Ingubo ekhanyayo yejay ayisehlisi neze ebuhleni bezimpaphe zezinyoni ezithile ezingaphandle, futhi ngokwazi kwayo ukulingisa imisindo ehlukahlukene, inyoni ye-mockingbird ihlisana ngempumelelo nabanye abalingisi abanezimpaphe. Indlela yakhe yokuphila nemikhuba yakhe ithakazelisa kakhulu kubaqaphi bezinyoni ezisanda kumiswa: i-vociferous enomsindo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye i-jay eqaphe kakhulu ingazwakala kaningi kunalokho ebonwayo.
Incazelo kaJay
I-jay ayinakubizwa ngokuthi inyoni encane: inkulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunenkanyezi, ubude bayo bomzimba ukusuka obhotsheni kuya emsileni bucishe bube ngamasentimitha angama-40, kanti amaphiko ayo afinyelela uhhafu wemitha. Isisindo sejay sincane kakhulu futhi sifinyelela ku-170-200 g... Ihleli egatsheni, le nyoni ibukeka incane kunokundiza.
Ukubukeka
Izimpaphe zenyoni ezihehayo ngendlela engavamile.
- ikhanda lihlotshiswe ngesigaxa esincane esimnyama kodwa esivuthayo, esiphikisana nomhlobiso omhlophe ngokumpunga esiphongweni nasemqhele;
- ngemuva kwekhanda nangemuva kwentamo kugcinwa kumathoni we-beige athambile naphinki, enanela imibala emnyama esifubeni nasesiswini;
- ilula kakhulu, icishe ibe mhlophe maphakathi nengxenye yentamo, efakwe imivimbo emnyama egijima ezinhlangothini ze-mandible;
- izingalo zangaphambili zidwetshiwe ngethoni ekhanyayo ye-azure, futhi lezi "zibuko" zehlukaniswa ngemivimbo emnyama emifushane;
- izimpaphe ezisemaphikweni engxenyeni engenhla zinombala ochera okhanyayo, emaphethelweni - zimnyama;
- izimpaphe ezimhlophe zomsila ongaphezulu zinqunywe izimpaphe ezimnyama zomsila omncane oqondile osikiwe.
Ezinkukhu, umbala unemibala evinjelwe kakhulu kunezinyoni ezindala, futhi umqhele kanye ne-crest akuhlukile kangako.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abantu abasha nabo bayahlukahluka ku-iris onsundu onsundu, kuyilapho izihlobo ezindala zinamehlo ombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka okhanyayo. Mhlawumbe, ushintsho kumbala we-iris lusebenza njengophawu kwabalingani abangaba khona mayelana nokulungela ukushada.
Ukwakheka kwezimpaphe kucwebezela, kukhululekile. Ikhanda elikhulukazi linomlomo omfishane, okhombe, kuyilapho uqhwaku olungenhla lukhulu ngokuphawulekayo kunalolo lwangaphansi. Imilenze mide, nezinzwane eziqinile ezigcina ngozipho ezincane. Ukwehluka kobulili kwangaphandle (i-dimorphism) yezinyoni kuvezwa buthakathaka futhi kuqukethe kuphela ubukhulu obukhulu besilisa.
Indlela yokuphila kaJay
Ngisho nezimpaphe eziqhakazile nendlela yokuphila yasemini akuvumeli ukuthi ubone ama-jays endaweni yawo yemvelo. Izinyoni ziyaqaphela kakhulu futhi zinamahloni. Besabela ngokuzwelana nokugqwala okuncane nokunyakaza okuseduze, bavele bacashe emagatsheni aminyene, bazise ezinye izihlobo ngokusongela okungenzeka ngokukhala kwe-alamu. Imisindo emikhulu ekhishwa izinyoni izohambisana nokuhamba kwento eyingozi isikhathi eside. Ngokuqapha okunjalo ngokweqile, ama-jays abizwa ngokuthi onogada basehlathini.
Ingoma kaJay uqobo ayisiyo eyomculo noma ezwakalayo futhi imvamisa inempempe engazwakali, ichofoze, igigithele. Kepha ithalente elikhulu le-mockingbird livumela inyoni ukuthi ifake phakathi ekulingiseni kwayo ukucula okuzwayo kwezinye izinyoni nemisindo yehlathi. Ukubuyela ehlathini ngemuva kokuhlala eduze nezindlu zasemakhaya, ama-jays ayakwazi ukulingisa ukukhala kwezimvu, imvula yekati, ukukhonkotha kwenja, umsindo wembazo, kanye nokuqina kweminyango. Abantu abahlala ekuthunjweni bangaphinda bakhiqize imishwana elula eshiwo ngumuntu, ngenkathi bephinda hhayi amagama kuphela, kepha namagama.
Izinyoni zichitha ingxenye enkulu yosuku lwazo zifuna ukudla. Akuvamile ukwehlela phansi noma ukundiza amabanga amade, zikhetha ukuhlala isikhathi eside endaweni ephakeme ephephile phakathi nasemahlathini aphezulu. Ukundiza kwabo endaweni evulekile kungabonakala sengathi kuhamba kancane futhi kungathandeki. Kodwa-ke, ukunyakaza okunjalo, okwenziwa ngokushintshana kohlangothi nokundiza, kulula kakhulu ukuhambisa izinyoni ebangeni elifushane.
Iningi lonyaka, ama-jays ahlala ngababili, ahlangana yedwa kwezinye izinhlobo... Ngobuncane, ababalelwa kubantu abayi-20 kuya kwabangu-30, babuthana ngemihlambi ngobusuku obandulela ubusika, sebeqedile ukuzala inzalo. Lokhu kuvumela ama-jays ukuthi alahlekelwe ukushisa okuncane ngesikhathi sezulu esibi, lapho ecasha eqenjini lonke emagatsheni ezihlahla ze-coniferous. Ngokuya ngama-subspecies nezimo zokuphila, indlela yokuphila yama-jays ingaba yemizulane noma yokuhlala phansi. Ngokuvamile, ama-jays anezakhiwo ezinhle eziguqukayo. Ngokuhlanganiswa nengqondo ebukhali, lokhu kuvumela ama-mockingbird asemahlathini ukuthi azivumelanise nezindawo ezingekho ntofontofo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yobuqili babo, ama-jays athola izindlela eziningi zokwenza ukuba khona kwabo kube lula. Abazinaki izisulu ezilula, bacekela phansi izigaxa zezingwejeje nezidleke zezinye izinyoni, bantshontsha izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, izaqathe kanye namabhontshisi asakazeke emasimini ukuze omiswe, ahlasele izivini kanye nezingadi efuna isibiliboco esinamanzi.
Kepha ubufakazi obucace bha bokukhalipha kwama-jays yindlela abasusa ngayo ama-ectoparasites. Le nyoni iya esidlekeni (izakhamizi zayo kumele ngabe zingezomndeni wakwaFormicinae) ziyinyathele noma zihlale phansi phezulu. Zicasulwe ukuvakashelwa okungalindelekile, izinambuzane zihlasela isivakashi esingamenyiwe, zifafaza i-asidi ephuma ezingxenyeni ezinobuthi. Ukungena kuzimpaphe futhi kumunce ngokushesha kuyo, ukukhishwa kwezintuthwane kubulala ama-parasites acasulayo umkhovu. Abaqaphi bezinyoni baze babe nesikhathi esikhethekile sohlobo olunjalo lokuzilungisa - i-anting (enting).
Isikhathi sokuphila
Endaweni yabo yemvelo, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwama-jays yiminyaka engu-5-7. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu nesimo sezulu esihle, okufaka isandla ekugcineni isisekelo sokudla esihle, kunezimo lapho ama-jay ephila iminyaka eyi-16-17. Izinyoni ezithathwe esidlekeni zisencane ziziboleka kahle ekufuyweni futhi, uma zondliwe kahle, zinakekelwa futhi zigcinwa ezinkanjini ezinkulu noma ezindizeni, zingaphila ekuthunjweni iminyaka eyi-18-20.
Indawo yokuhlala
AmaJays angabonakala yonke indawo eYurophu, kufaka phakathi iScandinavia nezindawo ezisenyakatho neRussia... Indawo yokwabiwa kwezinyoni ihlanganisa neCaucasus, i-Asia Minor, inyakatho ye-Iran nezwekazi lase-Afrika, izifunda eziseningizimu yeSiberia, nezingxenye ezisenyakatho zeMongolia Altai. Cishe yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinomswakama ezinomswakama, ama-jays ahlala eMpumalanga Ekude. Ngaphandle kokuthi ngaphambi kokuba izinyoni zibhekwe njengezwekazi, namuhla ziyatholakala naseziqhingini: izinhlobo ziyaziwa ukuthi zakha izindawo zokwakha izidleke eSardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Crete, iziqhingi zaseGrisi, iSakhalin, iSouth Kuriles kanye nengxenye yaseKamchatka. Imvamisa ama-jays awahambi ezindizeni ezinde, asinda ebusika ezindaweni zawo ezihlala njalo futhi azishiya kuphela ezimweni zokwehluleka okukhulu kwezitshalo noma izinguquko ezingezinhle ezimweni zezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukufuduka kwama-jays akuvamile, futhi kungalunga kakhulu ukusho ukuthi abanye babantu bayafuduka, abanye bahlala phansi futhi bayimizulane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ububanzi be-jay obusakazekile futhi obukhonjisiwe buboniswa ngokuba khona kwalezi zinyoni njengabalingiswa ezinganekwaneni zabantu abahlukahlukene, kusukela e-Oceania kuya eNorway nokusuka eJapane kuya eBrithani. AmaSlav, ngokwesibonelo, anenkolelo enjalo. IBird Iriy (Vyriy) yindawo lapho izinyoni zindiza khona zibalekele ubusika, zihamba nemiphefumulo yabantu abafile ekuzuleni kwabo.
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, amasango ka-Iriy ayavuleka, futhi onogolantethe bagijimela emhlabeni ovukayo, bephethe izingane ezisanda kuzalwa emhlabeni. Zintathu kuphela izinyoni ezinezihluthulelo zaleli khaya elimangalisayo - i-nightingale, i-swallow ne-jay, okuyizinto zokuqala ukuvela e-Iria nezokugcina ukubuya lapho. Indawo yokuhlala yaseJays ihlotshaniswa namahlathi, ikakhulukazi amahlathi e-oki nama-massifs ahlanganisiwe. Eningizimu, izinyoni nazo zakha phakathi kwezihlahla. Ngokuqondile, lezi zinhlobo zisatshalaliswa zisuka ezindaweni eziphansi ziye ebhanini elenziwe ngokhuni lezintaba, elingeqi ezingeni elilinganiselwa ku-1600 m.
Ukudla kwezinyoni zikaJay
Isisekelo sokudla kwama-jays ukudla kwesitshalo... Imvamisa, ama-acorn awela kuzipho eziqinile, lapho izinyoni ziqhekeka ngobuhlakani ngemiphetho ebukhali yomlomo. UJay unezela imenyu yabo abayithandayo ngamantongomane namajikijolo ahlukahlukene - ama-raspberries, ama-strawberry, ama-lingonberries, umlotha wezintaba. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuthola ama-acorn emahlathini e-oki, ama-jays adla imbewu ye-oats, ukolweni, ubhekilanga, uphizi, ukuwavuna emasimini. Kusukela maphakathi nentwasahlobo kuye ekwindla sekwephuzile, ama-jays afaka "ukudla" okusha ekudleni kwabo. Izisulu eziyinhloko zezinyoni ngalesi sikhathi izinambuzane eziyizinambuzane:
- amabhungane ethusi;
- ukugaya amaqabunga;
- i-barbel;
- Kwangathi amabhungane;
- ama-weevils;
- amacimbi kasilika;
- izibungu ze-sawfly.
Endabeni yama-jays, angabonisa imvelo yokudla, bese kuthi amagundane amancane, amaxoxo, izibankwa ngisho nezinyoni ezincane - ama-thrush amhlophe amhlophe, ama-tits, ama-warblers, ama-fly flychers, kanye nenzalo yabo ibe ukudla kwabo. Kepha ezinye izinhlobo ze-subspecies eziziphatha ngale ndlela, ama-acorn ahlala eyintandokazi enkulu yama-jay aseYurophu.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-jay inomkhuba wokuqongelela ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo. Ugcwalisa isikhwama sakhe se-hyoid ngokudla okutholakele, okumvumela ukuthi adlulisele ngokushesha isisulu sakhe ezindaweni ezifihlekile ngaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla, kudoti wamahlamvu noma ubulembu. Kuma-pantry anjalo, kufika ku-4 kg wokudla okuhlukahlukene kwesinye isikhathi kuqoqwa. Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni ziyakhohlwa ngezindawo zazo zokucasha, bese okuqukethwe kwazo, kuhluma, kuphakamisa ama-oki amasha kanye nezihlahla zama-walnut.
Ebusika, lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuthola ukudla ehlathini ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa, ama-jays angabonakala eduze nemizi yabantu emaphethelweni amadolobhana ngisho nasemikhawulweni yedolobha, lapho behamba khona beyofuna ukudla. Ezinye izinhlobo, ngaphansi kwezimo zokushoda komthombo wemvelo wokudla, ziba yi-synanthropic, okungukuthi, zihlala eduze kwabantu.
Izitha zemvelo
Yize beqaphile futhi bekwazi ukucasha ngokushesha, endaweni yabo yemvelo, ama-jays ahlushwa ukuhlaselwa izitha - ama-goshawks, izikhova zokhozi, amagwababa afakwe izigqoko, ama-martens. Umuntu futhi uyingozi kwizinyoni ezihlekisayo:
- izinyoni zibulawa ubuthi ngokudla emasimini lapho izibulali zinambuzane zingeniswe khona ukulwa nezinambuzane eziyizinambuzane;
- amahlathi nabazingeli badubula ama-jays, ngoba babathatha njengababhubhisi bezidleke;
- Abalimi nabalimi benza izicupho ukuvimbela izinyoni zingakhokhobi kulesi sitshalo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
AmaJays afinyelela ukukulungela ukukhwelwa ngonyaka owodwa ubudala. Ukuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana kuqondana nokufika kwentwasahlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa, abenza izindiza zamanje ziphansi kwezihlahla, baheha izintombi zabo ngokucula, okubandakanya imisindo yehlathi ezwakala kakhulu. Umbhangqwana owakhiwe ngo-Ephreli uqala ukuhlela isidleke. Ngokwakhiwa kwendlu yesikhathi esizayo, ama-jays angaheha ngokulinganayo izihlahlana ezinde emaphethelweni ehlathi noma ukukhula kwezihlahla ezinamakhaza nezinqumayo ekujuleni kwehlathi. Ngemuva kwalokho, umndeni ungabuyela endaweni ekhethiwe ukuyozala inzalo iminyaka eminingana.
Bakha isidleke, basibeka kwimfoloko emagatsheni ngobude obungamamitha amahlanu ukusuka phansi, zombili izinyoni... Ngasikhathi sinye, baqapha ngomona "indawo esakhiwayo" nendawo ezungeze ilukuluku elingalungile lezihlobo zabo. Ngemuva kwesonto, encane - engaba ngamasentimitha angama-20 ububanzi futhi ingekho ngaphezu kuka-10 cm ukujula - kepha ithileyi elenziwe ngokucophelela elimise okwezitsha lilungele insikazi ukubeka amaqanda kuyo.
Kuyathakazelisa!Inzalo izovikeleka ngezindonga eziqinile zamahlumela, ulwelwesi lwezimpaphe, ubulembu, izimpande ezinwebeka kancane notshani obomile. Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli-ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, insikazi yenza i-clutch, imvamisa iba nama-5-7 amancane, cishe ama-3 cm ubude, amaqanda ansundu ngokuhlaza.
Uma kwenzeka kulahleka i-clutch yokuqala, uma lokhu kwenzeke kungakayi ekuqaleni kukaJuni, kwenziwa enye eyengeziwe. Ekufukameleni, okuthatha izinsuku eziyi-16 kuye kwezingu-19, bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza ngokulandelana. AmaJays, imvamisa anomsindo futhi anomsindo, athula futhi abe yimfihlo ngalesi sikhathi.
Amachwane awaveli ngasikhathi sinye: kwesinye isikhathi achanyuselwa ahlala ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili. Izingane zibukeka njengamakhophi amancane wabazali bazo futhi ziminzi ngokweqile. Izinyoni ezindala zifuna ukudla zisebenza ubusuku nemini, zivela esidlekeni kabili noma kathathu ngehora... Noma kunjalo, ingxenye yamabele ingafa yindlala, lapho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zezulu, inani lezinambuzane zokudla okugcwele alanele. Uma kunokudla okwanele, amaphuphu ngokushesha ayaqina, futhi emva kwezinsuku ezingama-20 amaphuphu enza imizamo yokushiya isidleke. Kepha, noma bemi ohlangothini, izingane ziyaqhubeka nokuba ngaphansi kokunakekelwa ngabazali kuze kufike ekwindla.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngenxa yokunakekelwa kwabo okukhethekile, amakhono aphezulu wokuzivumelanisa nobuchwepheshe obusheshayo, ama-jays akwazi ukugcina ukusabalalisa kwawo kwamanani nokwendawo kuzinzile. EYurophu, izindawo lapho izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zikhulu zibandakanya iRussia, i-Ukraine, iBelarus, iFrance, iPortugal neFinland. Namuhla, ukuqothulwa kwama-jays akusongelwanga nakancane, futhi isimo sawo sokongiwa kwemvelo kubhekwa njengokudala ukukhathazeka okuncane.
