseningizimu sihlukaniswa ngoboya bezinwele obuphansi futhi obuncane, obuncane obunokuqina okuhle. Amahlosi aseNyakatho anoboya obucijile nobude ngokwanele. Umbala wangemuva oyisisekelo ungaba kusuka kumbala obomvu obomvu uye kumbala onsundu onsundu. Indawo yesisu nesifuba, kanye nengaphakathi langaphakathi lemilenze, kukhanya ngombala.
Kunezimpawu zokukhanya ezikhanyayo ngemuva kwezindlebe. Esiqwini nasentanyeni kunemivimbo eqondile, evundlile ngokwanele engxenyeni engemuva. Esibayeni esingezansi kwendawo yamakhala, endaweni ye-vibrissae, isilevu nomhlathi ophansi, kuphawulwa umbala omhlophe. Isifunda esiphambili, se-parietal kanye ne-occipital sibonakala ngokuba khona kwephethini eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eguquguqukayo eyenziwe ngemigqa emnyama emifushane eguqukayo.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ibanga phakathi kwemivimbo nokuma kwayo lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwabamele ama-subspecies ahlukene, kepha ezimweni eziningi isikhumba sesilwane simbozwa imivimbo engaphezu kwekhulu. Iphethini enemigqa ikhona nasesikhunjeni somzingeli, ngakho-ke uma uphuca bonke uboya, khona-ke ubuyiselwa ngokuphelele ngokuya ngohlobo lokuqala lwamabala.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ingwe, kungakhathalekile ukuthi yimiphi imiphakathi ephansi, ingummeleli ojwayelekile wezilwane zendawo. Abantu abadala baphila impilo yodwa futhi banezindawo zabo zokuzingela. Isakhiwo ngasinye, esukela ngosayizi kusuka kuma-20 kuye kuma-100 km2, ivikelwe ngokunamandla kakhulu ngumzingeli ekungeneleleni kwabanye abamele uhlobo lohlobo, kepha insimu yowesilisa nowesifazane ingahlangana kahle.
Amahlosi awakwazi ukujaha inyamazane yawo amahora amaningana, ngakho-ke isilo esinjalo esihlaselayo sihlasela ngombani ovela endaweni yokuqamekela ekhethekile, ngemuva kokuthi inyamazane isibanjiwe. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezidliwayo zomndeni wakwaFelidae zizingela ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene: ngokuthula kakhulu ngokunyonyobela isisulu noma ngokulinda inyamazane yazo ekuqamekeleni okukhethwe ngaphambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibanga eliphakeme phakathi komzingeli onjalo nesisulu sakhe lingaba lihle impela, kepha hhayi ngaphezu kuka-120-150 m.
Kuyathakazelisa! Enkambeni yokuzingela, ihlosi elikhulile linokuphakama okungafika kumamitha amahlanu, futhi ubude bokugxuma okunjalo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayishumi.
Ukungalindelekile kokuhlaselwa cishe akuniki noma iziphi izisulu zesilo sasendle ngisho nethuba elincane lokusinda, ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuzuza izilwane ngejubane elanele lokuphunyuka okusindisayo. Ingwe esikhulile futhi eqinile empeleni iyimizuzwana nje ikwazi ukuba seduze kwesisulu sayo esesabekayo. Abesilisa bavame ukuhlanganyela ingxenye yezisulu zabo, kepha kuphela nabesifazane.
Ahlala isikhathi esingakanani amahlosi
Amahlosi ama-Amur asezimweni zemvelo aphila cishe iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, kepha uma agcinwa ekuthunjweni, isikhathi sokuphila kwawo sinde kancane, futhi ngokwesilinganiso yiminyaka engamashumi amabili. Isikhathi sokuphila sengwe yaseBengal ekuthunjweni singafika kwikota yekhulu leminyaka, nasendle - iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu kuphela. Amahlosi ama-Indo-Chinese, Sumatran namaShayina emvelweni angaphila iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili... Isibindi sesikhathi eside phakathi kwamahlosi kubhekwa njengehlosi laseMalay, elinde isikhathi sokuphila esimweni semvelo, esimweni semvelo liyikota yekhulu, futhi lapho ligcinwe ekuthunjweni - cishe iminyaka emine kuya kwemihlanu ubude.
Izinhlobo zamahlosi
Kukhona ama-subspecies ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela ohlobo lweTiger, kepha ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kuphela abayisithupha babo abakwazi ukusinda emhlabeni.
- Ingwe yama-Amur (U-Panthera tigris altaiisa), owaziwa nangokuthi i-Ussuri, North Chinese, Manchurian noma ingwe yaseSiberia - ehlala ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Amur, endaweni yeSifunda Esizimele SamaJuda, ePrimorsky naseKhabarovsk Territories. Ama-subspecies amakhulu kunawo wonke, abonakala ngoboya obugqinsi futhi obuluhlaza, obude ngokwedlulele, obunemuva elibomvu elifiphele hhayi imivimbo eminingi kakhulu;
- Ingwe yaseBengal (Panthera tigris tigris) - ama-subspecies aphakanyisiwe we-tiger ahlala ePakistan, eNdiya naseBangladesh, eNepal, eMyanmar naseBhutan. Abamele le subspecies bahlala ezinhlobonhlobo zazo zonke izinhlobo zama-biotopes, kufaka phakathi amahlathi emvula, ama-savanna owomile kanye nemihlume. Isisindo esilinganisiwe sowesilisa singahluka ngaphakathi kwama-205-228 kg, futhi kowesifazane - hhayi ngaphezu kuka-140-150 kg. Ingwe yaseBengal, ehlala enyakatho yeNdiya naseNepal, inkulu kunabantu abahlala ezifundeni ezisencane zezwekazi laseNdiya;
- Ingwe ye-Indochinese (U-Panthera tigris sorbetti) Ingabe ama-subspecies ahlala eCambodia naseMyanmar, futhi ahlala naseningizimu yeChina naseLaos, Thailand, Malaysia naseVietnam. Ingwe yase-Indochinese inombala omnyama. Isisindo esilinganisiwe sowesilisa ovuthiwe ngokobulili cishe siyi-150-190 kg, kanti leso sowesifazane omdala singu-110-140 kg;
- Ingwe yaseMalay (Pantherа tigris jаksоni) Ungomunye wabamele abayisithupha abasasele bohlobo, abatholakala eningizimu yeNhlonhlo YaseMalacca. Phambilini, sonke isibalo sabantu sasivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yingwe ye-Indo-Chinese;
- Ingwe yaseSumatran (U-Panthera tigris sumatrae) Ingabe incane kunayo yonke imiphakathi ekhona njengamanje, kanti isisindo sesilisa esidala cishe siyi-100-130 kg. Abesifazane bancane ngokuphawulekayo ngosayizi, ngakho-ke isisindo sabo asidluli ku-70-90 kg. Usayizi omncane uyindlela yokuzivumelanisa nokuhlala ezindaweni ezingamahlathi ashisayo eSumatra;
- Ingwe lamaShayina (U-Panthera tigris аmoyensis) Ungomunye wabamele abancane kunabo bonke imiphakathi engaphansi. Ubude bomzimba besilisa nabesifazane bungu-2.5-2.6 m, kanti isisindo singahluka phakathi kuka-100-177 kg. Ukwahlukahluka kofuzo lwalezi zinhlobo ezincane kuncane kakhulu.
Ama-subspecies aphelile amelwe yi-tiger ye-Bali (i-Panthera tigris bаlisa), i-tiger yaseTranscaucasian (i-Panthera tigris virgata) ne-tiger yaseJavan (i-Panthera tigris sоndaisa). Izinsalela zifaka ama-subspecies akudala uPanthera tigris acutidens kanye nama-subspecies asendulo kakhulu ingwe kaTrinil (Panthera tigris trinilensis).
Kuyathakazelisa! Okwaziwa kakhulu yizinhlobo ezibizwa ngama-hybrids ezinama-Bengal nama-Amur subspecies, kufaka phakathi i- "liger", okuyisiphambano esiphakathi kwe-tigress nebhubesi, kanye ne "tigrols" (i-taigon noma i-tigon), ebonakala njengomphumela wokukhwelana kwengonyamakazi nengwe.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ekuqaleni, amahlosi ayesakazeke kakhulu e-Asia.
Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, bonke abameleli bezinhlobo ezincane zezilwane ezinjalo basinde kuphela emazweni ayishumi nesithupha:
- I-Laoc;
- IBangladesh;
- IRiphabhulikhi yeNyunyana yaseMyanmar;
- IBhutan,
- ECambodia;
- I-Socialist Republic yaseVietnam;
- IRussia;
- IRiphabhlikhi yaseNdiya;
- I-Islamic Republic of Iran;
- IRiphabhlikhi yase-Indonesia;
- China;
- EMalaysia;
- IRiphabhulikhi YamaSulumane yasePakistan;
- Thailand;
- IFederal Democratic Republic yaseNepal.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezijwayelekile zehlosi yizindawo ezisenyakatho ze-taiga, izindawo ezingama-semi-desert kanye namahlathi, kanye ne-savannah eyomile nezindawo ezishisayo ezinomswakama.
Kuyathakazelisa! Cishe wonke amakati asendle ayawesaba amanzi, ngakho-ke, uma kungenzeka, azama ukudlula amadamu, futhi amahlosi, kunalokho, abhukuda kahle futhi athande amanzi, esebenzisa ukugeza ukuqeda ukushisa nokushisa ngokweqile.
Izindawo eziyizintandokazi kakhulu, lapho amahlosi akha umhhume wawo onethezekile futhi onokwethenjelwa, azingele futhi akhulise inzalo, afaka amawa angaphezulu kakhulu anemigodi eminingi nemigede eyimfihlo. Izindawo ezakhiwe ngabantu zingamelwa yizinhlanga ezifihliwe zomhlanga noma zomhlanga eduze nemizimba yamanzi.
Ukudla kwengwe
Zonke izinhlobo ezincane zamahlosi zingabameleli be-oda lezilwane, ngakho-ke, ukudla okuyinhloko kwalezi zilwane zasendle kuyinyama kuphela. Ukudla kwesilwane esincelisayo esikhulu esivela emndenini wakwaFelidae kungaba nokuhlukahluka okuthile kuye ngezimpawu eziyinhloko zendawo okuhlala kuyo isilwane. Isibonelo, inyamazane enkulu yengwe yaseBengal imvamisa izingulube zasendle, ama-sambar aseNdiya, i-nilgau ne-axis. Amahlosi aseSumatran akhetha ukuzingela izingulube zasendle nama-tapir, kanye nezinyamazane ze-sambar. Amahlosi ama-Amur adla kakhulu izinyamazane ze-musk, i-sika nezinyamazane ezibomvu, kanye nezinyamazane ze-roe nezingulube zasendle.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, izinyathi zaseNdiya kanye nezinyamazane, ama-pheasants nama-hares, izinkawu ngisho nezinhlanzi kungathathwa njengezisulu zamahlosi. Izilwane ezilambile kakhulu ezilambile ziyakwazi ukondla amaxoxo, zonke izinhlobo zamagundane noma ezinye izilwane ezincane, kanye nezitshalo zamajikijolo nezinye izithelo. Kunamaqiniso aziwayo ngokuya ngokuthi amahlosi amadala, uma kunesidingo, angakwazi kanjani ukuzingela ngempumelelo ezinye izidumbu, ezimelwe yizingwe, izingwenya, izimpisi, amabhamu, kanye namabhere aseHimalaya nawensundu noma amawundlu awo.
Njengomthetho, ama-tiger-ma-Amur avuthiwe ngokobulili, amakhulu ngosayizi nemisipha ehlaba umxhwele, angena empini namabhere amancane. Umphumela womzabalazo wezilwane ezinamandla kangaka ungalindeleka ngokuphelele. Kukhona nemininingwane ngokuya ngokuthi amahlosi avame ukuhlasela amawundlu endlovu yaseNdiya. Emapaki ezilwane, ukudla kwamahlosi kuhlanganiswa ngokucophelela okukhulu, kucatshangelwa zonke izincomo ezinikezwe ochwepheshe be-Euro-Asia Regional Association.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kucatshangelwa nakanjani izici zobudala besilwane esincelisayo, kanye nesisindo saso, ubulili besilwane kanye nezici zesizini. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwesidalwa ekuthunjweni kuvezwa yimikhiqizo yezilwane, kufaka phakathi izinkukhu, onogwaja nenkomo. Futhi, ukudla kufaka ubisi, amaqanda, inhlanzi nezinye izinhlobo zokudla okunomsoco kakhulu kwamaprotheni.
Ngosuku olulodwa, umhlaseli omdala uyakwazi ukudla cishe amakhilogremu ayishumi enyama, kepha isilinganiso sincike ezinhlotsheni zezilwane nobukhulu baso. Okunye ukudla kunikezwa ingwe ngezikhathi ezithile nangamanani alinganiselwe. Ekuthunjweni, ukudla kwezilwane ezivela emndenini wakwaFeline kunezelwa ngemixube yamavithamini nezithako eziwusizo ezinamaminerali ayisisekelo, okunikela ekukhuleni okulungile kwamathambo futhi kuvimbele ukuthuthukiswa kwamarikethi ezilwaneni.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-Tiger kwanoma imaphi ama-subspecies yizilwane ezincelisayo zesithembu izilwane ezidla ezinye, inkathi yokukhwelana eyenzeka ngoDisemba-Januwari.... Abesilisa bathola insikazi, begxile ephunga lomchamo wayo. Ngokuya ngohlobo lokuziphatha kowesifazane, nangokuhambisana nephunga lezimfihlo zakhe, kuba sobala ngokuphelele kowesilisa ukuthi umlingani ukulungele kangakanani ukuzala noma inqubo yokukhiqiza inzalo. Ukubheka kukhombisa ukuthi unyaka nonyaka owesifazane unezinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela lapho ekwazi khona ukukhulelwa. Uma ukukhulelwa kungazange kwenzeke ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, khona-ke i-estrus ephindaphindwayo kwabesifazane ivela ngenyanga ezayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izingane zesilwane esincelisayo esikhulu zizalwa zikhule kahle, kepha zingenakuzisiza ngokuphelele, futhi ngenyanga yokuqala nohhafu, umsoco wazo umelwe ubisi lukamama kuphela.
I-tigress ingathwala inzalo isukela eminyakeni emithathu noma emine. Inzalo ye-tigress ivela kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu, kanti isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesilisa ababambiqhaza nakancane ekukhuliseni inzalo yabo, ngakho-ke, abesifazane kuphela abondla, bavikele futhi bafundise imithetho eyisisekelo yokuzingela amawundlu abo. Amathole azalwa kusuka ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli, futhi inani lawo kudoti lingahluka kubantu ababili kuya kwabane. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi izala izinyane elilodwa noma amahlanu.
Izinsikazi ze-Tiger zanoma iyiphi i-subspecies, ezikhulisa inzalo yazo, azivumeli abesilisa bakwamanye amazwe ukuba basondele amawundlu abo, ngenxa yengozi yokucekelwa phansi kwamawundlu yizilwane ezinkulu zasendle. Cishe sezinezinyanga ezimbili ubudala, amawundlu engwe asevele akwazi ukushiya umhhume wawo isikhashana alandele unina. Amawundlu afinyelela ukuzimela okugcwele kuphela eneminyaka emibili noma emithathu kuphela, futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho izidlakela ezikhulile nezinamandla ziqala ukufuna nokukhetha indawo ngayinye.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-Tigers aphezulu phezulu kwephiramidi yokudla kanye nokuxhuma kwawo wonke ama-biocenoses ahlala kuwo, futhi ithonya lawo libonakala ngokusobala kubantu abaningi be-ungulates abahlukahlukene. Ama-subspecies amakhulu we-tiger anezitha ezimbalwa kakhulu, ngenxa yomthethosisekelo onamandla wesilwane namandla aso angakholeki.
Okubalulekile! Ihlosi liyisidlakela esihlakaniphe kakhulu nesinokungajwayelekile, likwazi ukuhlola ngokushesha nangokunembile ngisho nesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yokuqonda okucashile nokwenziwe kahle kwezilwane.
Ezilwaneni zasendle, amabhere amakhulu amakhulu ansundu kuphela akwazi ukunqoba ihlosi, kepha njengomthetho, yizilwane ezisencane kuphela futhi ezingakaqiniswa ngokuphelele, kanye namazinyane amancane, eziba izisulu. Amahlosi asezingeni eliphakathi nendawo ahlala enamandla ngokuqaphelekayo kunebhere elilinganiselwe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Amahlosi ama-Amur aphakathi kwama-subspecies amancane kakhulu asohlwini lweRed Book, kuyilapho inani lamahlosi aseBengal, kunalokho, lingelikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Isibalo esikhulu samahlosi ase-Indo-Chinese emhlabeni wonke njengamanje sikhona eMalaysia, lapho ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kuncishiswe ngezinyathelo ezinzima.
Kodwa-ke, inani eliphelele labantu bale subspecies manje lisengcupheni, ngenxa yokuqhekeka kwamabanga kanye nokuzalanisa, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezilwane zasendle ukuze kuthengiswe izitho zokwenza umuthi waseChina. Owesithathu ogcwele kakhulu phakathi kwawo wonke amanye ama-subspecies yi-tiger yaseMalaysia. I-tiger yaseShayina iyi-subspecies okwamanje esengozini enkulu yokuqothulwa okuphelele, ngakho-ke, ezimweni zemvelo, abantu abanjalo kungenzeka ukuthi abekho.
Amahlosi nendoda
Ingwe ihlasela umuntu kaningi kakhulu kunanoma ibaphi abanye abameleli basendle bomndeni we-feline. Izizathu zokuhlaselwa kungaba ukuvela kwabantu ezindaweni zamahlosi, kanye nokushoda kwenani elanele lezilwane zemvelo endaweni yokuhlala, okucasula isilo esidlayo ngokuya ngobungozi ezindlini zabantu.
Amahlosi adla abantu azingela wedwa kuphela, kanti isilwane esilimele noma esidala kakhulu sifuna inyamazane elula, umuntu angaba yiyo. Isilwane esincane nesinempilo esivela emndenini wakwaFeline asivamile ukuhlasela abantu, kepha ezimweni ezihlukile singalimaza umuntu. Okwamanje ayikho imibiko yokuhlaselwa kwamahlosi kubantu, ngakho-ke isilinganiso esilungile sesilinganiso sale nto singalinganiselwa kuphela.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlosi ngabantu yinto ejwayelekile kakhulu emazweni amaningi.... Imithi yendabuko yamaShayina isebenzisa zonke izingxenye zomzimba wengwe, kufaka phakathi umsila, intshebe nepipi, okubhekwa njenge-aphrodisiac enamandla. Kodwa-ke, noma yikuphi ukuqinisekiswa kwesayensi noma kocwaningo kwemibono enjalo engabazisayo mayelana nenani eliphakeme lezinye izingxenye zomzimba wesilwane sasendle okwamanje akukho ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwengwe ekwenziweni kwemithi akuvunyelwe ngokuqinile eChina, futhi abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bajeziswa ngokufa.
