Lesi silwane esibomvu esinezinwele ezibomvu (esaziwa izazi zezilwane ngaphansi kwegama elithile "squirrel ezejwayelekile") sivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezivulekile zaseRussia ukuthi sangena ezingutsheni zamadolobha nezigodi. Izingwejeje ezimbili zihlobisa ingubo yezingalo Zelenograd, eyodwa ihlobisa ingubo yezingalo zaseYakutsk, futhi kuboniswa izingwejeje ezinezingubo zomkhono wedolobhana laseYarensk (esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk), okwafika ngo-1924 saba nedolobha.
Incazelo yesikwele esivamile
Igundane, eliyilungu lomndeni wesikwele, libizwa ngeSciurus vulgaris ngesiLatini futhi linelinye igama elikhohliwe - i-veksha... Kubo bonke abamele uhlobo lo squirrel (futhi lezi yizinhlobo ezingama-30 ezihlala eYurophu, e-Asia, eNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika), uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, i-squirrel ejwayelekile, ehlala eRussia.
Ukubukeka
Lesi silwane esihle, esisheshayo siyefana nezinye izingwejeje. I-veksha inomzimba omncane ngokulingana ngokulingana ophela ngomswakama obushelelezi ngokwedlulele, othe cwaka kusuka ku-13 kuye ku-19 cm (cishe u-2/3 wobude bomzimba). Umsila ubukeka uyisicaba ngenxa yezinwele ezinde (3-6 cm), zisabalele nhlangothi zombili.
Isikwele esivamile sikhula size sifike ku-19-28 cm, sithole isisindo esingama-250-340 g esimweni somuntu omdala.
IVibrissae, ebucayi kakhulu, ayihlobisi isifonyo kuphela, kodwa nemilenze yangaphambili nesisu. Isisu se-squirrel, ngasendleleni, sihlala sikhanya ukudlula ngaphezulu noma sipendwe mhlophe. Izinyawo zangaphambili zifushane kakhulu kunezinyawo zangemuva. Imilenze ifakwe izinzipho ezibukhali, eziqinile.
Okubalulekile! Ubukhulu besikwele esivamile buyancipha kusuka ezifundeni zezintaba kuya emathafeni, ubukhulu bogebhezi nalo buba buncane ukusuka eningizimu kuye enyakatho, futhi umbala woboya ubengezela ubheke endaweni emaphakathi yebanga.
Emakhazeni asebusika, ingwejeje ejwayelekile ikhula ibe yinde noboya obutofotofo, kodwa ehlobo iguqula ukwakheka kwayo, ibe mfushane, ibe lukhuni futhi ingathi shu.
Umbala
Ngokuyahlukahluka kombala, uVeksha ungumholi ongangabazeki phakathi kwezilwane eziningi zesifunda esikhulu sePalaearctic: iguqula umbala wengubo yoboya kuye ngesizini, ama-subspecies, futhi nokuba semingceleni yabantu bayo.
Ehlobo, ingubo yesikwele yakhelwe ngamathoni ansundu, abomvu noma ansundu; ebusika, ijazi liba mpunga, kwesinye isikhathi licishe libe mnyama (kwesinye isikhathi linombala onsundu). Phakathi kwamajwabu amehlo ne-piebald, uboya bawo buhlanjululwa ngamachashaza amhlophe, kanye nezinhlobo ezinoboya obumnyama ngokuphelele (ama-melanists), futhi, ngokungafani ngokuphelele kwe-pigment (albinos).
Ezingxenyeni eziseMpumalanga Ekude, izinhlobo ezingaphansi kweCarpathian nezamaManchu zesikwele esivamile, imithunzi ensundu nemnyama yoboya basebusika ziyisici. Futhi izingwejeje ze-teleut (abameleli abakhulu be-Veksha endaweni ye-USSR yangaphambili) bakhombisa umbala obala ngesiliva nobohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ebusika, kanye noboya obuphaphathekile (obunenhlanganisela yomsila omnyama nophuzi).
Izingwejeje zeTeleut ngezingezikabubizwa okuthiwa yimpunga enomsila (enqunywa ngombala wasebusika womsila). Ngokubambisana nabo, iVeksha ihlukaniswe yaba yi- "brown-tailed", "red-tailed" ne- "black-tailed".
Ukuqothula
Ukushintshwa kwengubo kusikwele esivamile kwenzeka, njengezilwane eziningi, kabili ngonyaka.... Umsila wesikwele unezikhathi zawo zokuvuselela uboya: ukhipha kanye kuphela ngonyaka. I-Spring molt yenzeka, njengomthetho, ngo-Ephreli - Meyi, futhi ekwindla molt kwenzeka kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuNovemba.
Njengoba wazi, i-molting yazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ilawulwa ubude bemini, obulawula umsebenzi wendlala ye-pituitary. Lesi sakamuva sikhiqiza i-thyrotropin, yona (esebenza) ekusebenzeni kwendlala yegilo, ebangela ukuchitheka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili bahlala beqala ukuncibilika ngaphambi kwabesifazane nabasakhula abazalwe kulo nyaka. Ushintsho lwentwasahlobo loboya lusuka ekhanda luye ezansi komsila, nokuwa - kusuka empandeni yomsila kuye ekhanda.
Isikhathi se-molt siyahluka kakhulu, ngoba kuya ngokutholakala kokudla nezimo zezulu. Ngesisekelo sefolishi esiningi, ushintsho loboya besikwele buqala futhi luphele ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kwabanciphile, alugcini nje ngokuhlala isikhathi eside, kodwa futhi luyelula.
Indlela yokuphila, umlingiswa
Le igundane elihambayo alihlukile endaweni, ngakho-ke, izindawo ngazinye ze-squirrel ngokuvamile azivezwa nje kuphela, kepha futhi zivame ukugcotshwa eyodwa phezu kwenye.
IVeksha ihola impilo yokuphila kakhulu, ikhombisa amandla athile ekuseni nakusihlwa... Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ehamba khona ehlathini eyofuna ukudla, okuthatha isikhathi sakhe esisebenzayo singama-60-80%. Ngokubona ubungozi, ikhetha ukucasha esihlalweni somuthi.
I-squirrel indiza kalula isuka kwesinye isihlahla iye kwesinye, inqobe ama-3-4 m ngomugqa oqondile no-10-15 m ku-arc ebheke phansi, isebenzisa umsila wayo njengephini lokuqondisa. Ebusika, ukuze kungabi yiqhwa lezidladla, ligxuma ngaphezulu eziqongweni. Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, kanye nokungabikho kweqhwa, imvamisa ihamba phansi (igxume ifike ku-1 m).
Emakhazeni amabi kakhulu nangesikhathi sezulu esibi, uyakwazi ukuhlala unomphela endaweni yokukhosela, alale. Umuzwa ongapheli wendlala kuphela ongenza iVetsha iphume ekucasheni ebusika.
Uhlala kuphi uskwiza
Noma ngabe iyiphi indlu yengwejeje, iyohlala itholakala esihlahleni. Ehlathini elinqumayo, ingwejeje ithanda ukuhlala emigodini, igcwalise ngocelemba besihlahla, utshani namaqabunga omile.
Ehlathini le-coniferous, uvame ukwakha izidleke (25-30 cm ububanzi), azibeke endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-7-15 phakathi kwamagatsha aminyene. Isidleke esinjalo, esibizwa nge-gayn, sinikezwa ukuma kwebhola yi-veksha, siyifaka ngaphakathi ngamaqabunga, izinwele, ubulembu notshani.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuze ungazihluphi ngokwakhiwa kwesidleke, ingwejeje ihlala endlini yezinyoni. Abesilisa abazihluphi ngokwakha isidleke sabo, kepha bahlala ezindlini ezishiywa ngabesifazane noma ezidlekeni ezingenalutho zezimpisi, izinyoni ezimnyama namagwababa.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zabala ukuthi igundane ngalinye "liqasha" izindawo zokukhosela eziningana (kufika ku-15), zizishintsha njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3 (mhlawumbe, zibalekela izimuncagazi). Uma insikazi inezikwele, iyazidonsa ngamazinyo ayo. Esidlekeni esisodwa ebusika kunqwabelana kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-3-6, naphezu kokuthambekela kwalezi zilwane indlela yokuphila yodwa.
Ukufuduka
Imininingwane mayelana nokufuduka okukhulu kwezingweje itholakala ezincwadini ezindala zaseRussia.
Ukufuduka kwenzeka ekupheleni kwehlobo - ekuqaleni kwekwindla, kanti imililo yehlathi nesomiso imvamisa kuyisona esishayelayo, kepha kaningi - isivuno esincane sefolishi eyisikwele, amantongomane noma imbewu yama-conifers.
Ukufuduka okude nokude kwamakhilomitha angama-250-300 akuvamile: njengomthetho, izingwejeje zihambisa amabanga anesizotha aye ehlathini elingumakhelwane.
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, amagundane agxuma ngakunye, kepha akha indawo ebanzi (cishe amakhilomitha ayi-100-300), ngaphandle kokuphambukela emihlambini nasemaqenjini amakhulu. Mass uhlamvu kuphawulwa kuphela phambi izithiyo zemvelo.
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, i-squirrel iwela izindawo eziningi zemvelo nezithiyo, kufaka phakathi:
- emathafeni;
- i-tundra ne-tundra yehlathi;
- iziqhingi;
- amatheku olwandle nemifula;
- Ukuphakama kwezintaba;
- izindawo zokuhlala.
Ukufuduka kuhlala kuhambisana nokufa kwezingwejeje, eziminza, ziqandeke, zibulawe ukukhathala ziwele emazinyweni ezilwane ezidlayo.
Kanye nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi, kubonakala ukufuduka kwesizini, okuhambisana nokushintshelwa kwezilwane ezincane ziye empilweni ezimele, kanye nokuvuthwa kokuphakelayo okuhamba kancane. Ukufuduka kwesizini ngokushoda kokudla kuguqulwa kube ukufuduka.
Ukuzalelwa kweVeksha encane kwenzeka ngo-Agasti / Septhemba nango-Okthoba / Novemba, lapho behamba amakhilomitha angama-70-350 ukusuka ezidlekeni zabo.
Kuliqiniso, amanye amaprotheni avuthiwe ngokobulili ahlala endaweni. Baguqula ukwakheka kokudla kuphela, bashintshele ezimileni ezinama-khalori aphansi nge-fiber ephezulu:
- ubulembu;
- izinso;
- Amagxolo amahlumela amancane;
- izinaliti.
Yileli qembu lamagundane eliba yisisekelo sokubuyiselwa kwenani lezingwejeje zasendaweni.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ngokwemvelo, i-squirrel ejwayelekile inempilo emfushane kakhulu: umuntu omdala kuneminyaka engu-4 uthathwa njengomdala. "Ama-livers amade" anjalo kubantu awakha ngaphezu kwe-10%. Kepha ekuthunjweni (ngaphandle kwezitha nokudla okunomsoco), i-veksha iphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10-12.
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
I-squirrel ejwayelekile (emelwe ama-subspecies angama-40) ikhethe indawo ebushelelezi yezwekazi lase-Eurasian ukusuka ogwini lwe-Atlantic kuya eKamchatka, eSakhalin cishe. I-Hokkaido.
Lesi silwane sakhukhula iSiberia, iMpumalanga Ekude kanye nengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia... Izingwejeje zokuqala zangena eKamchatka cishe ngo-1923-24. IVeksha yaze yazivumelanisa nempilo eTien Shan, naseCaucasus naseCrimea, yajwayela izindawo zamasiko (izivini nezingadi).
I-squirrel, njengesakhamuzi esivamile sehlathi, ithanda amahlathi ahlanganisiwe anama-coniferous-deciduous with a base forage base (imbewu yezihlahla).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilwane sihlala ngokuzithandela emasimini anjenge:
- amahlathi omsedari;
- imithana yemisedari emifushane;
- amahlathi e-spruce;
- amahlathi e-larch;
- amahlathi we-fir;
- amahlathi ephayini ahlanganisiwe.
Kwaqashelwa ukuthi ukuminyana kwesibalo sesikwele kuncipha kuya kulezo zifunda ezisenyakatho lapho kutholakala khona izinkuni zikaphayini ne-larch.
Umsoco ovamile wamaprotheni
Izintshisekelo zikaVeksha zokudla ziziningi (ngaphezu kwezinto eziyi-130), kepha ukudla okuyinhloko imbewu ye-conifer, kufaka phakathi uphayini, isi-spruce, umsedari waseSiberia, i-larch ne-fir. Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu, lapho kunamahlathi amaningi e-oki (anamahlathi aminyene e-hazel), ifunana ngokuzithandela nama-hazelnuts nama-acorn.
Lapho okuphakelayo okuyinhloko kwehluleka, amaprotheni adluliselwa efihlekile kanye namahlumela ezihlahla, ama-rhizomes kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ubulembu, amajikijolo, izitshalo ezine-herbaceous namakhowe (kukhetha inyamazane truffle).
Lapho kunokushoda kokuphakelayo, amaprotheni aphenduka inkathazo, adle iziqu zezimbali zama-spruces. Ngesikhathi semidlalo yothando, uvamise ukushintshela ekudleni kwezilwane - izinambuzane ezinezibungu, amatshwele, amaqanda nama-vertebrate amancane.
Isikwele sihlakaniphile futhi sigcina ubusika ngamantongomane, ama-acorn kanye nezigaxa, sikufaka emigodini noma kungcwatshwe phakathi kwezimpande... Womisa amakhowe ngokuwalengisa phakathi kwamagatsha. UVeksha unenkumbulo emfushane: ukhohlwa ngezindawo zakhe zokugcina bese ezikhubeka ngengozi.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-squirrel "sclerosis" isetshenziswa abanye abahlala ehlathini (amabhere, amagundane nezinyoni), abadla "ukudla okusemathinini" kwayo. Kodwa-ke, i-veksha ibakhokhela ngohlamvu lwemali olufanayo, ithola izimpahla ezenziwe ngamagundane, ama-chipmunks kanye nama-nutcrackers ngaphansi kongqimba lweqhwa olungu-1.5 m.
Iphuma ebusika, ingwejeje ayiwadeleli amathambo ezilwane ezifile futhi ivakashela imikhono kasawoti. Ukudla kwansuku zonke kuyahluka kuye ngesizini: entwasahlobo, ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, amaprotheni adla kuze kufike ku-80 g, ebusika - angadluli ku-35 g.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-Vekshas ahlukaniswa ngokuzala okwandayo, akhuphula amalitha ama-2 ngonyaka, aze afike kwamathathu eningizimu yebanga. Ingwejeje ye-Yakut kuphela ezala kanye ngonyaka. Ukuqala kwesikhathi sokukhwelana kuhlanganiswe nobubanzi bendawo ethile, inani lemfuyo nokutholakala kokudla, kepha kuvame ukuqala ekupheleni kukaJanuwari - ekuqaleni kukaMashi, kuphele ngoJulayi - Agasti.
Owesifazane akanakho ukusweleka kwamasoka, ekhetha kubafakizicelo abangama-3-6 abathi, ekulweleni kwakhe, bahlabe umkhosi kakhulu, bajahe izimbangi futhi bangqongqoze ngokwesaba emagatsheni ngezidladla zabo. Ngemuva kokuya ocansini nowinile, owesifazane wakha isidleke esihle futhi esivulekile (imvamisa emibili noma emithathu), lapho amazinyane akhe azovela khona ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-35-38.
Kuyathakazelisa! Njengoba esekhulisile udoti wakhe wokuqala, umama uyadla futhi ahlangane futhi, ngakho-ke isikhathi esiphakathi kokuzalwa kwesinye isikhathi singamaviki ayi-13. Ekwindla (ngo-Okthoba kuya kuNovemba), inani labantu baseVeksha imvamisa liyi-2/3 limelelwa izingwejeje ezingaphansi kweminyakafuthi.
Udoti uqukethe izingwejeje eziyimpumputhe ezi-3 kuya kwezingu-10, ngasinye sinesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-8 gram. Njengomthetho, kunemidlwane embalwa kudoti wesibili. Izinwele zabo ziqala ukukhula ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, bese amehlo abo evuleka ngemuva kwenyanga, ngemuva kwalokho izingwejeje sezivele zikhasa esidlekeni.
Umama ubondla ngobisi cishe izinsuku ezingama-40-50, futhi lapho befika emasontweni ayi-8-10 ubudala, izingane ziyamshiya. Ukuzala kuma-squirrels amancane kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-9-12.
Izitha zemvelo
Isikwele esivamile sizingelwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye:
- uphayini marten;
- i-goshawk;
- izimpungushe;
- izikhova;
- Sable (engxenyeni yase-Asia yeRussian Federation);
- kharza (eMpumalanga Ekude);
- amakati.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlaselwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye akulimazi inani labantu, okungeke kushiwo ngama-epizootic kanye nokuntuleka kokudla... Izifo, njengomthetho, zivela ekwindla sekwedlule isikhathi, kepha zande kakhulu entwasahlobo. Izingwejeje zihlala zikhungathwa imikhaza, izikelemu kanye namazeze. Akumangalisi ukuthi amakhulukhulu amagundane abulawa yi-tularemia, coccidiosis kanye ne-septicemia eyopha.
Inani lokuhweba
Ingwejeje ejwayelekile ingeyesilwane soboya esibalulekile, ngokuba ngenye yezinto ezisemqoka zokuhweba ngoboya basekhaya.... Ensimini ye-Russian Federation, imayini emahlathini engxenyeni yaseYurophu, e-Urals, e-Yakutia, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Ngezikhathi zamaSoviet, i-squirrel (ngokwenqwaba yoboya obuvuniwe) yayingaphansi kwesibaya esisodwa, kepha manje inani lezikhumba lilinganiselwe kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-2009, i-squirrel ayikaze ifakwe endalini ezindalini zoboya eRussia.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ubuningi besikwele esivamile buthonywe isivuno sokudla kwaso okuyinhloko: unyaka ovundile ulandelwa ukuqhuma kwezinga lokuzalwa (400%), ngemuva kokuncika - ukwehla kwenombolo ephindwe kayishumi.
Ubuningi bemfuyo bukhula empumalanga naseningizimu yebanga: esifundeni saseMoscow, kungama-squirrels angama-20-90 ngamahektha ayi-1 000, eMpumalanga yeSiberia - kusuka kuma-80 kuye kwangama-300 kumahektha ayi-1 000. Inani le-veksh nalo lithonywe indawo abahlala kuyo. Iningi lezingwejeje litholakala emahlathini omsedari (amakhanda angama-400-500 ngamahektha ayi-1 000).
Kuyathakazelisa! Kuyaziwa ukuthi e-Ireland naseNgilandi ingwejeje evamile yathathelwa indawo ingwejeje eyimpunga engeniswa kwamanye amazwe, eyayithelela owokuqala ngenye yama-poxvirusi ayingozi. ECaucasus, kunalokho, i-veksha eyethulwe yaxosha ingwejeje yomdabu yasePheresiya emahlathini e-coniferous.
Lapho kuthuthukiswa khona indawo yokudoba izingwejeje, inani labantu liyavuselelwa eminyakeni eyi-3-4 kuphela. Lapha, kuphawulwa izinga lokufa kwezilwane ezisencane: yi-15-25% kuphela yezingwejeje ezisinda ebusika bokuqala.
