Ama-Gopher yizilwane ezincelisayo ezivela emndenini we-squirrel. Manje, izinhlobo eziningi zibhalwe kuRed Book futhi zisengozini yokushiswa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.
Incazelo ye-gopher
Ukubukeka kwezingwejeje zomhlabathi kuyisici esithile. Ubungako besilwane bungaphindwa kathathu noma kane ngobukhulu besikwele. Izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu ngemuva kwezingwejeje ziyizimbila.
Ukubukeka
Ngokuya ngohlobo, izingwejeje ezisemhlabathini zingafinyelela osayizi kusuka ku-15 cm kuye ku-25-30 cm. Abantu abakhulu kakhulu bafinyelela osayizi obungamasentimitha angama-40. Ubude bomsila kuyaqabukela bufinyelele uhhafu wobude bomzimba - kubantu abancane kakhulu abudluli ku-4 cm. 1.5 kg. Kukhona i-dimorphism yezocansi - abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane ngobude nangesisindo. Umzimba womzimba ugoqa, u-cylindrical. Izinqe zangaphambili zifushane kunezingemuva, kanti uzwane lwesine oluvundlile uma luqhathaniswa. Izinzwani zifakwe uzipho oluqinile olusiza ekugqobeni.
Ikhanda lincane, livulekile, linezindlebe ezincane ze-pubescent... Ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, izindlebe zibonakala zingathuthukile. Amehlo mancane, anenqwaba yezindlala ze-lacrimal. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokumba, lezi zindlala zisebenza ngokuzikhandla, zikhipha uthuli oluwela ku-cornea. Ama-incisors aphezulu nangaphansi - amabhangqa amabili - anamandla, aqondiswe komunye nomunye nge-engeli ebukhali. Azinampande futhi zikhula kuyo yonke impilo yesilwane. Ngosizo lwabo, ama-gopher aphula izimbobo, ngenkathi engagwinyi phansi. Kunezikhwama zezihlathi lapho izilwane zithwala ukudla ziye emigodini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Akuzona zonke izinhlobo ezenza amasheya emgodini.
Izilwane zinezinwele eziminyene ezihlanganisa wonke umzimba, ezishintshayo kuye ngesizini. Uboya basehlobo bufushane, bunzima, buvimbela ukushisa ngokweqile. Ebusika, iba yinde futhi ibe mkhulu kakhulu, iba mkhulu kakhulu, ikuvumele ukuthi ugcine ukushisa komzimba ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ethile. Umbala wesilwane uncike ezinhlotsheni nasenkathini yonyaka.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ama-squirrels aphansi ayizakhamuzi ezijwayelekile zendawo yama-steppe. Kaningi ubona lezi zilwane ezincane zimi ngemilenze yazo yangemuva futhi zibheke ingozi engaba khona. Yizilwane ezigqobayo. Imigodi yazo ingaba ngamamitha amathathu ukujula, kwesinye isikhathi ibe namagatsha.Ubude begatsha elilodwa lomgodi bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-15, kuya ngohlobo lomhlabathi.
I-mink iphawulwe nge-embankment encane. Ekupheleni komgodi, kuvame ukuba nesidleke sotshani obomile namaqabunga asebenza njengendawo yokulala nokuphumula. Ezinye izinhlobo zimba amakhekhe amancane lapho zigcina khona ukudla. Ngokuyisisekelo, izingwejeje zomhlabathi ziyizilwane ezifunda isikole. Izilwane ezizodwa azivamile ukubonwa. Leli koloni linabantu abangamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu. Yize kunale ndlela yokuphila, isilwane ngasinye sinendawo yaso ehlukile, ngaphandle komama abanabantwana, nendawo yaso encane. Ngakho-ke ama-gopher akha amadolobhana amancane noma amadolobha.
Izilwane zivame ukusebenza ekuseni, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi eshisayo, noma kusihlwa lapho ukushisa kuncipha. Emini, bakhetha ukucasha emigodini. Abahambi kude namakhaya abo ukuze bathole isikhathi sokucasha uma kunengozi. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi, abantu abaningana bema bezungeza insimu futhi babheke izilwane ezidla ezinye, kuyilapho abanye bedla. Njengoba bengaboni kahle, bazama ukukhuphuka amagquma amancane ngesikhathi sokuvikelwa ukuze babone kahle ukunyakaza kosongo olungaba khona. Kulokhu zisizwa kahle izinyoni, ezenza umsindo lapho zibona umhlaseli eduze.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-Gopher yizilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ezinesibindi. Isilwane esikhulile singaphila isibhamu esifinyelela kathathu kusuka kusibhamu somoya, simelana nokulunywa, sinokumelana ngokwemvelo nobuthi bezinyoka ezinesihlungu.
AmaGopher anolimi oluthuthuke kakhulu... Ukuxhumana kwabo kubhekwa njengenye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezivela eNyuvesi yaseManitoba (eCanada) zafunda ukuxhumana kwama-gopher futhi zahlanganisa isichazamazwi esiphelele sezimpempe, izinyonga neminye imisindo eyenziwa izilwane. Umsindo okhumbuza igama elithi "chak" liyaphawuleka ikakhulukazi. Lolu wuhlobo lwesibabazi esinikeza incazelo ethile kumasiginali futhi lungahle lukhombise nezinga losongo.
Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi ama-gopher asebenzisa i-ultrasound ukuxhumana, okucishe kungabonakali endlebeni yomuntu. Ehlobo, ngesikhathi sendlala esomile, zingalala. Lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nobungozi obuthile bezilwane - izinyoka, ama-steppe chori nezinye izidalwa ezinomzimba omncane zingangena emgodini zidle i-gopher elele.
Ahlala isikhathi esingakanani ama-gopher
Isikhathi sokuphila sezingwejeje ezisemhlabathini siyiminyaka engu-2-3. Amacala ayaziwa lapho ekuthunjweni izilwane ziphila iminyaka engaba ngu-8.
Ukufihlwa kwama-gopher
Ama-Gopher athathwa njengesilwane esilala isikhathi eside. Bangalala kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokulala ubusika bonke sincike kwisimo sezulu nasendaweni lapho izilwane zihlala khona. Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, abesilisa abanqwabelene ngamafutha bavame ukulala ubuthongo ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Abesifazane abangayilethi inzalo benza okufanayo. Abesifazane ababelethile abazondlayo futhi bondle izingane zabo, bese bekhuluphele futhi kuphela ngemuva kwalokho bayalala. Abantu abazalwe entwasahlobo yalo nyaka bawela ebusika uma sekudlule konke - yibona abondlekile kakhulu, bangahle bangabi namanoni okulala isikhathi eside. Ngaphambi kokulala ubusika, bavame ukuvalela imbobo emigodini yabo ngamaplagi obumba. Ukulala ubusika kuphenduka ubusika busika uma izinqolobane zamafutha ezinqwabelene zanele.
Isilwane singavuka ngasekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla ukugcwalisa amafutha asetshenzisiwe bese silala ebusika kuze kufike intwasahlobo. Ngesikhathi sokulala ubusika, izinqubo ze-metabolic ziyancipha, ukuphefumula nokushaya kwenhliziyo kuyehla, nokushisa komzimba kuyehla. Isilwane sizigoqa sibe yibhola elincane eliqinile futhi sizimboze ngomsila waso. Isilwane sivuka ngokuqala kwemfudumalo nokuvela kohlaza lokuqala. Ngentwasahlobo, cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvuka, kuqala isikhathi sokukhwelana esisebenzayo, esihlala cishe kuze kufike ubusika.
Izinhlobo zama-gopher
- Isiphalaphala esincane - izinhlobo ezincane, ezingafika ku-24 cm ubude. Ijazi ezinhlangothini ezingemuva lisuka kwimpunga ye-sallow ezifundeni ezisenyakatho kuya empunga ophuzi eningizimu. Umbala awulingani, unamachashaza amnyama namabala. Kukhona indawo emnyama ekhanda, evelele ngemuva kwesizinda sombala omkhulu. I-Hibernation ihlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili. Ayenzi izinto zasebusika. Kubhekwa njengesilokazane sezitshalo ezitshaliwe, kubhujiswa kakhulu emasimini. Ungumphathi wesifo, i-brucellosis, i-tularemia. Kubhalwe eNcwadini Ebomvu yezifunda eziningana zaseRussia.
- I-gopher enomsila omude - inhlobo enkulu efinyelela kumasentimitha angama-32. Inomsila omude, opholile (10-16 cm), lapho ithole khona igama layo elithile. Umbala wangemuva uvela kobomvu noma ocher kuya ku-grey-fawn. Amachashaza ampunga noma amhlophe abonakala ngokusobala. Isisu sikhanya futhi sikhanya ukwedlula ngemuva. Uboya basebusika buba bukhulu futhi bumnyama. Ingwejeje yomhlabathi onomsila omude endaweni yetaiga ingahlala yodwa. Imigodi iyinkimbinkimbi, inekhamera yokuhlinzeka ngempahla, igumbi lokulala nendawo yokuhlenga - igatsha lomgodi okhuphukayo, osetshenziswa izilwane lapho zigcwala umhosha omkhulu.
- Ingwejeje enkulu emhlabathini, noma i-gopher ebomvu - uhlobo lwesibili ngobukhulu bezingwejeje ezisemhlabathini, ubude bomzimba bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-25-35. Isisindo singafinyelela ikhilogremu elilodwa nohhafu ngaphambi kokulala ubusika. Umbala wangemuva ubumnyama, bunama-brown-buffy, okhanyayo ezinhlangothini. Kunemibhikisho emhlophe ngemuva nasemaceleni, edalwa yimikhawulo emhlophe yezinwele zonogada. Amabala abomvu ngokukhanyayo avezwa kahle ezihlathini nangaphezulu kwamehlo. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, iyashesha kakhulu ukuhamba, ingahamba ibanga ukusuka emgodini wayo, kwesinye isikhathi ibhukude iwele imifula. Uma kungekho ukudla, kuhamba ezindaweni ezinothe ngokudla.
- Igopher enamachashazi - izinhlobo ezincane, ubude bomzimba abufinyeleli ku-20 cm.Umsila mfushane, ufinyelela ku-4 cm ubude. Uboya bufushane, buvalwe kahle, bunsundu ngokunsundu ngemuva obunemibala ebonakalayo ebonakalayo, emhlophe noma emhlophe, ephenduka imvuthu entanyeni. Amehlo amakhulu azungezwe umngcele omhlophe noma ophuzi. Bahlala emakoloni, kaningi ngamunye ngamunye, emgodini ngamunye, ngaphandle kukamama onomntwana. Ukuhanjiswa kwamafula akwenziwa. Ukuphakelwa kokudla kwenziwa kungabaluleki uma kwenzeka kuba nesomiso. Kukhona icala lokudla abantu - ukudla izihlobo eziphilayo nezingasekho. Kubhalwe encwadini ebomvu.
- UDaurian gopher - umbono omncane. Umzimba uvame ukuba ngamasentimitha ayi-18-19 ubude, umsila kuyaqabukela ufinyelele kumasentimitha ayi-6. Umhlane ulula, unombala obomvu obomvu. Izinhlangothi ziphuzi, ingxenye ye-ventral i-fawn noma i-yellow-fawn. Ayenzi amakoloni, ihlala yodwa, kwesinye isikhathi ihlala emigodini yezimbila zithutha noma ama-pikas. Imigodi ilula, ngaphandle kokukhishwa kwegatsha nobumba. Ngaphambi kokungena ebusika, ihlaba umhubhe emgodini ngepulaki lobumba. Zingahlala eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala.
- IBeringian, noma eyaseMelika i-gopher ingeyohlobo olukhulu kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba wabamele abasenyakatho bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-31-39.Umsila mude, uyathambile. Umbala wangemuva unombala onsundu noma ocher, onamachashaza amhlophe abonakala kahle. Isisu sigqamile, sibomvu ngokubomvu. Uboya basebusika buyakhanya. Uhlala emakoloni afinyelela kwabangu-50. Ama-Burrows ajulile futhi anamagatsha. Ngaphambi kokulala ubusika, baqala ukuqoqa izinqolobane, ezisetshenziswa entwasahlobo ngemuva kokuvuka. Ngesikhathi sokudla, ziyehluka ngendlela yokuphila eyingozi kakhulu kunezinye izingwejeje ezisemhlabathini - zidla ngokuzithandela amabhungane, amacimbi, izintethe, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezicabucabu, kanti iphesenti lokudla kwezilwane liphakeme kunalelo lokudla kwezitshalo.
- Igwegwe elibomvu - Uhlobo lwesilinganiso. Ubude bomzimba busuka kumasentimitha angama-23-28. Umsila awudluli isentimitha ubude. Umbala unombala onsundu noma ompunga, ngaphandle kokufiphaza okumhlophe okunamaqhuqhuvana ansundu. Ukuhamba kwenzeka kubantu abasha. Lathola igama lalo emamaki abomvu ngokugqamile ezihlathini. Kuhola indlela yokuphila yamakholoni. Imigodi ilula, ngaphandle kwamagatsha, enesidleke sotshani obomile ekugcineni. Kwezinye izindawo kungumthwali wemvelo wesifo.
- I-gopher ephuzi - ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo obumangalisayo (kufika ku-40 cm), iyizinhlobo ezesabeka kakhulu. Uyehluka ngombala ofanayo ocishe ufane noboya obumbala ophuzi ngomhlane omnyama kancane. Ngokubukeka, icishe ifane nezimbila zithutha. Ngaphambi kokuba sikhase emgodini waso, lesi silwane sikhipha ikhanda bese sihlola indawo. Njalo udla umile futhi ubheke ingozi engaba khona. Isizathu salokhu kuziphatha kuyindlela yokuphila wedwa. Ezitshalweni eziphansi ingadla ihleli noma ilele phansi. I-squirrel emhlabathini ephuzi ilele isikhathi eside kakhulu - ukulala kwayo isikhathi eside kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-8-9.
Indawo yokuhlala
Bahlala e-Eurasia kusuka e-Arctic Circle kuya kuma-latitudes aseningizimu. Futhi kutholakala eNyakatho Melika. Esikhathini esiningi bahlala ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo, bahlala emahlanzeni, emahlathini, emahlanzeni, emadlelweni, emadlelweni, kodwa futhi bangahlala ezifundeni zezintaba, ezingwadule, eziwugwadule. Kuhola impilo yangaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni ezivulekile zasemaphandleni. Bangakwazi ukuhlala eduze kwamadolobhana, ojantshi, ezimbonini ezingasetshenzisiwe, ezindlini ezingaphansi nasezisekelweni zezindlu ezilahliwe, emasimini ashiywe. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlala ezigodini ezingasemifuleni.
Ukudla kweGopher
Ukudla kufaka kokubili ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Iningi lazo lidla ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu komhlaba nezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo - izimpande, ama-bulb, izilimo eziyizigaxa, amaqabunga, neziqu. Zenza umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zamabele, amakhabe nemidumba. Amasheya enziwa ngotshani obomile, imbewu yezitshalo ezinomuthi kanye nezihlahla (i-maple, i-hazel, amabhilikosi), okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu. Izinhlobo zezindawo ezibandayo zondla ubulembu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kudliwa amacimbi, amabhungane, izinkumbi nezinkumbi ekudleni kwezilwane. Ungazideleli izibungu, izibungu zebhungane.
Ngeke benqabe ukudla amaqanda ezinyoni azalela phansi, amatshwele amancane, angonakalisa isidleke se-vole noma i-hamster. Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-cannibalism zitholakala, ikakhulukazi emakoloni aminyene phakathi kwezilwane ezisencane, necrophagia - zidla izidumbu zezihlobo zazo. Lapho behlala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala, abantu bangantshontsha ama-crackers, okusanhlamvu, izitshalo zezimpande, baqoqe imfucuza yokudla ezindaweni zokulahla udoti nezindawo zokulahla. Ezingadini, bangadla ama-radishes, ama-beet, izaqathe, izimbali nama-tulips, i-gladioli, bemba imibhede.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Zizala ikakhulu kanye ngonyaka, ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza inzalo kabili noma kathathu ngesizini... UGon usetha cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvuka ebusika, egcwalisa kancane amafutha omzimba alahlekile. Zikhwelana njengenja. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe inyanga. Amaphuphu angaba namazinyane amabili kuya kwayishumi nambili. Udoti uzalwa ungaboni futhi uhamba ze, udla ubisi lukamama kuze kube izinyanga ezimbili. Amehlo avuleka emavikini amathathu. Njengoba zikhula ngoboya, ziqala ukushiya umgodi. Zikulungele ukuba umuntu omdala ngezinyanga ezintathu, kodwa ziqala ukuziphilela zodwa cishe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinga lokufa kwabasencane liphezulu kakhulu futhi lifinyelela kuma-65-70% ngenxa yezilwane ezidlayo kanye nokudla abantu.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abesifazane bavikela ngokunamandla amawundlu abo kuzivakashi ezingamenyiwe, kufaka phakathi ezihlotsheni zazo. Amantshontsho abuthakathaka futhi awakwazi ukuzivikela ezinyokeni, ezingaphikisani nokudla ama-gopher amancane. Umama uhleba futhi aqhume phezulu ukuze abonakale emakhulu, agxume inyoka ayilume. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omama abakhathalelayo bemba izingane zabo imigodi ngaphambi kokuhambisa izingane zabo zonyaka.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-Gopher anezitha eziningi zemvelo. Izilwane zasemhlabeni ezinjengezinyoka, ama-ermine, ama-hori, ama-weasel angakhuphuka angene emgodini lapho ingekho indlela yokujika noma abaleke. Izimpungushe, ama-corsacs azingela ama-gopher, izinja namakati azingela eduze nemizana. Ezinyonini ezidla inyama, izitha eziyinhloko ukhozi olusemaqeleni, ukhozi lokungcwaba kanye nekhayithi elimnyama. Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, isikhova se-polar ne-long-eared siyingozi.
Isitha sama-gopher naso siyindoda... Njengoba izilwane zidala ukulimala okungenakulungiseka ezitshalweni futhi zithwala izifo eziningi eziyingozi, ezinjengesifo, i-brucellosis, i-tularemia, kwezinye izindawo ziyabanjwa futhi zibulawe. Kukhona uhlobo olukhethekile lwezemidlalo lokuzingela ama-gopher - ukufudumeza. Kukhona nenhlangano yokulawulwa nokubhujiswa kwezinambuzane eziyizinambuzane.
Kanye nokubhujiswa okuqondile kwabantu, inani lezindawo zokuhlala liyancipha ngenxa yokulima umhlaba nokwakha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezilwa nezinambuzane, ukusetshenziswa kobuthi obunamandla kwamanye amagundane kunomthelela omubi enanini lama-gopher uqobo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngenxa yokubhujiswa okungalawuleki kwezilwane esikhathini esedlule, ezinye izinhlobo zibhalwe kuRed Book. I-squirrel encane yomhlabathi inesimo esingajwayelekile kwezinye izifunda, lapho inani laso lingavami ukudlula abantu abayinkulungwane (isibonelo iStavropol Territory). Isidlakela esibomvu sinamahloni asohlwini lweRed Book of Altai Territory esisengozini, eKrasnoyarsk Territory lolu hlobo lusengozini. Isibalo esiqondile sezilwane kubantu asaziwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zezingwejeje ezisemhlabathini nazo zibhalwe kuRed Data Books yesifunda, imvamisa njengezisengozini futhi zisengozini.
Udaba lokuvikela ama-gopher lubucayi kakhulu. Naphezu komthelela wazo omubi ezitshalweni, zingababulali bezinambuzane eziningi eziyingozi, njengesikhonyane nezintwala. Ama-Gopher ayisisekelo sokudla kwezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye, futhi ngenxa yokwehla kwesibalo sezilwane, inani lezinyoni ezingavamile zezilwane liyancipha. Inani elikhulu lezinye izilwane zihlala emigodini ye-gopher eshiyiwe. Izwe elithwalwa izingwejeje zomhlabathi liqonde ebusweni kusuka emigodini yalo livundile kakhulu.
Isimo sengqondo sabososayensi bezilwane kanye nezinsizakalo zokuvikela ezolimo kulolu hlobo luyindida kakhulu. Zonke izindlela zokuvikela, ukuvikela nokubuyisa inani labantu zisetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni zeRed Data Book.
