Izakhamizi zase-Afrika zinesiqiniseko sokuthi imfene iyingozi ukudlula ingwe. Umbono ususelwa ekusondelaneni okusondelene nalezi zinkawu ezimbi, ezithusayo, ezifunayo nezinobuqili, ezihlala zivela emibikweni yobugebengu.
Incazelo yemfene
Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi zonke izimfene zihlukaniswa ngezifinyila ezinde, ezinjengezinja, kepha empeleni ukwakheka kwalokhu (njengombala wejazi nosayizi) kuncike ohlotsheni oluthile.
Ngokombono wososayensi bezilwane abaningi, uhlobo lwePapio (izimfene) lubandakanya izinhlobo ezinhlanu zezinkawu ezivela emndenini wezinkawu - i-anubis, imfene, i-hamadryl, imfene yaseGuinea kanye ne-bear baboon (chakma). Abanye ososayensi, abanesiqiniseko sokuthi ukubola kwesihlanu akulungile, bahlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zibe yiqembu elilodwa.
Ukubukeka
Abesilisa bacishe babe kabili ngokuphindwe kabili kunabesifazane babo, kanti imfene yebhere ibukeka imele kakhulu phakathi kwePapio, ekhula ibe yi-1.2 m futhi inesisindo esingama-40 kg. Imfene yaseGuinea yaziwa njengencane kunazo zonke; ukuphakama kwayo akweqi isigamu semitha futhi kunesisindo esingu-14 kg kuphela.
Umbala woboya uyahlukahluka (kuya ngohlobo lwenhlobo) kusuka konsundu kuya kwesiliva empunga. Wonke ama-primates ahlukaniswa imihlathi eqinile ngamazinyo abukhali namehlo asondele. Imfene yezinsikazi ayinakudidaniswa nenduna - abesilisa banamazinyo ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu namamona amhlophe aqaphelekayo ahlobisa amakhanda abo. Abukho uboya esibayeni, futhi isikhumba sipendwe ngokumnyama noma ngepinki.
Okubalulekile! Abukho uboya ezinqeni, kepha le ngxenye yomzimba ihlinzekwa ngama-callus acacisiwe. Izinqa zabesifazane ziyavuvukala futhi zibe bomvu ngokuqala kwenkathi yokuzalanisa.
Umsila wezimfene ubukeka njengekholomu eqondile, egobile futhi iphakanyiswe phansi, bese ilenga ngokukhululekile phansi.
Indlela Yokuphila
Impilo yezimfene igcwele ubunzima nezingozi: njalo kufanele zihlale ziphapheme, zilambe ngezikhathi ezithile futhi zizwe ukoma okubabayo. Isikhathi esiningi sosuku, izimfene zizulazula emhlabathini, zincike emilenzeni emine futhi kwesinye isikhathi zigibela ezihlahleni. Ukuze usinde, amazinyane kufanele ahlangane abe yimihlambi emikhulu engafika ezihlotsheni ezingamashumi amane. Eqenjini, cishe abesilisa abayisithupha bangahlala ndawonye, abesifazane abaphindwe kabili kunabo nezingane zabo ezihlangene.
Ngokufika kokuhwalala, izinkawu zihlala phansi zilale, zikhuphukele phezulu - ezihlahleni noma emadwaleni afanayo. Abesifazane, njengomthetho, bazungeze abaholi babo. Balala behleli, okusizwa kakhulu ngama-elastic ischial calluses, avumela isikhathi eside ukuthi angaboni ukuphazamiseka kwesimo esikhethiwe. Basuka ntambama, umphakathi ohleleke kahle, maphakathi kwawo kukhona i-alpha owesilisa nomama abanezinyane. Ziphelezelwa futhi zigadwe ngamaduna asemancane, okuyiwona aqala ukushaya uma kunengozi futhi aqiniseke ukuthi izinsikazi aziqhamuki emhlambini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukukhula umncane ngezikhathi ezithile zama ukuketula owesilisa ovelele, kugijime izimpi. Umzabalazo wamandla awazi ukuyekethisa: owehlulwayo ulalela umholi futhi wabelana naye inyamazane emnandi kakhulu.
Impi yobuholi akuvamile ukuthi ilwe yodwa. Ukuze ubhekane nendoda enamandla kakhulu futhi enamandla, ama-subdominants akha imifelandawonye yokulwa okwesikhashana. Lokhu kunengqondo - abesilisa ababhekwa njengezikhundla eziphansi kakhulu kungenzeka bagule futhi bafe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngokuvamile, izimfene zinekhono elihle lokuzivumelanisa nezwe nokubekezela okumangazayo, okuzivumela ukuba ziphile isikhathi eside impela. Endle, lezi zinkawu ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30 ubudala, ema-zoo - kuze kufike ku-45.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izwe lemfene cishe liyizwekazi lonke lase-Afrika elingapheli, lihlukaniswe laba yizinhlobo zezinhlobo ngazinye. Imfene yebhele itholakala endaweni esukela e-Angola iye eNingizimu Afrika naseKenya; imfene nama-anubis bahlala kancane enyakatho, bahlala ezifundeni ze-equatorial zase-Afrika ukusuka empumalanga kuye entshonalanga. Ububanzi obuncane kakhulu buhlalwa yizinhlobo ezimbili ezisele: imfene yaseGuinea ihlala eCameroon, eGuinea naseSenegal, kuyilapho ama hamadryas ehlala eSudan, e-Ethiopia, eSomalia futhi engxenyeni yeNhlonhlo yase-Arabia (esifundeni i-Aden).
Izimfene zikwazi ukuzijwayeza ukuhlala ezindaweni ezingama-savanna, ezingwadule kanye nasezindaweni ezinezihlahla, futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje zaqala ukucindezela abantu, zahlala ziseduze nalapho kuhlala khona abantu. Izinkawu azicasuli nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nomakhelwane abangenankani.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuthambekela kokudla kwezimfene kwaqashelwa emuva maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ngenkathi behudula ukudla kubantu baseCape Peninsula (South Africa), bacekela phansi amasimu baqeda nemfuyo.
Ngokusho kukaJustin O'Ryan, osebenza esigabeni esifundela izimfene, amacala akhe afunde ukuphula amawindi, ukuvula iminyango, nokuqaqa nophahla olunethayela. Kepha ukuxhumana kwezinkawu nabantu kuyingozi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi - izimfene ziyaluma futhi ziklwebhe, futhi abantu bayazibulala... Ukugcina izinkawu ezindaweni zazo ezingokwesiko, abazingeli balawula ukuhamba komhlambi, bemaka izilwane ngopende ovela ezibhamu ze-paintball.
Ukudla kwezimfene
Izinkawu zikhetha ukudla kwezitshalo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ngeke zilahle isilwane. Ekufuneni izinhlinzeko ezifanele, zimboza kusuka kumakhilomitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-60 ngosuku, ukuhlangana (ngenxa yombala woboya bazo) nesizinda sendawo.
Ukudla kwezimfene kuqukethe:
- izithelo, ama-rhizomes nezilimo eziyizigaxa;
- imbewu notshani;
- izimbaza nezinhlanzi;
- izinambuzane;
- izimpaphe;
- hares;
- izinhlwathi ezincane.
Kepha izimfene bezingagculiseki ngezipho zemvelo isikhathi eside - odokotela abanomsila sebejwayele ukweba ukudla ezimotweni, ezindlini nasemigqonyeni kadoti. Eningizimu ye-Afrika, lezi zinkawu ziya ngokuya zizingela imfuyo (izimvu nezimbuzi).
Kuyathakazelisa! Minyaka yonke isifiso sezinkawu siyakhula: ukuqaphela amaqembu ayi-16 wezimfene zebhere kukhombisile ukuthi yiqembu elilodwa kuphela elinelisekile ngamadlelo, kanti amanye asenesikhathi eside eqeqeshwa njengabahlaseli.
Ilanga elingenasihe lase-Afrika, lomisa imifula emincane, lenza kudingeke ukuthola eminye imithombo yamanzi. Izinkawu ziqeqeshelwe ukukhipha umswakama ngokumba phansi phansi imizimba yamanzi eyomile.
Izitha zemvelo
Izidlakudla zibalekela izimfene esezikhulile, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihamba ngemihlambi emikhulu, kepha ngeke zilahlekelwe yithuba lokuhlasela insikazi, inyoni ebuthakathaka noma encane.
Esikhaleni esivulekile ngenhla komhlambi, usongo lokuhlaselwa yizitha zemvelo ezinjenge:
- ingonyama;
- ingulule;
- ingwe;
- impisi enamabala;
- impungushe nembuzi ebomvu;
- izinja zempisi;
- Ingwenya yeNayile;
- imamba emnyama (engajwayelekile).
Izinsizwa ezisencane, ezihamba emaphethelweni omhlambi, ziqhubeka zibuka indawo futhi, lapho zibona isitha, zikleliswe enhlahleni ukumnqamula ezihlotsheni zakhe. Ukukhonkotha okwethusayo kuba isignali yengozi, sekuzwile, abesifazane abanezinyane bahlangana ndawonye, bese kuthi abesilisa baye phambili.
Zibukeka zethusa impela - ukumamatheka okubi nokukhulisa uboya kusikisela ngokungangabazeki ukulungela kwabo impi engenasihe... Umzingeli, ongazange alunake usongo, uzizwa ngokushesha esikhunjeni sakhe ukuthi ibutho lezimfene lisebenza kanjani ngokuzwana, futhi livame ukuthatha umhlalaphansi ngendlela ehlazisayo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Akuwona wonke umuntu wesilisa onokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana othola ukufinyelela emzimbeni wowesifazane: ukwehlisa isimo nobudala bomfakisicelo, amathuba amancane okuphindaphinda. Ukuya ocansini okungavinjelwe kungaba kuphela kowesilisa ovelele, onelungelo lokukhetha ukuhlangana nanoma yimuphi umlingani osemhlambini.
Isithembu
Mayelana nalokhu, imiphumela yokubuka okwenziwe ezinkanjini ezivulekile ithakazelisa kakhulu. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zathola ukuthi ubudala besilisa buhlangana kanjani nesithembu, noma kunalokho, ngamathuba okuthola abesifazane bakhe. Kutholakale ukuthi zonke izimfene ezineminyaka engama-4-6 ubudala ezingena eminyakeni yobudala bokuzala zisengama-bachelors. Indoda eyodwa kuphela eneminyaka eyisikhombisa kuphela eyayinabafazi, eyayinomfazi oyedwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ilungelo lesithembu lanikezwa izimfene ezindizayo ezafika eminyakeni eyi-9 ubudala, futhi eminyakeni elandelayo ye-3-4 ilungelo lokuba nesidumbu sabesifazane saqhubeka nokuqina.
Emkhakheni wezimfene ezineminyaka engu-9-11 ubudala, vele uhhafu waba yizithembu, futhi isithembu sakhula sineminyaka engu-12-14. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwezinkawu ezineminyaka engu-12 ubudala, ama-80% wabantu asebenzise ama-harem abo. Futhi, ekugcineni, ama-harems abanzi (uma kuqhathaniswa nezigaba zeminyaka emincane) ayenezimfene ezeqa umugqa zineminyaka eyi-13 nengu-14 ubudala. Kepha kwabesilisa abaneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, ama-harems aqala ukudilika kancane kancane.
Ukuzalwa kwenzalo
Izimfene zivame ukulwela izinsikazi, futhi kwezinye izinhlobo azimshiyi ngisho nangemva kokwenza ucansi oluyimpumelelo - zithola ukudla, zizale futhi zisize ekunakekeleni izinsana. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-154 kuya kwezingu-183 futhi kuphetha ngokuzalwa kwethole elilodwa elinesisindo esingaba ngu-0.4 kg. Ingane, enezifinyila ezibomvana noboya obumnyama, inamathela esiswini sikanina ukuze ihambe nonina, ngasikhathi sinye idla ubisi lwayo. Ngemuva kokuqina, ingane iya emhlane wayo, imise ukondla ubisi lapho inezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala.
Lapho imfene inezinyanga ezine izelwe, isigaxa sayo siyaba mnyama, futhi ijazi liyakhanya ngandlela thile, lithole amathoni ampunga noma ansundu. Umbala wokugcina wezinhlobo uvame ukuvela ngonyaka. Ama-primates alunyulwe komama bawo ahlangana enkampanini ehlobene, afinyelela ekuzaleni kungakabi yiminyaka emi-3-5. Izinsikazi ezincane zihlala zihlala nomama wazo, kanti ezeduna zivame ukushiya umhlambi zingalindelanga ukuthomba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ezindaweni ezivamile zezimfene, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okusebenzayo kuyenzeka, okuthinta kabi inani lezi zinkawu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlobo ezithile zezimfene zande zingalawuleki ngenxa yokuthi ukwehla kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, okubandakanya izingonyama, izimpisi ezibomvu, izingwe kanye nezimpisi, kubhalwe ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.
Ngokusho kososayensi bezilwane, ukwanda okungahleliwe kwesibalo semfene sekuvele kwaholela ezinkingeni eziningi - izilwane sezingene ezindaweni ezintsha, lapho zaqala khona ukuxhumana nabantu. Lokhu kuqubule ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwezifo ezithathelwanayo, ngoba kudala izimfene zithathwa njengezithwala izimuncagazi emathunjini.
Namuhla, uhlu lwezinto ezisengozini yokuqothulwa alubandakanyi imfene yebhere, engenakushiwo ngezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene nayo.... Ingxenye yabantu, ngokombono wabacwaningi, kufanele ihlolwe futhi ithathwe ngaphansi kokuvikelwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imfene nendoda babonisa imingcele efanayo ye-electrophysiological yezigaba zokulala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlobene namanye ama-nuances wezinto eziphilayo - idivaysi yohlelo lokuzala, ama-hormone kanye ne-hematopoiesis.
Enye yezinyathelo ezinokwethenjelwa ezizosiza ekulondolozeni inani lezimfene ukulawulwa kwezilwane okulawulwayo emapaki emvelo, ezindaweni zokugcina izilwane zasendle nasezinkulisa. Khumbula ukuthi izimfene zaziwa njengezinyamazana ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho ziba yizinto ezivundile zokutadisha.
