I-primate engajwayelekile ingagqoka iziqu ezimbili ngokuziqhenya - enhle kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye enkulu kunazo zonke ezinkawini ezingezona ezomuntu. Le yi-sphinx noma i-mandrill - omele uhlobo lweMandrillus nezinhlobo zeMandrillus sphinx.
Incazelo ye-mandrill
Okomndeni wezinkawu futhi kuyisihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-dril. Zombili lezi zinhlobo (kanye nezinye eziningana) zifakiwe eqenjini lezimfene.
Ukubukeka
Ngokuma kwayo kwemvelo (ezinyaweni ezine), le nkawu enkulu ifana nezilwane ezintathu ngasikhathi sinye - ingulube, inja nemfene... Ikhanda elikhulu lihlangana libe yisigaxa, nesifinyela esiqondile ebesingafana neze senja ukube bekungelona ikhala ngamakhala aqubuke ngokweqile. Le mininingwane inikeza i-mandrill ukubukeka okufana nengulube, okuqiniswa umhlathi osindayo ophansi.
I-primate ine-close-set, amehlo ayindilinga nezindlebe ezihlanzekile ezinamathiphu acijile. Amazinyo amakhulu ayabonakala emlonyeni ovulekile, phakathi kwawo kunemigodi ebukhali futhi emide, ekhumbuza ukuthambekela kokudla. Ama-vibrissae amhlophe aqinile amila azungeze amakhala, ahlanganiswe nezintshebe ezimfashini, ezifushanisiwe emadodeni. Azikho izimila ezibonwayo engxenyeni engenhla yesifonyo (kuze kufike ku-brows). Umsila ontofontofo we-mandrill ubukeka njengonqunyiwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Owesilisa, emi ngezinyawo zakhe zangemuva, uzolingana no-midget ubude obungu-80 cm. Owesifazane mncane ngokwedlulele - 55-57 cm (enesisindo esingu-12-15 kg). Abesilisa bathola isisindo esiheha ngokwengeziwe: kusuka kuma-36 kuye kuma-54 kg.
I-mandrill icishe ilingane ngaphambili nangemilenze yangemuva ngosayizi. Lolu hlobo luhlukaniswa nezinye izimfene ngezinyawo nezintende ezincane, kanye neminwe emide ngokuqhathaniswa. Izinkawu zimbozwe ngokuphelele izinwele ezinde, zifushanisa kuphela emilenzeni nasemikhonweni. Ijazi liseduze nomzimba futhi liphuma ne-hedgehog ngaphezulu ngenhla kwamashiya. Ukugqama kwengaphandle imibala enemibala eminingi.
Mayelana nalokhu, izitho zangasese zabesilisa, ezipendwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu klebhu nokububende, ziphawuleka ikakhulukazi. Okunye okuhlaba umxhwele ngamakhala abomvu agqamile nebhuloho lasekhaleni, elihlanganiswe yimichilo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mpunga yesikhumba se-emboss (okugqame kakhulu futhi kukhulu kwabesilisa). Amathoni we-Bluish-grey nawo abonakala ngemuva kwamathanga nendawo engemuva eduze kwawo. Isendlalelo esiyinhloko sejazi simpunga onsundu, siphenduka sikhanyise (sibe mhlophe) esiswini.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ama-mandrill ahlala emindenini emikhulu yabantu abangu-15-30. Ngokuvamile lezi zihlobo zegazi - abesifazane abadala abayi-5-10 abanamawundlu, eholwa yindoda ye-alpha. Izinkawu zibhekwa njengezihlala phansi futhi azidluli imikhawulo yesakhiwo ngasinye esifinyelela kumamitha-skwele angama-40-50. km.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-mandrill yizona zodwa izimbongolo ze-Old World ezinezindlala zesikhumba ezikwazi ukukhiqiza uketshezi lwephunga. Izilwane zisebenzisa lolu ketshezi ukumaka izindawo zazo.
Ngokudla okuningi, imindeni eminingana iyabambisana emhlanjini wamakhanda angama-200 noma ngaphezulu, iyahlakazeka ngokushesha lapho idlelo lisoma. Iqembu elimele kakhulu lama-mandrill labonwa eGabon National Park: ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo babala izinkawu eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.3 kuyo. Ngesikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga, njengomthetho, ekuseni, izilwane ziyahamba ziyofuna izinhlinzeko - zihlola ngokucophelela isiza, zihlole utshani bese ziphenduka amatshe. Abakutholayo kudliwa khona lapho, noma bagibela ezihlahleni badle khona lapho.
Ngemuva kokwanelisa indlala yabo, ama-mandrill amadala aqala izinqubo zokwenza amasiko (ukuhlunga ngoboya, ukufuna ama-parasites), izingane ziqala imidlalo, bese kuthi abesilisa bathole ukuthi yikuphi kubo okuyibhalansi yamandla ebanda kunazo zonke emhlambini. Umndeni unobukhokho obuqinile, obukhuliselwe ezingeni eliphelele. Igunya lomholi alinakuphikwa - abesilisa abasezingeni eliphansi, intsha ekhulayo nabo bonke abesifazane bamlalela ngokungangabazeki.
Izibopho zekhanda azibandakanyi nje kuphela ukubeka imizila yokudla ethembisayo, kepha futhi nokulawula izingxabano ngaphakathi kweqembu. Kulokhu usizwa ngokukhononda okunezigaba ezimbili nokulingisa okucacile, okwenzelwe ukuqondisa umndeni ekukhuphukeni nasekuvikeleni abasha ezenzweni zokuxhamazela. Owesilisa we-alpha akajwayele ukwakheka njenge-alimondi futhi ubeka izihlubuki endaweni yazo ngokungalaleli okuncane, ezimweni ezibucayi ikakhulukazi esebenzisa amandla omzimba. Abesilisa abavuthiwe bazama ukumelana noyise ngaphambi kweminyaka yobudala engama-4-5, kepha imizamo yabo yokubamba amandla icishe yehluleke njalo.
I-mandrill ihlala isikhathi esingakanani
Lezi zinkawu zihlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele - kuze kube yiminyaka engama-40-50 ngokunakekelwa okuhle (okuncane kancane emvelweni).
Okubalulekile! Ezimweni zokufakelwa, zivame ukuhlangana nezinye izinhlobo, zinikeze inzalo esebenzayo. Amawundlu aphilile avela lapho i-mandrill ihlanganiswa nemfene, i-dril ne-mangabey.
Okuhlukile ukukhwelwa kwe-mandrill nenkawu, ngenxa yalokho kuzalwa izinkawu ezibuthakathaka futhi ezingalawuleki.... Ama-mandrill (ngenxa yombala wawo wothingo) ayimpumelelo engapheli nezivakashi eziya emapaki ezilwane emhlabeni wonke.
Umndeni owodwa wama-mandrill, owafika usuka eYurophu, manje uhlala eMbusweni Wezilwane WaseMoscow. Owesilisa, abesifazane abambalwa namazinyane abo bahlala ezindaweni ezimbili ezihlanganayo. Isikhathi sokuhlala kwezinkawu e-zoo sesidlulile eminyakeni eyi-10.
Indawo yokuhlala
AmaMandrill ahlala eNtshonalanga Afrika, ikakhulukazi iGabon, iSouth Cameroon neCongo. Izilwane zithanda amahlathi emvula (aphansi nasesekondari), kwesinye isikhathi azinza ezindaweni ezinamadwala. I-Mandrill ayivamile kakhulu e-savannah.
Ukudla kwenkawu kweMandrill
Ngaphandle kohlobo lwe-primates lwama-primates, uhlaza luhamba phambili ekudleni kwabo, lufinyelela kuma-92% wokudla okudliwayo. Imenyu ye-mandrill ifaka izitshalo ezingaphezu kwezingu-110 ezinezingxenye ezidliwayo njenge:
- izithelo;
- amaqabunga;
- imbewu;
- amantongomane;
- iziqu;
- ukukhonkotha.
Imfucumfucu yeMandrill itholakala kokubili emhlabathini nasezihlahleni, ixebuka ngobuciko isithelo esikhunjeni nasemacembe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-mandrill (ngaphezu kokudla abakutholile) awazideleli izinsalela zemikhosi yezinye izinkawu, isibonelo, izinkawu. Lezi zokugcina zivame ukuba nesidlwana ezihlahleni, kuthi izingcezu ezidliwe isigamu zindiza ziye phansi, okuyilokho okusetshenziswa ngama-mandrill.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, isidlo sinothiswa ngamaprotheni ezilwane, "asinikeza" ngezilwane ezahlukahlukene:
- izintuthwane nomuhlwa;
- amabhungane;
- izintethe;
- iminenke;
- ofezela;
- amagundane amancane;
- amaxoxo;
- amatshwele kanye namaqanda ezinyoni.
Ngokuncamelayo kokudla, i-mandrill ayivumelani yonke nemfene, enganeliseki ngezilwane ezincane, kepha ifuna inyamazane enkulu (ngokwesibonelo, izinhlwathi ezincane). Imvamisa, imindeni eminingana ibuthana ngasikhathi sinye ezizeni ezinezisekelo eziningi zokudla. Ekuthunjweni, imenyu ye-mandrill iyashintsha ngandlela thile... Ngakho-ke, e-Zoo yaseMoscow, izinkawu zondliwa kathathu ngosuku, zikhonza izithelo nabaqhekezi besidlo sasekuseni, okusanhlamvu, izithelo ezomisiwe, amantongomane kanye ne-cottage shizi ngesidlo sasemini, nenyama, imifino namaqanda esidlweni sakusihlwa.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqondana nesomiso esiqala ngoJulayi kuya ku-Okthoba. Ngalezi zinyanga, umholi uhlanganisa bonke abesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi, angavumeli noma yimuphi wabo ukuba abe nothando eceleni.
O-alpha wesilisa unabafazi bobabili "abayintandokazi", nalabo abangajwayelekile kakhulu kuye. Akumangazi ukuthi wonke amawundlu abalethwa abesifazane yizindlalifa eziqondile zomholi. Ukulungela kwenkawu ukuya ocansini kukhonjiswa yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isikhumba sangasese" esisendaweni ye-anogenital. Ku-mandrill yabantu abadala, umbala obala kakhulu ubonwa ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Okubalulekile! Kwabesifazane, isigaba esithile se-estrus sithinta indawo nokugqama "kwesikhumba socansi" (esiguqula umbala ngaphansi kokuyalelwa kwamahomoni ezocansi). Ukuzala kwabesifazane akubonwa ngaphambi kwezinyanga ezingama-39, kwabesilisa ngemuva kwesikhashana.
Ukuzala kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-8, emva kwalokho kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa. Ukubeletha kwenzeka ikakhulukazi kusukela ngoDisemba kuya ku-Ephreli, isikhathi esithathwa njengesihle kakhulu ekondleni. Lapho nje ukubeletha sekuqediwe, umama, ngokugona ingane ngobumnene, uyifaka kwingono. Emasontweni ambalwa kamuva, inkawu encane isivele ihleli emhlane kanina, ibambelele ngokuqinile eboyeni bayo.
Inzalo iba nokuzimela cishe ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila kwayo, ingakhohlwa, noma kunjalo, ukubuyela kumzali ukuphumula ebusuku nsuku zonke. Njengoba sezikhulile, abasha bahlukene phakathi: abesilisa asebekhulile bayashiya iqembu, futhi abesifazane bahlala emndenini, bagcwalisa abagibeli.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngenxa yokubukeka okusongelayo kwabesilisa kanye nokukwazi ukukhuphuka ngobuhlakani ezihlahleni, ama-mandrill cishe awanazo izitha zemvelo... Usongo olukhulu luqhamuka ezingwazini ezisheshayo nezingenazwela, ezilula ikakhulukazi ezinkawini ezisencane nezigulayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Usongo lwangempela lokuqothula lusondela ngaphezu kwama-mandrill. Ngophawu olunjalo, lolu hlobo lwafakwa kuSithasiselo I, kubhekiswe kulo Mhlangano Wezentengiselwano Yezilwane Ezisengozini Yokushabalala Yezilwane Nezilwane.
Okubalulekile! Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla kwesibalo semfuyo kubhekwa njengokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zazo zendabuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izizwe zase-Afrika zizingela izinkawu ngokuhlaba izidumbu zazo ukuze zipheke.
Ukungacabangi kwama-primates, ahlasela njalo amasimu atshaliwe nezingadi zedolobhana, kwengeza ukungezwani ebudlelwaneni. Izakhamuzi azikwazi njalo ukulwa nezinkawu ezikhukhumezayo nezinamandla, zikhetha ukulahlekelwa yingxenye yesivuno kunokuphikisana nazo... Ama-Primates futhi akhuthaza abantu bendawo ukuthi babe nobuciko: Ubuso base-Afrika kaningi bunemibala ephinda imibala yesici ebusweni be-mandrill.
