Inyoka evamile imise ngokuqinile isithombe somlingiswa ezindabeni ezesabekayo nasemaphusheni amabi, umhlangano naye ungaba nemiphumela engaphephile kubantu. Okwamanje, endleleni yokuphila nokuziphatha kwale nyoka, kunezikhathi eziningi eziphawuleka, ezithakazelisayo nezisabekayo.
Incazelo yenyoka
Inyoka evamile (iVipera berus) ingummeli womndeni wakwaViperidae wobukhulu obuncane: ubude bomzimba wenyoka imvamisa kuba ngu-60-70 cm, isisindo sisuka ku-50-180 g, kanti abesilisa bancane kancane kunabesifazane.
Ukubukeka
- Inhloko, embozwe izikali ezincane noma izihlangu ezakhiwe ngokungajwayelekile, inesimo esingunxantathu, ukuphela kwamakhala okusike imbobo phakathi kufiphaziwe, amakhona wesikhashana - izindawo zokwenziwa kwendawo yezindlala ezinobuthi ezibhangqene - zivelele kakhulu ezinhlangothini.
- Encane amehlo ngomfundi oqonde mpo ngokuhlangana nezikali ezisencane ze-supraorbital-scales zinikeza inyoka ukubukeka okubi, yize lokhu kungahlangene nokubonakaliswa kwemizwelo ehambisana nolaka.
- Amathambo maxillary amafushane, ahamba phambili, anama-tubular amakhulu ama-1-2 amazinyo anobuthi namazinyo ama-3-4 amancane. Amazinyo amancane afanayo atholakala kwi-palatine, amathambo e-pterygoid.
- Inhloko nomzimba kuhlukaniswe okubukhali ukukhulelwa komlomo wesibeletho.
- Mfushane kakhulu futhi obukhulu phakathi, umzimba inyoka incipha ngokucijile esigabeni esingemuva, iphenduke ibe mfushane (imvamisa iphindwe izikhathi eziyi-6-8 ngaphansi kobude bomzimba) umsilangohlaka lokhefana.
Imvelo ayizange igwebe imibala, ipende inyoka. Ngaphezu kombala ompunga ojwayelekile wabesilisa nombala onsundu wabesifazane, kutholakala ama-morphs alandelayo:
- mnyama;
- beige nephuzi;
- ubumhlophe obumhlophe;
- nsundu yomnqumo;
- okubomvu kwethusi.
Imvamisa, umbala awufani, umzimba wenyoka "uhlotshiswe" ngemivimbo, amabala namaphethini:
- umucu we-zigzag ogijima ngemuva;
- umhlobiso omnyama Ʌ- noma omise okwe-X ngaphezulu kwekhanda;
- imivimbo emnyama egijima ezinhlangothini zekhanda kusuka emehlweni kuya emakhoneni omlomo;
- amabala amnyama amboze izinhlangothi zomzimba.
Izinyoka ezimnyama nezinsundu ngokubomvu azinaphethini emakhanda nasemizimbeni yazo. Akunandaba ukuthi umbala omkhulu, ingaphansi lomzimba limpunga noma limnyama ngamabala afiphele, ingaphansi lomsila linesihlabathi esimhlophe noma siphuzi ngokusawolintshi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinyoka ezingama-Albino azikaze zitholakale, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka, ezinokuhluka okufanayo ngombala, noma kunalokho, ukungabi bikho kwazo, kuyabonakala njalo.
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lombala wezinyoka, kungakhathalekile ithoni eyinhloko, liyanakekela, ngoba lwenza ukuthi inyoka icishe ingabonakali ngokuqhamuka kwendawo yemvelo.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Isigaba esisebenzayo somjikelezo wokuphila kwenyoka evamile ngokuvamile siqala ngoMashi-Ephreli. Abesilisa bangabokuqala ukuphuma ezindaweni zokukhosela ebusika ngezinsuku ezinelanga. Isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke singatholakala lapho izindimbane zomoya zifinyelela ku-19-24 ° C. Abesifazane, lapho izinga lokushisa elikhulu lemvelo kufanele libe ngaphezulu, cishe ngama-28 ° C, linda ukuqala kwesimo sezulu esifudumele.
Isakhiwo somzimba, esingenazitho nezinsimbi, asivumeli inyoka ejwayelekile ukuthi iguqule indlela yayo yokuziphatha: ayisebenzi, ihamba kancane futhi i-phlegmatic, inyoka ichitha amahora ayo amaningi emini ezindaweni ezifihlekile noma "igeza" ilanga lokugeza ematsheni ashubile, iziqu, izihlahla eziwile. Kodwa-ke, isibukeli esinakile sizobona ukuthi ngisho nenyoka ingaqamba amanga ngezindlela ezihlukile.... Ekhululeke ngokukhululekile emisebeni yelanga, usakaza izimbambo zakhe ezinhlangothini, ngenxa yokuthi umzimba uba yisicaba, wakhe indawo ebanzi ye-wavy. Kepha uma ngalesi sikhathi kukhona okwazisa inyoka, umzimba wayo ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokushintsha ukuma kwayo, uyaqina futhi uqine, njengentwasahlobo ecindezelweyo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Nganoma yimuphi umzuzu, inyoka ikulungele ukuthi isheshe isuke engozini engaba khona, noma ihlasele inyamazane engaba khona.
Uma umhlangano nesitha ubungeke ugwenywe, inyoka ivele ijike ijike ibe yindilinga eqinile, manje umzimba wayo uyisigaxa esiminyene, esisuka maphakathi nendawo lapho ungabona khona ikhanda loboya obunjenge-S. Ngokujikijela phambili ingxenye yesithathu engenhla yomzimba, ukuvuvukala nokuhayiza ngendlela esabekayo, inyoka ihamba nalo lonke leli bhola ibheke emthonjeni wosongo.
Inyoka iqala ukuzingela okusebenzayo kusihlwa noma ebusuku. Ngasikhathi sinye, isimilo sayo esivamile sasemini siyashintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo: manje sesiyisilwane esisheshayo nesinobuciko, sihlola ngokungakhathali sifuna isisulu noma yiziphi izimbobo, imigodi, izindawo ezingaphansi kweziqu zemithi zilele phansi, amahlathi aminyene. Umuzwa omuhle kakhulu wephunga nokubona okuhle jikelele kuyamsiza ekutholeni ukudla ebumnyameni. Ukungena ezindlini zamagundane, inyoka ayikwazi ukudla hhayi kuphela amawundlu angenakuzisiza, kodwa futhi nabantu abadala abalele.
Inyoka ibuye isebenzise amaqhinga wokuzingela alinde, ibheke ngokucophelela inyamazane engahle ivele emkhakheni wokubuka. Kwesinye isikhathi igundane le-vole elingaqaphile lingagibela ngisho nenyoka enamanga, ehlala inganyakazi nhlobo kuze kube yilapho igundane selifinyelele amazinyo alo anobuthi. Uma inyoka igeja ukuphosa, imvamisa ayilandeli inyamazane elahlekile, ilinde ngesineke ithuba elisha lokuhlasela. Ngokuvamile kuthatha izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezine ukugaya ukudla. Sonke lesi sikhathi, inyoka kungenzeka ingakhasuki ize phezulu, ihlale endaweni yayo yokukhosela.
Engazingeli, inyoka ayikhombisi ubudlova kuqala... Ngakho-ke, lapho ihlangana nomuntu, uma ingathathi isenzo esivusa inkanuko, inyoka isebenzisa umbala wayo wokuzifihla, ihlangane ngokubonakalayo nemvelo, noma ifune ukubalekela endaweni ephephile.
Kudala ngaphambi kokuqala kweqhwa, lezi zinyoka zihlala ebusika "ezindlini". I-snap ebandayo ayikaze ibambe lezi zinyoka zingazile, futhi cishe bonke abantu basinda kuze kufike ukuqala kwentwasahlobo (ngokungafani nabanye abaningi abanegazi elibandayo, elibandayo kakhulu ebusika obubandayo). Kunezincazelo eziningana ezinengqondo (hhayi ngokuphelele) zalokhu.
- Zikhetha imigodi yamagundane nezimvukuzane njengezindawo zokuvikela, ezingaphansi kongqimba oluqandayo, ekujuleni okungu-0.4 kuye ku-2 m.
- Ukuhlala ebusika endaweni eyodwa, izinyoka zivame ukuhlangana ngamashumi, lapho, lapho zigonene ebholeni elikhulu, zifudumalelana.
- Ama-Vipers ngandlela thile mahle kakhulu ekubikezeleni ukuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo ngisho sesikhashana.
Cishe izinsuku ezingama-180 zidlula ebusika, futhi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho kuseneqhwa ehlathini, izinyoka ziphinde zikhase ezweni elifudunyezwe yilanga.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila esiphezulu senyoka ejwayelekile endle yiminyaka eyi-12-15. Lokhu kuningi okukhona ezimweni lapho kunezinombolo eziningi zezinto ezifushanisa isikhathi sokuphila. Ezikhungweni ezikhethekile zezinyoka, izinyoka, lapho zigcinwa ezindaweni zasekhaya, izinyoka ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, zifinyelela kuma-20, kwezinye izimo kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30 ubudala. Lokhu kuchazwa iqiniso lokuthi izinyoka eziyizigqila, ngokungafani nezihlobo zamahhala, zinikezwa ukondliwa okufika ngesikhathi, ukugcinwa njalo kwe-microclimate evumayo, ukungabikho ngokuphelele kwezitha, ngisho nokunakekelwa kwezilwane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izazi ze-Herpetologists zikholelwa ukuthi isikhathi sempi seVipera berus siphikisana kakhulu nobuningi bokukhwelana, ngaleyo ndlela sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-30 kubantu abangabantu basenyakatho.
Ubuhlungu Benyoka Ejwayelekile
Isihlungu se-Viper siyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali aphezulu esisindo samaprotheni anomphumela we-hemolytic necrotizing ezingxenyeni zegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo shevu uqukethe i-neurotoxin ethinta kabi uhlelo lwezinhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Kodwa-ke, ukulunywa yinyoka ejwayelekile akuvamile ukubulala ngokweqile: izinto ezilimazayo ziphansi kakhulu ekugxileni ukuze zibe yingozi empilweni yomuntu omdala. Imiphumela yokulunywa yinyoka inkulu kakhulu ezinganeni nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo eziphazamisa ngengozi inyoka ephoqeleka ukuzivikela. Isibikezelo singafaka:
- ukushaqeka okuqhubekayo;
- i-coagulation yegazi emithanjeni;
- i-anemia enamandla.
Kunoma ikuphi, isisulu, noma sesimnikeze usizo lokuqala, kufanele siye esikhungweni sezokwelapha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhiwo ezinobuthi zikashukela zisetshenziselwa izinhloso zokwelashwa, ekukhiqizeni izidakamizwa eziningi ezithomalalisayo, ezitholwayo, ezilwa nokuvuvukala, izimonyo, esivumela ukuthi sibheke inyoka evamile njengento ebaluleke kwezomnotho nakwezesayensi.
Indawo yokuhlala
IVipera berus isabalele impela.... Abamele bayo batholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Eurasia, kusukela eSakhalin, enyakatho Korea, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina kuya eSpain nasenyakatho yePortugal. ERussia, ukwanda kwenyoka evamile kuhlanganisa yonke indawo eseMiddle kusuka e-Arctic kuye endaweni esemaqeleni eningizimu. Kepha ukusatshalaliswa kwabantu kulezi zindawo akufani:
- isilinganiso sobuningi babantu asikho ngaphezu kwabantu abangu-0.15 / 1 km womzila ezindaweni ezinezimo ezingezinhle;
- lapho izimo zendawo yokuhlala zilungele kakhulu izinyoka, "i-foci" yakhiwa ngobuningi babantu abangu-3.5 / 1 km womzila.
Kulezi zifunda, izinyoka zikhetha izindawo zokwenziwa kwasendaweni emaphethelweni omgodi wama-moss, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, izindawo ezishile ezigcwele, izingilazi zemifula exubile kanye ne-coniferous, amabhange emifula nemizimba yamanzi. Ngaphezulu kwezinga lolwandle, inyoka evamile isakazeke kwaze kwaba ngu-3000 m.
Imvamisa, iVipera berus inokuphila kokuhlala phansi, abameleli bezinhlobo zezitshalo abavamile ukuhamba ibanga elingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100, futhi kuphela ngesikhathi sokufuduka entwasahlobo nasekwindla lapho bekwazi khona ukumboza amabanga afinyelela kumakhilomitha ama-5, kwesinye isikhathi babhukuda ezindaweni ezinamanzi ezibanzi. Ama-Vipers angatholakala nasemathafeni we-anthropogenic: amapaki amahlathi, amagumbi angaphansi wezwe nezindlu zezwe, izakhiwo ezilahliwe, ezingadini zemifino kanye nasemapulazini.
Ukudla kwenyoka evamile
"Imenyu" yendabuko yenyoka ejwayelekile iqukethe ikakhulukazi izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele: ama-moles, shrews, amagundane nezinyoni ezincane. Kodwa akawanaki amaselesele, izibankwa, kukhona nokubonakaliswa kokudla komuntu lapho inyoka idla amazinyane ayo. IVipera berus iyingozi kakhulu: ingagwinya amasele ama-3-4 noma amagundane kuhambo olulodwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, abameleli bezinhlobo baphila ngaphandle kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kwezi-9 ngaphandle kokuzilimaza. Leli khono linqunywa ngokwempilo:
- ebusika, izinyoka ziwela edakeni, futhi phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amafutha abekwe ehlobo azisiza ukuthi zigcine izinqubo zokuphila ezidingekayo;
- izinyoka ziphoqeleka ukuba zilambe lapho, ngokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kohlobo olufanayo lokudla, ukuphela kokuphakelwa kokudla kwenzeka.
Amanzi enyoka atholakala ikakhulukazi ngokudla, kepha kwesinye isikhathi aphuza amazolo noma amaconsi emvula.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi ezinyokeni kwenzeka eminyakeni engama-4-5... Zizala minyaka yonke, kepha ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho zebanga ngamahlobo amafushane, abesifazane baletha inzalo ngonyaka. Isikhathi sokuhlangana kwezinyoka siqala ngoMeyi futhi sihlala izinsuku eziyi-15-20. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoka zingabonakala hhayi ngababili kuphela, kodwa futhi nasemabhola abantu abahlanganisiwe abayi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Abesilisa balanda abesifazane ngephunga futhi, bezama ukuzuza umlingani wabo, bahlela ama-duels wangempela. Lolu uhlobo lomdanso wesiko owenziwa ngokuya ngemithetho ethile.
Abaphikisi, bemi phambi komunye nomunye, baphakamisa amakhanda abo bese bewanikina ngaphambi kokuphosa. Ukuhlangana ngemizimba nokuhlanganisa izintamo zabo emzabalazweni, ngamunye wabo ufuna ukucindezela isitha phansi, asinikele ngomhlane. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukulunywa okushayayo kulokhu kungqubuzana akukaze kwenzeke. Owinile uthola ilungelo lokushada, futhi lapho umsebenzi wakhe uphela khona. Owesifazane ovundisiwe uzala amawundlu wedwa: ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokukhwelana, izinyoka ziphila impilo yodwa, zingabe zisahlangana ngababili noma ngamaqembu.
I-Vipera berus yizinyoka ezi-ovoviviparous, azibeki, futhi inqubo yokuthuthuka kwamaqanda, kanye nokuchamuselwa kwamawundlu kuwo, kwenzeka esibelethweni sowesifazane. Ngokuya ngosayizi kamama okhulelwe nezimo zokuphila, inani lamaqanda kuma-oviducts lingahle lisuke ku-10 liye ku-20. Noma kunjalo, inzalo ayiveli kuwo wonke amaqanda asathuthuka. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nokubuyiswa (ukubuyiselwa kabusha) kwengxenye yemibungu, ngakho-ke kuvame ukuzalwa izinyoka eziyi-8-12. Lokhu kwenzeka cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-90 ngemuva kokukhwelana, kusukela maphakathi noJulayi kuya kuSepthemba. Ama-Underyearlings azalwa cishe ngama-16 cm ubude, futhi kungenjalo amakhophi wabazali bawo.
Okubalulekile! Amawundlu e-Viper akulungele ngokuphelele impilo ezimele: kusukela ezikhathini zokuqala zokuphila ngaphandle komzimba womama, anobuthi futhi uyakwazi ukuzivikela, azilume ngamandla.
Kungakapheli amahora ambalwa, kamuva nje - ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-3, izinyoka ezincane. Kuze kube manje, bahlala eduze nendawo yokuzalwa, kepha ngokushesha ngemuva kokushintsha kwesikali, bakhasa befuna ukudla. Isikhathi esisele sehlobo nasekwindla, abasha bakhula ngenkuthalo, badla izinambuzane nezibungu, kuthi ebusika, kanye nezinyoka ezindala, bathole indawo yokukhosela esimeni sezulu esibandayo esisondelayo.
Izitha zemvelo
Emvelweni wayo wemvelo, inyoka ejwayelekile inezitha ezingasabi amazinyo ayo anobuthi. Ngokuzithandela badla inyama yenyoka:
- izimbila;
- izimpungushe;
- ama-ferrets;
- izingulube zasendle (ezinokuzivikela okuqinile esenzweni sikashevu).
Izinyoka zivame ukuba yizisulu zezinyoni ezidla inyama:
- izikhova;
- izindwandwe;
- onogolantethe;
- izinkozi zezinyoka.
Ama-hedgehogs asehlathini, lapho lezi zinyoka zingezona ukudla, noma kunjalo zivame ukungena empini nazo, ezivela kuzo zinqobile. Kodwa isitha esiyinhloko senyoka evamile umuntu. Abantu bavame ukuqeda ngenhloso noma iyiphi inyoka abahlangana nayo, izinyoka zihlushwa izindlela zobuqili zokuzingela okungalawuleki, ezibanjwa yibo ababamba izinyoka kanye nabangakwazi ukwenza kahle ukuthi babe ngama-terrariumists ukuze bathole ubuthi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Inani lenyoka ejwayelekile lehla ikakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantufuthi. Ukugeleza kwamaxhaphozi, izikhukhula zemifula yezikhukhula zemifula, ukubeka imigwaqo emikhulu eminingi ebanzi, ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwezindawo ezisemadolobheni kuholela ekuguqulweni kwezwe nokuqhekeka kwezindawo ezincane eziqhelile zezindawo ezihlala abantu zaseVipera berus, nokutholakala kokudla kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo nakho kuya ngokuwohloka. Lesi simo siba yisizathu sokuqhekeka nokuqothulwa kwabantu ngabanye, izinyoka ziqala ukunyamalala ezindaweni ezikhethwe ngabantu. Yize isimo sisekuhle impela ezifundeni lapho kugcinwa khona amahlathi kahle, eRussia inyoka ejwayelekile ifakiwe kuCC yezindawo eziningi (iMoscow, iSaratov, iSamara, iNizhny Novgorod, i-Orenburg) kanye namaRiphabhuliki (iKomi, iMordovia, iTatarstan) enesimo "Uhlobo olinciphayo, olusengozini". Isimo sibi kakhulu emazweni athuthukile aseYurophu, lapho inani lezinyoka lincipha ngokushesha.
Uma ucabanga ngezinto eziwusizo zokutholakala kwenyoka ejwayelekile emvelweni, njenge:
- ukulawulwa kwemvelo kwenani lamagundane-abathwali besifo esiyingozi se-tularemia;
- ukukhiqizwa kwemfihlo esebenza njengezinto ezibonakalayo eziluhlaza ekukhiqizweni kwemithi yokwelapha kanye ne-antigadyuka serum,
Ama-ejensi wokongiwa kwemvelo azibekela umsebenzi wokushintsha isimo sezinhlobo ze-Vipera berus sibe ngcono.
