I-Koala - "ayiphuzi", yingakho igama lalesi silwane lihunyushwa lisuselwa kolunye lwezilimi zase-Australia. Kuthathe iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokuba izazi zebhayoloji zithole ukuthi le goof ebabazekayo ngezikhathi ezithile, kepha isaphuza amanzi.
Incazelo ye-koala
Ingqalabutho yalolu hlobo kwakuyisikhulu semikhumbi uBarralier, owathi ngo-1802 wathola futhi wathumela izinsalela ze-koala ngotshwala kumbusi waseNew South Wales. I-koala ebukhoma yabanjwa ngaseSydney ngonyaka olandelayo, kwathi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa abafundi beSydney Gazette bayibona ichazwa kabanzi. Kusukela ngo-1808, i-koala ibithathwa njengesihlobo esiseduze se-wombat, ukuba yingxenye yesikwati esifanayo sama-marsupials anezinwele ezimbili naye, kepha kunguyena kuphela omele umndeni wama-koal.
Ukubukeka
Inhlanganisela ehlekisayo yekhala eliyisicaba elibushelelezi, amehlo amancane angaboni kanye nezindlebe ezizwakalayo, ezibanzi ezibanzi noboya obugudla emaphethelweni kunika ukubukeka okuhle.
Ngaphandle, i-koala icishe ifane ne-wombat, kepha, ngokungafani neyokugcina, inikezwe ngoboya obumnandi, obukhulu futhi obuthambile obufinyelela ku-3 cm ukuphakama nemilenze emide... Izilwane zaseNyakatho zincane ngosayizi (ezinsikazi kwesinye isikhathi azifinyeleli ngisho ku-5 kg), eziseningizimu zicishe ziphindwe kathathu (ezeduna zinesisindo cishe esingu-14 kg).
Kuyathakazelisa! Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi ama-koalas yizilwane ezincelisayo ezingavamile (kanye nezimbongolo), ezineminwe edwetshwa ngamaphethini we-papillary ayingqayizivele, njengabantu.
Amazinyo e-koala aguqulelwa ekudleni izitshalo futhi ayafana ngesakhiwo namazinyo amanye ama-marsupials ama-incisor (kufaka phakathi ama-kangaroo nama-wombat). Ama-incisors acijile, lapho isilwane sisika khona amaqabunga, namazinyo okugaya ahlukaniswa yi-diastema.
Njengoba i-koala izondla ngezihlahla, imvelo imnikeze uzipho olude, oluqinile emilenzeni yakhe yangaphambili. Isandla ngasinye sinezimbili (ezibekelwe eceleni) izithupha ze-biphalangeal eziphikisana neminwe emithathu ejwayelekile (enama-phalanges amathathu).
Imilenze yangemuva ihlelwe ngendlela ehlukile: unyawo lunesithupha esisodwa (ngaphandle kozipho) nezinye ezine ezihlome ngozipho. Ngenxa yezidladla zayo zokubamba, isilwane sibambelela ngokuqinile emagatsheni, sikhiye izandla sikhiye: kulesi sikhundla, i-koala inamathela kunina (ize ikwazi ukuzimela), futhi lapho isikhulile, iyadla, ilenga esidladleni esisodwa bese ilala.
Ibhantshi elijiyile limpunga lentuthu, kepha isisu sibukeka sikhanya njalo. Umsila ufana nebhere: mfushane kakhulu kangangokuthi ucishe ungabonakali kubantu bangaphandle.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Impilo yonke ye-koala yenzeka ehlathini eliwugqinsi lika-eucalyptus: emini ulala, ehleli egatsheni / kwimfoloko emagatsheni, kuthi ebusuku agibele umqhele efuna ukudla.
Abesifazane bahlala bodwa, kuyaqabukela beshiya imingcele yeziza zabo zomuntu siqu, kwesinye isikhathi (imvamisa ezifundeni ezinothile wokudla) eziqondanayo... Abesilisa abayibeki imingcele, kepha abahluki ebunganeni noma: lapho behlangana (ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi somgogodla), balwa baze balimale ngokusobala.
I-Koala iyakwazi ukuqandisa endaweni eyodwa amahora angama-16-18 ngosuku, ngaphandle kokubala ukulala. Ubudikadika, uhlala ngaphandle kokunyakaza, ugoqa isiqu noma igatsha ngeziqhingi zangaphambili. Lapho amahlamvu ephela, i-koala igxumela kalula futhi ngobuhlakani esihlahleni esilandelayo, yehlele emhlabathini kuphela uma ilitshe likude kakhulu.
Uma kwenzeka kuba yingozi, i-koala evinjelwe ikhombisa ukuqhuma okunamandla, ngenxa yokuthi ifinyelela masinyane esihlahleni esiseduze bese ikhuphuka. Uma kunesidingo, uzobhukuda unqamule isithiyo samanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-koala ithule, kodwa lapho isaba noma ilimele, yenza umsindo omkhulu nophansi, okumangazayo ngokwakhiwa kwayo okuncane. Ngalesi sikhalo, njengoba izazi zezilwane zathola, izintambo ezimbili (ezengeziwe), ezitholakala ngemuva komphimbo, zibhekene.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izwekazi lase-Australia selakhe imigwaqo emikhulu ewela emahlathini e-eucalyptus, nama-koalas adangele, ewela umgwaqo, ngokuvamile afela ngaphansi kwamasondo. Ubuhlakani obuphansi bama-koala bupheleliswa ubungani babo obumangalisayo nobumnandi obuhle: ekuthunjweni, banamathela ngokuthintekayo kubantu ababakhathalelayo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Endle, i-koala iphila cishe eminyakeni eyi-12-13, kepha ema-zoo ngokunakekelwa okuhle, ezinye izinhlobo zisinde eminyakeni eyi-18-20 ubudala.
Indawo yokuhlala
Njengokuvamile ezwenikazi lase-Australia, i-koala itholakala lapha kuphela futhi ayikho kwenye indawo. Uhla lwemvelo lwe-marsupial lubandakanya izifunda ezisogwini empumalanga naseningizimu ye-Australia. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ama-koala alethwa eNtshonalanga Australia (iYanchep Park), kanye naseziqhingini eziningana (kufaka phakathi iMagnitny Island neKangaroo Island) eduzane neQueensland. Manje Isiqhingi saseMagnitny saziwa njengendawo esenyakatho ebangeni lesimanje.
Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu elidlule, ama-marsupials ahlala esifundazweni saseNingizimu Australia aqothulwa ngamanani amakhulu. Imfuyo bekufanele ibuyiswe ngezilwane ezilethwe zivela eVictoria.
Okubalulekile! Namuhla, indawo ephelele yebanga, efaka cishe izifunda ezingama-30 ze-biogeographic, icishe ibe yisigidi esingu-1 km². Izindawo ezivamile zokuhlala zama-koala zingamahlathi aminyene eucalyptus, asesixukwini sokudla esiseduze nalawa ma-marsupial.
Ukudla kweKoala
Isilwane cishe asinabantu esincintisana nabo ngokudla - kuphela i-marsupial flying squirrel kanye nomzala womsila okhombisa izindandatho abonisa okuthandayo okufana nokudla. Amahlumela amnandi namaqabunga e-eucalyptus (anenqwaba yezinto ze-phenolic / terpene) yilokho i-koala edla khona ibhulakufesi, isidlo sasemini nedina.... Kukhona amaprotheni amancane kulesi simila, futhi i-prussic acid nayo yakhiwa kumahlumela amancane (ngokusondela ekwindla).
Kodwa lezi zilwane, ngenxa yephunga lazo elimnandi, sezifundile ukukhetha izinhlobo ezinobuthi ezincane zezihlahla zikagamthilini, ezivame ukukhula enhlabathini evundile osebeni lomfula. Amahlamvu awo, njengoba kwavela, awabuthi kangako kunalawo ezihlahla ezikhula ezindaweni ezingenazithelo. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zalinganisa ukuthi zingu-120 kuphela izinhlobo zezinhlobo zikagamthilini ezifakiwe ekudleni kwama-marsupials.
Okubalulekile! Okuqukethwe kwekhalori eliphansi ekudleni kuyahambisana kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwesilwane se-phlegmatic, ngoba imetabolism yaso iphansi izikhathi ezimbili kunalezo ezincelisayo eziningi. Ngokwesilinganiso somzimba, i-koala ifaniswa ne-sloth ne-wombat kuphela.
Emini, lesi silwane sihlwitha futhi sihlafune ngokucophelela kusuka ku-0.5 kuye ku-1.1 kg wamaqabunga, sifaka ingxube egayiwe esikhwameni sesihlathi. Umgudu wokugaya ukudla uvumelane kahle nokugaywa kwemicu yezitshalo: ukumuncwa kwawo kusizwa yi-microflora eyingqayizivele enamagciwane abola kalula i-cellulose eqondile.
Inqubo yokuphakelwa kokuphakelayo iyaqhubeka ku-cecum enwetshiwe (efinyelela ku-2.4 m ubude), bese isibindi siyiswa emsebenzini, kunciphise bonke ubuthi obungena egazini.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, ama-koala ayathathwa ayodla phansi - ngakho-ke akwenzela ukungabikho kwamaminerali abalulekile. La ma-marsupials aphuza okuncane kakhulu: amanzi avela ekudleni kwawo kuphela lapho egula, nangesikhathi sesomiso eseside. Ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, i-koala iba namazolo anele ahlala emaqabungeni, nomswakama oqukethwe amaqabunga kagamthilini.
Ukuzala nenzalo
AmaKoala awachume kakhulu futhi aqala ukuzala njalo eminyakeni emibili. Ngalesi sikhathi, esiqala ngo-Okthoba kuya kuFebhuwari, abesilisa bahlikihla amabele abo ngeziqu (ukushiya amamaki abo) bese bememeza kakhulu, befuna umlingani.
Abesifazane bakhetha ofaka isicelo sokukhala okukhipha inhliziyo (okuzwakalayo ngekhilomitha ngalinye) nosayizi (okukhudlwana okungcono). Ama-koala abesilisa ahlala eshoda (bambalwa babo abazalwayo), ngakho-ke eyodwa ekhethiwe ivundisa kusuka kumakoti amabili kuya kwangu-5 ngesizini ngayinye.
Kuyathakazelisa! Owesilisa unepipi elinezimfoloko, lowesifazane unama-vaginas ama-2 nesibeletho esizimele esingu-2: zihlelwe kanjena izitho zokuzala zawo wonke ama-marsupials. Ukuya ocansini kwenzeka esihlahleni, kuzala kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-30-35. AmaKoala kuyaqabukela ezala amawele, imvamisa kuzalwa ingane eyodwa enqunu nepinki (efinyelela ku-1.8 cm ubude nesisindo esingu-5.5 g).
Izinyane liphuza ubisi izinyanga eziyisithupha futhi lihlala esikhwameni, bese kuthi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezizayo ligibele kumama (emuva noma esiswini), libambe eboyeni. Emasontweni angama-30 ubudala, uqala ukudla indle yomama - iphalishi elivela emaqabungeni agayiwe. Udla lokhu kudla inyanga.
Izilwane ezisencane zithola ukuzimela cishe unyaka, kepha abesilisa bavame ukuhlala nonina kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2-3, kanti abesifazane abanonyaka owodwa nohhafu baphuma endlini befuna iziza zabo. Ukuzala kwabesifazane kwenzeka eminyakeni emi-2-3, kwabesilisa eminyakeni emi-3-4.
Izitha zemvelo
Ngokwemvelo, ama-koala cishe awanazo izitha.... Lezi zinsuku zifaka izinja zasendle ze-dingo nezinja ezifuywayo zasendle. Kepha lezi zilwane zihlasela ama-marsupials ahamba kancane, enqaba inyama yawo ngenxa yephunga elikhanyayo le-eucalyptus.
Izifo ezinjenge-cystitis, i-conjunctivitis, i-periostitis yogebhezi ne-sinusitis zidala umonakalo omkhulu emfuyweni. Ku-koalas, ukuvuvukala kwezono (sinusitis) kuvame ukuphela ku-pneumonia, ikakhulukazi ebusika obubandayo. Kuyaziwa, isibonelo, ukuthi i-epizootic ye-sinusitis eyinkimbinkimbi eyenzeka ngo-1887-1889 nango-1900-1903 yaholela ekwehliseni okubonakalayo kwenani lala ma-marsupials.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ama-epizootic, empeleni, abhekwa njengesizathu esiyinhloko sokuqothulwa kwama-koala, kodwa ngaphambi kokufika kwabahlali baseYurophu, abaqala ukudubula izilwane ngenxa yoboya babo obukhulu obukhulu. AmaKoalas athembekile abantu ngakho-ke baba yisisulu sabo kalula - ngo-1924 kuphela, abazingeli bamazwe asempumalanga balungisa izikhumba ezinhle eziyizigidi ezimbili.
Ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwesibalo sabangela uhulumeni wase-Australia ukuba athathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu: ukuzingela ama-koalas ekuqaleni kwakulinganiselwe, futhi kusukela ngo-1927 kwavinjelwa ngokuphelele. Cishe eminyakeni engama-20 kamuva, kwathi ngo-1954 kuphela, inani lama-marsupials laqala ukubuyela kancane kancane.
Manje kwezinye izifunda kunama-koalas amaningi - cishe. Bande kakhulu njengama-kangaroo kangangokuba badla baqede izihlahla zikagamthilini, baqeda isisekelo sabo sokudla. Kepha isiphakamiso sokuthi kudutshulwe u-2/3 womhlambi wenqatshwa yiziphathimandla zaseNingizimu Australia, ngoba lokhu bekungalimaza isithunzi sombuso.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uhulumeni wesifundazwe saseVictoria wayengesabi ukulimaza isithombe sezwe futhi wayala ukuba anciphise inani labantu, elalinamakhanda angama-20 ehektheleni ngalinye. Ngo-2015, cishe ama-koala angama-700 aqothulwa embusweni, evikela labo abasala endlaleni.
Namuhla uhlobo lunesimo "sobungozi obuphansi", kepha ama-koala asesongelwa ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, imililo nemikhaza... Inhlangano yamazwe omhlaba i-Australian Koala Foundation, kanye namapaki ohlobo olulodwa "Lone Pine Koala" (Brisbane) kanye "neConeu Koala Park" (Perth) babandakanyeka kakhulu ekulondolozweni kwenani labantu nendawo yokuhlala ama-marsupials.
