Uboya begundane, obaziwa emhlabeni wonke njenge-beaver yaseCanada, bake balinganiswa nemali kazwelonke. Ezitolo zaseCanada, isikhumba esisodwa sasishintshaniswa ngamabhuzu abesilisa noma ilitha ye-brandy, imimese emibili noma izinkezo ezi-4, iduku, noma amakhilogremu angu-1.5 wesibhamu.
Incazelo ye-beaver yaseCanada
ICastor canadensis ifana kakhulu nomzala wayo (i-beaver ejwayelekile) ukuthi kwakuthathwa njengama-subspecies ayo kuze kube yilapho izazi zofuzo zithola umehluko. Kwavela ukuthi uhlobo lwe-karyotype lwe-beaver yomfula luqukethe ama-chromosomes angama-48, ngokungafani nelaseCanada elinama-chromosomes angama-40. Ngalesi sizathu, ukuzalana phakathi kwezinhlobo akunakwenzeka.
Ukubukeka
I-beaver yaseCanada inesitoko esikhulu kune-Eurasia... Unekhanda elifushane (elinama-auricles ayindilinga) nesifuba esibanzi. Isisindo sesilwane esikhulile, esikhula sibe ngu-0.9-1.2 m, sisondela ku-30-32 kg.
Uboya begundane elinamanzi amancane, eliqukethe izinwele eziqaphayo zokuqapha kanye nosilika ojiyile phansi, alihle nje kuphela, kodwa futhi lihlala isikhathi eside ngokweqile. I-beaver inemibala esesilinganisweni - nsundu ngomnyama noma nsundu ngokubomvu (izitho nomsila kuvame ukuba mnyama). Izinzwani zihlukaniswe ulwelwesi lokubhukuda, olwenziwe kahle emilenzeni yangemuva nangaphansi ngaphambili.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izindlala ezibhangqiwe zangaphambi kwezimpunga ezikhiqiza i-castoreum zifihlwe ngaphansi komsila. Le nto enukayo (esondelene ngokungaguquguquki nesihlabathi esimanzi) ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-beaver jet. Ubuningi obukhulu obunsundu bunephunga le-musk elinenhlanganisela yetiyela
Umsila awumude kangako (20-25 cm) ububanzi - kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-13 kuye kwayi-15. Kubukeka njengesigwedlo esinomkhawulo ongacijile futhi simbozwe izigaxa ezinama-horny, phakathi kwazo kugqashuka izinwele ezingajwayelekile. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ngobuhlakani iSonto lamaKhatholika leqa ukwenqatshelwa kokudla inyama ngesikhathi sokuzila ngokudlulisela i-beaver (ngenxa yomsila wayo onamaxolo) enhlanzini. Abapristi bakujabulela ukudla inyama efana nengulube.
I-beaver inezinsimbi ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ezingaphezulu (2-2.5 cm ubude no-0.5 cm ububanzi) - ngosizo lwazo zigaya izinkuni ezilukhuni. Amehlo aphume futhi avale ngokwanele. I-beaver inejwabu leso lesithathu, elisobala elithatha indawo yezingilazi zokuphepha lapho lisebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi. Izimbobo nezindlebe zamakhala nazo zivumelaniswa nendlela yokuphila, engavalwa lapho i-beaver ingena emanzini.
Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha
Ama-beaver aseCanada asebenza ikakhulukazi kusihlwa nasebusuku. Bazizwa bengazethembi kangako emhlabathini, ngakho-ke bachitha isikhathi esiningi emanzini noma eduze nawo. Zingaba ngaphansi kwamanzi okungenani ikota yehora. Ikholoni (iqembu lomndeni) lama-beavers liphatha isakhiwo salo lifinyelela ku-0.8 km ububanzi. Imingcele yendawo imakwe ngomfudlana we-beaver, onisela izindunduma ezikhethekile zodaka nodaka. Ngaphandle kwalesi siza kunomkhakha ovakashelwe kancane uze ufike ku-0.4 km ububanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Sebebonile ubungozi, ama-beavers azwakalisa imisila yawo emanzini, kepha imvamisa isignali ingamanga: ama-beavers asebenzisa ukushaya emanzini emidlalweni yawo.
Abantu abadala futhi abakuthandi ukudlala ngomunye nomunye, ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza i-freestyle wrestling. Amawundlu awasaleli ngemuva kwabazali bawo, ngezikhathi ezithile akhasa agugile. Kuma-beaver, ukuxhumana kwe-naso-nasal (ekhaleni kuya ekhaleni), ukuhogela ngokuhlanganyela nokuhlanza uboya kuyizici.
Ezezindlu
Ama-Beavers anedumela lokuba ngabakhi abahle kakhulu nabathengisi bezingodo: basebenzisa la makhono lapho bezakhela amakhaya abo - imigoqo nezindlwana. I-beaver yaseCanada, ngokungafani ne-beaver ejwayelekile, ayivamisile ukuhlala emigodini, ikhetha ukwakha izindawo zokulala - iziqhingi ezintantayo (ezingafika kumamitha ayi-10 ububanzi) ezivela emagatsheni afakwe umhlabathi nodaka. Emaqhugwaneni, afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1-3 ukuphakama, ama-beaver achitha ubusuku, acasha ezitheni futhi agcine izimpahla zasebusika.
Ukuplasta (ukumboza amadokodo ngomhlaba) kuvame ukwenziwa eduze nesimo sezulu esibandayo, kushiye umgodi omncane wokungenisa umoya engxenyeni engenhla bese ufaka phansi ngoshizi, amagxolo notshani. Izindawo zokuhlala zihlelwe ngaphakathi ezindlini, kodwa ngaphezu kobuso bamanzi. Umnyango weqhugwane uhlala ungaphansi kwamanzi: ukungena endlini, ibeaver idinga ukucwila.
Umndeni
Ucwaningo olwenziwe e-USA nase Canada lukhombisile ukuthi e-beaver yase-Canada, phezulu kwepiramidi yomphakathi kuhlala abantu abashadile (ku-beaver yomfula, owesilisa osekhulile), futhi iyunithi elula kunazo zonke umndeni / ikoloni. Inani leqembu elinjalo lisuka kubantu abayi-2 kuye kwabayi-12 - ipheya labantu abadala kanye nenzalo yabo, kufaka phakathi ama-yearlings kanye nama-underyearlings (ngaphansi kaningi ama-beaver aneminyaka emibili ubudala). Ngaphezu kwamaqembu emindeni, kubantu be-beaver yaseCanada, abantu abangashadile (15-20%) bayabonakala abangenabo abalingani babo noma abangazange babeke imikhakha yabo yangasese.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa bomndeni nabo bazama ngesimo sabantu abanesizungu: lokhu kwenzeka ngoJulayi - Agasti no-Ephreli, lapho kungavamile ukubheka ezindlini lapho kuhlala khona izingane zabo nabesifazane.
Yize iqiniso lokuthi ama-beaver emindeni aphumula endaweni yokukhosela efanayo futhi asebenze esakhiweni esifanayo, imisebenzi yabo ayiqondaniswa nganoma iyiphi indlela. I-beaver ngayinye igcwalisa uhlelo lomuntu ngamunye - ukugawula izihlahla, ukuvuna amagatsha okudla noma ukubuyisela idamu. Oxhumana nabo ngaphakathi kuleli koloni banokuthula futhi kuyaqabukela kukhule kube ukungqubuzana.
Amadamu
Ngokwakha lezi zakhiwo zokubacindezela (kusuka ezihlahleni eziwile, amagatsha, utshani, amatshe nomhlaba), ama-beavers aseCanada asethe amarekhodi amaningi.
Ngakho-ke, eWood Buffalo National Park, amagundane akha idamu elikhulu elingama-0.85 km ubude, elibonakala ngokusobala ezithombeni ezisuka emkhathini. Into engamangalisi kangako (0.7 km) yakhiwa ngamagundane eMfuleni iJefferson eMontana - idamu lingamelana nomgibeli nehhashi.
Idamu linemisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile:
- ivikela ama-beaver ezilwaneni eziyingozi;
- ilawula izinga nejubane lamanje;
- kumisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi;
- kunciphisa inani lezikhukhula;
- kwakha izimo ezifanele zezinhlanzi, izinyoni zasemanzini nezinye izilwane zasemanzini.
Ama-Beavers kuyaqabukela egawula izihlahla ezikhula ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-120 ukusuka ogwini, kepha uma kunesidingo esikhulu athutha iziqu ngisho nokuphindwe kabili.
Okubalulekile! Amadamu we-Beaver akuzona izinto ezihlala njalo: ukuba khona kwawo kuncike ngokuphelele ebukhoneni bama-beavers echibini. Imvamisa izilwane ziqala ukwakha / ukulungisa amadamu azo ekwindla ukuze zithole isithwathwa.
Njengomthetho, wonke amalungu ekoloni ahlanganyela emsebenzini wokwakha, kepha abesilisa abadala banakekela ukulungiswa kwezimonyo nokulungisa okukhulu.... Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, ama-beaver kaningi awavali, kepha aze anwebe nezimbobo ezenziwe ngama-otter.
Ngenxa yalesi silinganiso, amagundane athola ukufinyelela ngokushesha ezihlahleni ezisezansi, akhuphule ukuhamba komoya-mpilo ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi anciphise izinga lamanzi echibini.
Ama-beaver aseCanada ahlala isikhathi esingakanani?
Isikhathi sokuphila endle siwela ebangeni eliyiminyaka eyi-10-19, uma izidumbu, abazingeli abangekho emthethweni, izifo kanye nezingozi zingaphazamisi.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ngokuphambene negama lalo, i-beaver yaseCanada ayitholakali eCanada kuphela. Indawo futhi ihlanganisa:
- I-United States, ngaphandle kweningi lamazwe aseCalifornia, eFlorida, naseNevada, kanye nasogwini olusempumalanga, enyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Alaska;
- enyakatho yeMexico (emngceleni we-United States);
- Amazwe aseScandinavia;
- Isifunda iLeningrad neKarelia, lapho ibeaver ingene isuka eFinland;
- IKamchatka, i-Amur basin neSakhalin (eyethulwe).
Izindawo zokuhlala ezijwayelekile zingasogwini lwemizimba yamanzi egeleza kancane, kubandakanya imifula yehlathi, amachibi nemifudlana (kwesinye isikhathi amachibi).
Ukudla kwe-beaver yaseCanada
Amathumbu we-beaver yase-Eurasia afushane kunalawo aseCanada, avumela owokugcina ukuthi adle ukudla okumbaxa. Amagciwane amancane ahlala emathunjini aqeda ukugaywa kwe-cellulose, okungonakeleki ezilwaneni eziningi.
Ukudla kwe-beaver yaseCanada kufaka phakathi izimila ezinjenge:
- izitshalo herbaceous (izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-300);
- ama-acorn;
- willow kanye birch;
- i-poplar ne-aspen;
- i-beech, maple kanye ne-alder.
Ezihlahleni, amagundane adla amagxolo ne-cambium (ungqimba olukhethekile phakathi kokhula nesinqa). I-beaver idla isisindo sayo esingu-20% ngosuku. Kuvamile ukuthi ama-beavers akhe ukudla ebusika ngokukugcina echibini. Kuma-zoo, izilwane zivame ukondliwa ngamagundane, ulethisi, izaqathe kanye nama-yam.
Izitha zemvelo
I-beaver yaseCanada inezitha ezimbalwa: ihlala iqaphile futhi, ibona ingozi, iyakwazi ukungena emanzini. Izilwane ezisencane nezigulayo zisesimweni esibucayi kakhulu, esihlaselwa izidlakela zehlathi:
- amabhere (amnyama nansundu);
- i-lynx;
- izimpisi;
- ama-wolverines;
- ama-coyotes;
- ama-otters;
- martens.
Umqothuli omkhulu we-beaver, ohleli kahle futhi othambekele ekubambeni, yindoda... Indima ebulalayo ekugcineni kwe-beaver yaseCanada idlalwe ngoboya bayo obumangalisayo, okuthi, ngokugqoka okukhethekile, kwaphenduka okwazwakala kusuka ezinweleni ze-beaver.
Kube lapho kuthungwa khona izigqoko eziqinile, kufaka phakathi izigqoko ezidumile zeNapoleon, izigqoko zabesifazane ezinhle nezigqoko eziphambili. Izigqoko zeBeverver njengenani elijwayelekile elingenamibandela zadluliselwa zisuka kubaba zaya endodaneni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinduku zazingelwa kusukela ngeNkathi Ephakathi, eyaphela ngokubhujiswa cishe ngokuphelele kwama-beavers emifula ngekhulu le-17. Abantu baseRussia nabo bahlupheka, yingakho izwe lethu lalahlekelwa isihloko senhlokodolobha yoboya bomhlaba.
Akwaziwa ukuthi isiphi isilwane amadandane aseYurophu "ayizintandane" ngabe ashintshela kuso uma kungenjalo ngamahemuhemu ngababhontshisi baseNyakatho Melika. Izinkulungwane zabazingeli bamahhala nemikhumbi emikhulu baya eCanada ekude: vele maphakathi nekhulu le-19, kwathengiswa izikhumba zama-beaver eziyizigidi ezingama-0.5 ezindalini zoboya e-Edinburgh naseLondon.
Ngale ndlela, iNew Amsterdam, kamuva ebizwa kabusha ngokuthi iNew York, ibiyisikhungo sokuhweba ngoboya beaver selokhu yasungulwa.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-beaver yaseCanada isilungele ukuzala futhi ngonyaka wayo wesithathu iphila. Kukholakala ukuthi lolu hlobo lungumfazi oyedwa, futhi umlingani omusha uvele kuphela ngemuva kokushona kwalowo owedlule.
Izinsuku zesikhathi sokukhwelana zinqunywa ebangeni: Novemba - Disemba eningizimu noJanuwari - Februwari enyakatho. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-105-107, kugcina ngokuzalwa kwezingane ezinamehlo abona kahle ezi-14 zimbozwe ngoboya obunsundu, obubomvu noma obumnyama.
Amantshontsho anesisindo esisuka ku-0,25 kuya ku-0.6 kg kanti emuva kosuku noma amabili asengakwazi ukubhukuda... Ngemuva kokubeletha, wonke umndeni we-beaver unakekela izingane ezisanda kuzalwa, kufaka phakathi ama-beaver anonyaka owodwa ubudala. Abesilisa abadala, ngokwesibonelo, baletha ukudla kwamahlumela ezinganeni, njengoba zishesha ngokwanele (esevele zinamasonto ayi-1.5-2) zishintshela ekudleni okuqinile, ngaphandle kokunikela ngobisi lukamama ezinye izinyanga ezintathu.
Ama-Beavers akhasa aphume emgodini wawo cishe amasonto angama-2-4, alandela ngamehlo omama umama wawo namanye amalungu omndeni. Kuthungathwa indawo yokudla okwenzelwe umuntu uqobo, intsha ilulama ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, ngemuva kokungena esikhathini sokuthomba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengoba ukuzingelwa kwe-beaver yaseCanada kwaqala ngemuva kwesikhathi kune-beaver yase-Eurasia, owokuqala waba nenhlanhla enkulu - indawo yabantu yancipha ngokusobala, kepha amagundane ngokwawo ahlupheka kancane. Ama-beaver aseCanada abulawanga kuphela uboya nenyama yawo, kodwa futhi nokukhishwa komfudlana we-beaver, osetshenziswa ngenkuthalo kumakhavu nakwimithi yokwelapha.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokomlando, ngisho neNkosi uSolomoni ibizisindisa ekhanda ngejethi ye-beaver. Manje, abelaphi bendabuko banquma ukusakazwa kwe-beaver njengomuthi we-antispasmodic futhi othomalalisayo.
Inani labantu be-beaver baseCanada lifinyelela ezigidini eziyi-10-15, yize ngaphambi kokufika kwamakoloni aseYurophu eNyakatho Melika, kwakukhona ama-beaver amaningi lapha. Njengamanje, igundane alilona uhlobo lohlobo oluvikelwe, olwenziwe lula kakhulu ngezindlela zokubuyiselwa nezokuvikelwa kwemvelo..
Kwezinye izindawo, ama-beaver aphathwa ngokuqapha, njengoba amadamu awo edala izikhukhula nokugawulwa kwemithi kulimaza izitshalo zasogwini. Ngokuvamile, i-beaver yaseCanada inomthelela omuhle kuma-biotopes asogwini / emanzini, okwenza izimo zokulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziningi.
