Impisi (lat. Canis lupus) isilwane esincelisayo esidlayo somndeni waseCanidae. Kanye nama-coyotes (ama-Cаnis latrаns) nezimpungushe ezivamile (i-Cаnis аureus), kanye nezinye izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezincane, izimpisi ezimpunga noma ezivamile zifakiwe kuhlobo lwe-Wolves (Cаnis).
Incazelo yempisi empunga
Ngokuya ngemiphumela yocwaningo lwezofuzo kanye nocwaningo lwe-gene drift, izimpisi zingokhokho ngqo bezinja ezifuywayo, okuvame ukubhekwa njengezinsikazi zempisi. Njengamanje, iCаnis lupus ngamalungu amakhulu anamuhla omndeni wabo.
Ukubukeka
Usayizi nesisindo somzimba wempisi kubonakaliswa ngokuhlukahluka kwezwe futhi kuncike ngqo ezimweni zezulu, ezinye izinto zangaphandle. Ukuphakama okumaphakathi kwesilwane ekubuneni kuyahlukahluka kusuka ku-66 kuye ku-86 cm, nobude bomzimba ebangeni elingama-105-160 cm nobukhulu obungu-32-62 kg. Impisi efika noma enonyaka owodwa ayinesisindo esingeqile ku-20-30 kg, futhi ubukhulu bezimpisi ezineminyaka emibili nemithathu ubudala abudluli ku-35-45 kg. Impisi evuthiwe iba eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, lapho isisindo esincane somzimba sifinyelela kuma-50-55 kg.
Ngaphandle, izimpisi ziyafana nezinja ezinkulu, ezinamalebe acijile ezinemilenze ephakeme futhi eqinile, izidladla ezinkulu nezinkulu. Iminwe emibili emaphakathi yesilwane esinje ibonakaliswa ngokuhamba phambili okubonakalayo, ngenxa yokuthi umzila uthola ukukhululeka okuyinqaba. Izimpisi zinekhanda elibanzi ebunzini elinobubanzi obubanzi futhi obunwetshiwe, isifonyo esikhulu, esihlukaniswa nokuvezwa okuthe xaxa, okwenza sikwazi ukuhlukanisa izinkulumo ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili zobuso bomzingeli. Ukhakhayi luphakeme, lukhulu futhi lukhulu, kuvuleke amakhala amakhulu ezansi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwethrekhi yempisi kanye nomkhondo wenja umelwe ukulethwa okukhulu okubuyela emuva kweminwe ye-lateral, kanye nokugcina isidladla “ebholeni” kanye nomzila oqondile oshiywe yisilwane.
Umsila "umile okwe-log", ujiyile, uhlala ucwila phansi. Isakhiwo samazinyo siyisici esibalulekile sesilwane esidla ezinye. Umhlathi ongaphezulu wempisi unama-incisors ayisithupha, i-canines, ama-premolars ayisishiyagalombili nama-molars amane, kuthi emihlathini engezansi kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-molars. Ngosizo lwamazinyo, umhlaseli akagcini nje ngokubamba kahle, kodwa futhi uhudula inyamazane, ngakho ukulahleka kwe-dentition kuba yimbangela yendlala nokufa okubuhlungu kwempisi.
Uboya bezimpisi obunemilenze emibili buzohluka ngobude obanele nobuningi... Izinwele eziqaphayo zokuqapha zingamanzi nenhlabathi, futhi ingubo yangaphansi ibalulekile ukuze uhlale ufudumele. Ama-subspecies ahlukene ayehluka ngombala ofana nemvelo. Izilwane ezidla amahlathi zinombala onsundu ngokumpunga, ama-tundra akhanyayo, acishe abe mhlophe, kanti abantu basehlane bampunga ngokubomvu. Amawundlu anombala omnyama ofanayo, oba lula uma isilwane sikhula. Ngaphakathi kwabantu abafanayo, umbala wejazi labantu abahlukile ungaba nokwehluka okubonakalayo.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Izimpisi zenza umsebenzi wazo ovelele ebusuku, zihambisana nokuba khona kwazo ngokuhhewula okukhulu nokude, okusebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana ngisho nakude kakhulu. Enkambeni yokuzingela inyamazane, impisi, njengomthetho, ayenzi imisindo engadingekile futhi izama ukuhamba buthule ngangokunokwenzeka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izindawo zempisi empunga zehlukene kakhulu, ngenxa yokuboshwa kwesilwane esincelisayo esinjalo cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo.
Isilwane esincelisayo sinendlebe ethuthuke kahle... Ukubona nokuzwa kwephunga kubi kakhulu esilwaneni esinjalo. Ngenxa yomsebenzi othuthuke kakhulu wezinzwa, amandla, isivinini nobungqabavu, amathuba empisi okusinda aphezulu kakhulu. Umzingeli uyakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini sokugijima esifinyelela ku-60 km / h futhi amboze ibanga elingu-75-80 km ngobusuku obubodwa.
Zingaki izimpisi ezihlala
Izinkomba ezijwayelekile zesikhathi sokuphila sempisi empunga ezimweni zemvelo ezimweni eziningi zincike emisebenzini yabantu. Isikhathi sokuphila esijwayelekile sesilwane esinjalo esidla imvelo sineminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu noma ngaphezulu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izimpisi zitholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-Europe ne-Asia, kanye naseNyakatho Melika, lapho zikhethe khona i-taiga, ama-coniferous forest zone, i-ice tundra kanye nezingwadule. Njengamanje, umngcele osenyakatho wendawo yokuhlala umelwe ugu lwe-Arctic Ocean, kanti oluseningizimu lumelwe yi-Asia.
Njengomphumela womsebenzi womuntu onamandla, inani lezindawo zokusatshalaliswa komzingeli lehle kakhulu emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka edlule. Abantu bavame ukuqothula amaphakethe ezimpisi bese bebaxosha ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala, ngakho-ke isilwane esincelisayo esinjalo asisahlali eJapan, eBritish Isles, eFrance naseHolland, eBelgium naseDenmark, kanye naseSwitzerland.
Kuyathakazelisa! Impisi empunga ingeyesilwane sendawo, esihlala ama-50 km2 kuze kufike ku-1.5 000 km2, kanye nendawo yensimu yomndeni incike ngqo kuzici zokwakheka komhlaba endaweni yezilwane.
Indawo yokwabiwa kwempisi inqunywa inani elanele lezinyamazane, kungakhathalekile ukuthi yisiphi isizini. Umzingeli uzama ukugwema izindawo ezineqhwa nehlathi eliqhubekayo lapho kuqala ubusika. Inani elikhulu labantu libhekwa endaweni ye-tundra ne-forest-tundra, i-step-steppe kanye ne-alpine zones, kanye nama-steppes. Kwezinye izimo, isilo sasendle sihlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu, futhi izindawo ze-taiga njengamanje zibonakala ngokusabalala kwezimpisi kulandela ukugawulwa kwe-taiga, okwenziwa ngabantu ngenkuthalo.
Ukudla kwempisi empunga
Izimpisi zondla cishe kuphela ngokudla okuvela ezilwaneni, kepha ezifundeni eziseningizimu, izithelo zasendle namajikijolo kuvame ukudliwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Ukudla okuyinhloko kuvezwa ngama-ungulates asekhaya nasendle, ama-hares namagundane amancane, kanye nezinyoni nezidumbu. Izimpisi zeTundra zithanda amathole nezinyamazane zesifazane, amahansi, izigaxa zamalamoni nama-voles. Izinqama nama-tarbagans, kanye nama-hares, kuvame ukuba yizisulu zezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Ukudla kwempisi nakho kungaba:
- izilwane ezifuywayo kubandakanya izinja;
- izinja ze-raccoon;
- ama-ungulates asendle, kufaka phakathi izingulube zasendle nezinyamazane ze-roe;
- izilwane ezincelisayo;
- amabhere, izimpungushe nama-martens;
- Caucasian black grouse kanye pheasants;
- izingwejeje zomhlaba kanye nama-jerboas;
- ama-hedgehogs;
- ezihuquzelayo;
- izinambuzane ezinkulu;
- amagundane amanzi;
- inhlanzi, kufaka phakathi ukhaphethi;
- izibankwa nezinye izinhlobo zofudu;
- hhayi izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zezinyoka.
Okubalulekile! Izimpisi zingesinye sezilwane ezinzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke zingahamba kalula ngaphandle kokudla amasonto ambalwa noma ngisho nangaphezulu.
Izimpisi zibonakala ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzingela, ngokuya ngezici eziningi, kufaka phakathi izimo zezwe, izinhlobo zezilwane, kanye nokuba khona kwesipiliyoni ngakunye kumuntu noma iphakethe elithile.
Abantu abadala badla inyama engaphansi kwamakhilogremu amahlanu ngosuku, kepha inani eliphansi lokudla okuvela ezilwaneni akufanele libe ngaphansi kwesigamu esisodwa nengxenye kuya kwamakhilogremu amabili ngosuku. Yonke inyamazane edliwe ingxenye iyahlukaniswa futhi ifihlwe ngokucophelela.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izimpisi ziyizilwane ezidla zodwa, futhi ukuzala kuyisici seqembu elilodwa kuphela emndenini osuvele usungulwe. Ngokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana, isimilo sowesifazane we-alpha nowesilisa we-alpha sishintsha kakhulu futhi siba nolaka, kepha ngemuva kobuhlungu, imizwa emhlambini ishintshela kokuhle kakhulu ukukhulisa inzalo.
I-lair ihlelwe ezindaweni zokukhosela ezivikeleke kahle, kepha imvamisa imisele eshiywa ezinye izilwane ezinkulu isetshenziswa njengezidliwayo zayo. Ngaphezu kokuvikelwa ezitheni nakubantu, indawo elungile yomhume ivumela owesifazane nowesilisa ukuthi babone ingozi ngesikhathi.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa izinyanga ezimbili ngokwesilinganiso. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu, amawundlu azalwa ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari noma maphakathi no-Ephreli, naphakathi nendawo nasenyakatho - kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi. Inani lamachwane kudoti lingahluka lisuka kwamathathu kuye kwayishumi nambili. Imidlwane izalelwa emgodini, futhi phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala impisi engazishiyi, futhi ngabesilisa kuphela abanesibopho esiphelele sokondla umndeni.
Ukuncelisa ubisi lamathole kuhlala cishe inyanga nengxenye.... Kusukela eminyakeni emibili yezinyanga, amawundlu ashintshela ekudleni inyama. Amawundlu akhulile angahlala yedwa isikhathi eside, kuyilapho impisi eyozingela nayo yonke iphakethe. Uma kukhona ukusola kobungozi, amawundlu adluliselwa ngowesifazane kwenye indawo, lapho inzalo izoqinisekiswa ngokuphepha okuphelele.
Abesilisa bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu, nabesifazane - cishe eminyakeni emibili ubudala, kepha imvamisa bangena ekukhiqizeni okusebenzayo kuphela lapho beneminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukubonwa kukhombisa, iminyaka ekuqaleni kokukhwelwa kwempisi empunga incike ezintweni eziningana zemvelo. Ngokudla okwanele noma ngaphansi kwezimo zokwehla okukhulu kwenani lezimpisi, imithetho yokulawulwa kwemvelo kwenani lezilwane ezizingelayo iyaqala ukusebenza.
Izitha zemvelo
Impisi empunga inezitha ezimbalwa kakhulu zemvelo phakathi kwezilwane. Namuhla, izinhlobo ezingama-subspecies ezingamashumi amathathu zalesi sidalwa esiyingozi, esinobuciko futhi esiqinile siyaziwa. I-sanitary engenakubekwa endaweni yasendle yasendle ibhujiswa ngokungenamusa kuphela ngabantu, okuthinta kabi inani eliphelele lomzingeli futhi ingenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokuqubuka kwezifo eziwumshayabhuqe ezihlukene phakathi kwezilwane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Inani lempisi empunga kwamanye amazwe lisongelwe ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele ezimweni eziningi ngenxa yokwesaba abantu ukulahlekelwa yiyo yonke imfuyo yabo. Umzingeli wabulawa ngokungenasihawu ngoshevu, futhi, phakathi kokunye, wadutshulwa kanzima ngabazingeli. Izenzo ezinjalo zibangele ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lezimpisi, ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, eMinnesota, isilwane esidlayo sivikelwe njengezilwane ezisengozini iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane.
Namuhla, isimo esizinzile sabantu abaningi siyabonakala eCanada nase-Alaska, eFinland, e-Italy naseGrisi, ePoland, kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia naseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu okubangelwa ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezijwayele ukwesatshiswa kusongela abantu abahlala ezindaweni zaseHungary, eLithuania naseLatvia, ePortugal naseSlovakia, kanye naseBelarus, e-Ukraine naseRomania. Impisi ihlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezivikelwe emazweni anjengeCroatia, iMakedoniya kanye neCzech Republic, iBhutan neChina, iNepal nePakistan kanye ne-Israel. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezimpisi ezimpunga zifakiwe kusiThasiselo II soMhlangano we-CITES.
