Ukube lawa ma-dinosaurs abekhona kuze kube manje, ama-spinosaurs abezoba yizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu nezesabekayo emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, baqothulwa esikhathini seCretaceous, kanye nezinye izihlobo zabo ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi iTyrannosaurus ne-Albertosaurus. Lesi silwane sasingesigaba seSaurischia futhi ngaleso sikhathi sasivele siyidayinaso edla inyama enkulu kunazo zonke ngaleso sikhathi. Ubude bomzimba wayo bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-18, kanti isisindo sayo sasingafinyelela kumathani angama-20. Isibonelo, lesi siga sitholakala ngokungeza izindlovu ezindala ezi-3 ndawonye.
Incazelo yesipinosaurus
I-Spinosaurus yazulazula emhlabeni ngesikhathi seCretaceous ngasekupheleni, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-98-95 edlule... Igama lesilwane licaciswa ngokwezwi nezwi ngokuthi "isibankwa esikhonkxiwe". Kutholakale ngenxa yobukhona be "seyili" enkulu empunga ngemuva ngesimo samathambo e-vertebral. I-spinosaurus ekuqaleni yayicatshangwa njenge-dinosaur eyi-bipedal eyayihamba ngendlela efanayo ne-Tyrannosaurus Rex. Lokhu kusolakala ukuthi kufakazelwe ubukhona bemilenze yemisipha nezingalo ezincane uma kuqhathaniswa. Yize kwakusekhona ngaleso sikhathi, ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists zazicabanga ukuthi isilwane esinamathambo anjalo kufanele sihambe ngezitho ezine, njengamanye ama-tetrapods.
Kuyathakazelisa!Lokhu kufakazelwe yizingalo ezinkulu kunalezo zezinye izihlobo ze-theropod, okwathiwa i-spinosaurus. Azikho izinsalela ezanele ezitholakele zokunquma ubude nohlobo lwemilenze yangemuva yesipinosaurus. Ukumbiwa kwakamuva ngonyaka we-2014 kunikeze ithuba lokubona ukumelwa okuphelele komzimba wesilwane. I-femur ne-tibia zakhiwa kabusha kanye nezinzwane namanye amathambo.
Imiphumela yokwembiwa kwayo yacutshungulwa kakhulu njengoba ikhombisa ukuthi imilenze yangemuva mifushane. Futhi lokhu kungakhombisa into eyodwa - idayinaso ayikwazanga ukuhamba emhlabeni, kanti izitho zangemuva zisebenza njengendlela yokubhukuda. Kepha leli qiniso lisabazeka, njengoba imibono ihlukene. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi isifanekiso kungenzeka ukuthi besingaphansi komuntu omdala, akunakuqinisekiswa ukuthi imilenze ayisakhuleki ibe yisigaba esihlukile, sabantu abadala, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi imilenze yangemuva ivulekile. Ngakho-ke, kuze kube "ngaphezulu" kwezinsalela zakudala lokhu kuzohlala kuphela isiphetho sokuqagela.
Ukubukeka
Le dinosaur "yayine" seyili "emangalisayo etholakala esiqongweni sangemuva. Yayinamathambo anameva ahlanganiswe ndawonye ungqimba lwesikhumba. Ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists zikholelwa ukuthi ungqimba lwamafutha lwalukhona esakhiweni se-hump, ngoba ezimweni lapho lolu hlobo lwaluphila khona akunakwenzeka ukuthi luphile ngaphandle kokutholakala kwamandla ngohlobo lwamafutha. Kepha ososayensi abakaqiniseki nge-100% ukuthi kungani i-hump enjalo ibidingeka. Kungenzeka ukuthi yayisetshenziselwa ukulawula ukushisa komzimba... Ngokujika useyili abheke elangeni, wayekwazi ukufudumeza igazi lakhe ngokushesha kunezinye ezihuquzelayo ezinegazi elibandayo.
Kodwa-ke, useyili omkhulu kangaka, onamabhande mhlawumbe wawuyisici esaziwa kakhulu salomzingeli waseCretaceous futhi wakwenza kwaba ukwengeza okungajwayelekile emndenini we-dinosaur. Kwakungabonakali njengeseyili yeDimetrodon eyayiphila eMhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-280-265 edlule. Ngokungafani nezidalwa ezinjenge-stegosaurus, amapuleti ayo aphakanyiswa esikhunjeni, useyili we-spinosaurus wawusekelwa ngokwandiswa kwama-vertebrae ngemuva komzimba wayo, uwabopha ngokuphelele emathanjeni. Lezi zandiso ze-vertebrae yangemuva, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, zikhule zaba yimitha elilodwa nohhafu. Izakhiwo ezazizihlanganisile zazifana nesikhumba esinyene. Ngokubukeka, mhlawumbe, amalunga anjalo abukeka njengolwelwesi phakathi kweminwe yezinye izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini.
Akungabazeki ukuthi imithambo yomgogodla yayixhunywe ngqo kuma-vertebrae, kodwa-ke, imibono yososayensi iyahluka ngokwakhiwa kolwelwesi uqobo, luzixhuma lube munye. Ngenkathi ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists zikholelwa ukuthi useyili we-spinosaurus wawufana nseyili ye-Dimetrodon, kukhona abanye abanjengoJack Boman Bailey, owayekholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bezinhlayiya, kungenzeka ukuthi bukhulu kakhulu kunesikhumba esivamile futhi bufana nolwelwesi olukhethekile. ...
UBailey wayecabanga ukuthi isihlangu se-spinosaurus sasiqukethe noqweqwe lwamafutha, noma kunjalo, ukwakheka kwangempela akukaziwa ngokuthembekile ngenxa yokushoda okuphelele kwamasampuli.
Ngokuqondene nenhloso yesici somzimba njengeseyili ngemuva kwe-spinosaurus, imibono nayo iyahluka. Imibono eminingi ibekwa phambili ngalesi silinganiso, okuvame kakhulu umsebenzi we-thermoregulation. Umqondo wendlela eyengeziwe yokupholisa nokufudumeza umzimba ujwayelekile. Isetshenziselwa ukuchaza eziningi zezakhiwo zamathambo ezihlukile kuma-dinosaurs ahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi iSpinosaurus, iStegosaurus, neParasaurolophus.
Izazi ze-paleontologists ziqagela ukuthi imithambo yegazi ekulesi sikhala yayiseduze kakhulu nesikhumba kangangokuba yayingamunca ukushisa ngokushesha ukuze ingabi yiqhwa ngesikhathi sokushisa kwamakhaza ebusuku. Abanye ososayensi banombono wokuthi umgogodla we-spinosaurus wasetshenziselwa ukuhambisa igazi ngemithambo yegazi eseduze kwesikhumba ukuhlinzeka ukupholisa okusheshayo ezindaweni ezishisayo. Kunoma ikuphi, womabili "amakhono" angasiza e-Afrika. I-Thermoregulation ibonakala iyincazelo ezwakalayo yiseyili ye-spinosaurus, noma kunjalo, kuneminye imibono ethakazelisa umphakathi ngokulinganayo.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhloso zoseyili we-spinosaurus zisabatshazwa, ukwakheka kogebhezi - olukhulu, olunwetshiwe, kucacile kubo bonke abaphenyi bezimbali. Ngokufanisa, kwakhiwa ugebhezi lwengwenya yesimanjemanje, olweqe imihlathi ehlala iningi logebhezi. Ukhakhayi lwe-spinosaurus, noma okwamanje, lubhekwa njengolude kunazo zonke phakathi kwama-dinosaurs ayekhona emhlabeni wethu.
Ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists zikholelwa ukuthi useyili we-vertebral we-spinosaurus usebenze ngendlela efanayo nenqwaba yezinyoni ezinkulu namuhla. Okungukuthi, bekudingeka ukuheha umlingani wokuzala futhi kunqume ukuqala kokuthomba kwabantu ngabanye. Yize umbala wale fan ungakaziwa, kunokuqagela ukuthi wawukhanyayo, imibala ekhangayo eyadonsa ukunaka kwabobulili obuhlukile kude.
Uhlobo lokuzivikela nalo luyabhekwa. Mhlawumbe wayisebenzisela ukubonakala kukhulu ngokubukeka ebusweni bomphikisi ohlaselayo. Ngokwandiswa koseyili wasemuva, i-spinosaurus yayibukeka inkulu kakhulu futhi ingase ibe yingozi emehlweni alabo ababeyibuka "njengokuluma okusheshayo." Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi isitha, ngokungafuni ukuzibandakanya empini enzima, sahlehla, safuna isisulu esilula.
Ubude bayo babungamasentimitha angaba ngu-152 nohhafu. Imihlathi emikhulu, eyayihlala iningi lale ndawo, yayinamazinyo, ikakhulukazi ayindilinga, okwakulungele kakhulu ukubamba nokudla izinhlanzi. Kukholakala ukuthi iSpinosaurus yayinamazinyo angaba yishumi nane, womabili emihlathini engenhla nengezansi, nemibhoshongo emibili emikhulu kakhulu ohlangothini ngalunye. Umhlathi we-spinosaurus akubona bodwa ubufakazi benjongo yawo yokudla. Futhi ibinamehlo abesebudlelwaneni obuphakeme ngemuva kogebhezi, okwenza ibukeke njengengwenya yesimanje. Lesi sici sihambisana nombono wabathile be-paleontologists wokuthi okungenani wayeyingxenye yesikhathi sakhe esiphelele emanzini. Njengoba imibono yokuthi ngabe wayeyisilwane esincelisayo noma isilwane sasemanzini yehluka kakhulu.
Ubukhulu be-Spinosaurus
Ukuvela kwekhanda neseyili yasemuva yesipinosaurus akulona uhlu oluphelele lwezinto eziphikisanayo zezazi ze-paleontologists. Kusenokuxoxwa okuningi phakathi kososayensi ngobukhulu beqiniso bale dinosaur enkulu.
Idatha yesikhathi samanje ikhombisa ukuthi zikala cishe ama-7,000-20,900 kilograms (7 to 20.9 tons) futhi zingakhula zisuka ku-12.6 ziye ku-18 metres ngobude.... Ukhakhayi olulodwa kuphela olutholakale ngesikhathi kumbiwa lwalungamamitha ayi-1.75. Ispinosaurus, okwakungeyaso, kukholwa odokotela abaningi be-paleontologists ukukala cishe amamitha angama-46 ubude futhi sikala isilinganiso samathani angaba ngu-7.4. Ukuqhubeka nokuqhathanisa phakathi kweSpinosaurus neTyrannosaurus Rex, okwesibili kwakungamamitha ayi-13 ubude futhi kukalwa ububanzi bamathani ayi-7.5. Ngokuphakama, i-spinosaurus kukholakala ukuthi ingamamitha ayi-4.2 ukuphakama; kodwa-ke, kufaka phakathi i-seyili enkulu, eboshiwe ngemuva kwayo, ukuphakama okuphelele kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-6. Isibonelo, i-Tyrannosaurus rex yafinyelela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-4.5 kuye kwayi-6.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe nguRomin Amiot nozakwabo, abafunde kabanzi ngamazinyo eSpinosaurus, bathola ukuthi izilinganiso ze-oxygen isotope emazinyweni nasemathanjeni eSpinosaurus zaziseduze nalezo zezingwenya kunezinye izilwane. Lokho wukuthi, amathambo akhe ayekulungele kakhulu ukuphila emanzini.
Lokhu kwaholela kumcabango wokuthi i-spinosaurus yayiyisidlakela esasizenzela amathuba esakwazi ukushintsha ngobuciko phakathi kwempilo yasemhlabeni neyasemanzini. Kalula nje, amazinyo aso alungele ukudoba futhi awakulungele ikakhulukazi ukuzingelwa komhlaba ngenxa yokuntuleka kweserration. Ukutholakala kwezikali zezinhlanzi ezifakwe i-acid yokugaya emgqeni wesampula le-Spinosaurus kuphakamisa nokuthi le dinosaur yadla inhlanzi.
Ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists ziye zaqhathanisa iSpinosaurus nesidalwa esifanayo, iBaronix, eyadla zombili izinhlanzi nama-dinosaurs amancane noma ezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni. Izinguqulo ezinjalo zibekwe phambili ngemuva kokutholakala kwesifanekiso esisodwa se-pterosaur eduze kwezinyo le-spinosaurus elifakwe emathanjeni. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi iSpinosaurus empeleni ibingumondli onethuba futhi ondle ngalokho ebingakubamba futhi ikugwinye. Kodwa-ke, le nguqulo iyangabazeka ngenxa yokuthi imihlathi yayo ayilungiselwanga ukubamba nokubulala inyamazane enkulu yomhlabathi.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila komuntu asikakasungulwa.
Umlando wokutholwa
Okuningi kwalokho okwaziwayo ngeSpinosaurus, ngeshwa, kuvela kokucatshangelwa, ngoba ukuntuleka kwamasampuli aphelele akushiye elinye ithuba locwaningo. Izinsalela zokuqala ze-spinosaurus zatholwa eBahariya Valley eGibhithe ngo-1912, yize zazingabelwe lolu hlobo oluthile. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu kuphela, isazi se-paleontologist saseJalimane u-Ernst Stromer wazihlanganisa neSpinosaurus. Amanye amathambo ale dinosaur ayetholakala eBahariya futhi akhonjwa njengohlobo lwesibili ngo-1934. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yesikhathi sokutholakala kwabo, ezinye zazo zalimala lapho zibuyiselwa eMunich, kanti ezinye zabhujiswa ngesikhathi kuqhuma amabhomu ngo-1944. Kuze kube manje, kutholakale ama-specimens ayisithupha ayingxenye yesipinosaurus, futhi asikho isampuli ephelele noma ecishe iphelele etholakele.
Esinye isampula se-Spinosaurus, esatholakala ngo-1996 eMorocco, sasiqukethe i-vertebra yomlomo wesibeletho ephakathi nendawo, i-anterior dorsal nerve arch, kanye ne-anterior and middle meno. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili, ezazingo-1998 e-Algeria nango-2002 eTunisia, zazinezindawo zamazinyo emihlathini. Esinye isampula, esiseMorocco ngo-2005, sasiqukethe okokusebenza okungaphezulu kakhulu.... Ngokusho kweziphetho ezitholwe kulokhu okutholakele, ugebhezi lwesilwane esitholakele, ngokusho kokulinganiselwa kweMuseum of Civil Natural History eMilan, belicishe libe ngamasentimitha ayi-183 ubude, okwenza lesi sibonelo seSpinosaurus sibe ngesinye sezinkulu kakhulu kuze kube manje.
Ngeshwa, kokubili i-spinosaurus uqobo kanye ne-paleontologists, noma amasampula wamathambo aphelele alesi silwane, noma sitholakale kude kakhulu nezingxenye zomzimba eziphelele. Lokhu kushoda kobufakazi kuholela ekudidekeni emibonweni yemvelaphi yomzimba wale dinosaur. Amathambo emikhawulweni ye-Spinosaurus awatholakalanga kanye, okunganikeza izazi ze-paleontologists umbono wesakhiwo sangempela somzimba wayo nendawo esikhaleni. Ngokwethiyori, ukuthola amathambo emilenze yesipinosaurus bekungeke kuyinike kuphela isakhiwo esiphelele somzimba, kepha futhi kungasiza izazi ze-paleontologists ukuhlanganisa umbono wokuthi isidalwa sihambe kanjani. Mhlawumbe kwakungenxa yokushoda kwamathambo omlenze lapho kwavela impikiswano engapheli yokuthi ngabe iSpinosaurus yayiyisidalwa esinemilenze emibili noma imilenze emibili.
Kuyathakazelisa!Manje kungani kunzima ukuthola iSpinosaurus ephelele? Konke kumayelana nezici ezimbili ezithonye ubunzima bokuthola imithombo yolwazi - lezi yisikhathi nesihlabathi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, iSpinosaurus yachitha isikhathi esiningi sempilo yayo e-Afrika naseGibhithe, ihola indlela yokuphila yasemanzini. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi sizokwazi ukujwayelana nezibonelo ezitholakala ngaphansi kwesihlabathi esijiyile seSahara kungekudala.
Kuze kube manje, zonke izinhlobo ezitholakele zeSpinosaurus zinezinto ezivela emgogodleni nasokhakhayini. Njengasesimweni esiningi, ngokungabikho kwamasampula acishe aphelele, izazi ze-paleontologists ziphoqeleka ukuba ziqhathanise izinhlobo ze-dinosaur nezilwane ezifanayo kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, esimweni se-spinosaurus, lo ngumsebenzi onzima impela. Ngoba ngisho nalawo ma-dinosaurs akholelwa ukuthi ama-paleontologists ayenezici ezifanayo ne-spinosaurus, akukho neyodwa phakathi kwawo ecishe ifane nalesi silo esiyingqayizivele futhi ngasikhathi sinye esidla lubi. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bavame ukuthi i-spinosaurus cishe yayiyi-bipedal, njengezinye izidalwa ezinkulu, ezifana neTyrannosaurus Rex. Kodwa-ke, lokhu ngeke kwaziwe ngokuqinisekile, okungenani kuze kutholakale izinsalela zale nhlobo ngokuphelele, noma okungenani zilahlekile.
Zonke ezinye izindawo zalesi silwane esidla ezinye ezinkulukazi nazo zithathwa njengezinzima ukufinyelela ekumbeni okwamanje. Ugwadule lukashukela kube yindawo yokutholakala okukhulu maqondana nezinhlobo ze-spinosaurus. Kepha indawo uqobo iyasiphoqa ukuthi sisebenzise imizamo ye-titanic ngenxa yezimo zezulu, kanye nokunganele kwenhlabathi ukungaguquguquki ukulondoloza izinsalela. Kungenzeka ukuthi noma iziphi izibonelo ezitholwe ngengozi ngesikhathi sezivunguvungu zesihlabathi zingcoliswe kakhulu yisimo sezulu nokuhamba kwesihlabathi kangangoba ziye zaba yinto nje engatheni ukuthola nokukhomba. Ngakho-ke, izazi ze-paleontologists ziyaneliseka ngokuncane osekutholakele ngethemba lokuthi ngelinye ilanga kuzokhubeka amasampula aphelele angaphendula yonke imibuzo enentshisekelo futhi adalule izimfihlo ze-spinosaurus.
Indawo yokuhlala
Amathambo atholakele eNyakatho Afrika naseGibhithe. Yingakho, ngokucabanga, kungacatshangwa ukuthi isilwane sasihlala kulezi zingxenye.
Ukudla kwe-Spinosaurus
ISpinosaurus yayinemihlathi emide, enamandla ngamazinyo aqondile. Iningi lamanye ama-dinosaurs adla inyama lalinamazinyo amaningi agobile. Mayelana nalokhu, ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-dinosaur bekufanele lunyakazise isisulu salo ukuze lusike izingcezu zalo lusibulale.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Stegosaurus (isi-Latin Stegosaurus)
- I-Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- I-Pterodactyl (isiLatin Pterodactylus)
- I-Megalodon (lat. Carcharodon megalodon)
Yize kunokwakheka komlomo, umbono ovame kakhulu ukuthi ama-spinosaurs ayengabantu abadla inyama, bethanda kakhulu ukudla kwezinhlanzi, ngoba babehlala emhlabeni nasemanzini (ngokwesibonelo, njengezingwenya zanamuhla). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunguwo kuphela ama-dinosaurs ezinyoni zamanzi.
Izitha zemvelo
Uma ucabanga ngosayizi omangalisayo wesilwane nendawo yokuhlala enamanzi amaningi, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ubunezitha ezithile okungenani zemvelo.
