Iningi labantu lihlobanisa igama elithi "caiman" nengwenya encane, engalungile ngokuphelele: kanye nabameleli abancane bohlobo (1.5-2 m), kunezibonelo ezihlaba umxhwele zabantu abaphakathi kwababili, abafinyelela ku-3.5 m.
Incazelo yeCaiman
AmaCaimans ahlala eCentral / South America futhi angabomndeni we-alligator. Bakweleta igama labo elejwayelekile, elihunyushwe ngokuthi "ingwenya", kwabaseSpain.
Okubalulekile! Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zixwayisa ngokuthi uhlobo lwama-caimans alufaki iMelanosuchus (ama-black caimans) ne-Paleosuchus (ama-caimans anekhanda elibushelelezi).
Ngaphandle kokufana okujwayelekile nama-alligator, ahlukile kokugcina ngokuba khona kwegobolondo lesisu lesisu (i-osteoderm) kanye nokungabikho kwe-bony septum emgodini olfactory. Izingwenya nezingwevu ezinamakhala abanzi zinomgogodla ohlukile wamathambo owela ibhuloho lekhala ngaphansi kwamehlo.
Ukubukeka
Izinhlobo zesimanje (zintathu zazo) ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi: i-caiman enomlomo obanzi, ekhula ifike ku-3.5 m ngobunzima obungu-200 kg, yaziwa njengeqinile kakhulu. ICrocodile neParaguay azihlali zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,5 ngesisindo esingu-60 kg. Abesilisa ngokwesiko bakhulu kunabesifazane.
I-caiman ekhangisiwe
Uyingwenya noma i-caiman ejwayelekile enama-subspecies amathathu aziwayo, ahlukaniswe ngosayizi nokuma kogebhezi, kanye nombala. Amajita anemibala egqamile, imvamisa ephuzi, enemigqa / amabala amnyama abonakalayo emzimbeni wonke. I-Yellowness iyanyamalala njengoba bekhula. Ngendlela efanayo, iphethini emzimbeni iqala ukufiphala bese iyanyamalala. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindala zithatha umbala oluhlaza okomnqumo.
Lezi zinhlayiya zinesici esifana nezinsalela ze-dinosaur - isihlangu esingunxantathu engxenyeni yamathambo yamajwabu aphezulu. Isilinganiso sobude besifazane ngu-1.5-2 m, owesilisa unamamitha amabili kuya kwangu-2,5.5.Imidondoshiya ekhula ifike kumamitha amathathu ayivelakancane ngokweqile phakathi kwama-caimans akhanyisiwe.
I-caiman ebheke ebanzi
Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi inkhala ebanzi. Ubukhulu obumaphakathi abudluli ku-2 m, kanti imidondoshiya engu-3.5 m imelene nomthetho. Yathola igama layo ngenxa yomlomo wayo obanzi, omkhulu (lapho kugijima khona isihlangu samathambo) enamabala abonakalayo. Ingemuva le-caiman imbozwe nge-carapace eqinile yezikali ze-ossified.
Izilwane ezindala zipendwe ngombala womnqumo ongasho lutho: enyakatho ekude kunama-caimans anomlomo obanzi ahlala, umnyama womthunzi womnqumo futhi okuphambene nalokho.
Yakarsky caiman
UnguParaguay, noma uJacare. Ayinayo i-subspecies futhi ifana kakhulu ne-caiman ekhanyisiwe, okusanda kushiwo kuyo. I-Jacaret kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-piranha caiman ngenxa yomlomo othile, onamazinyo amade aphansi enweba ngale kwemingcele yomhlathi ongaphezulu futhi enza izimbobo lapho.
Imvamisa ikhula ize ifike kumamitha amabili, ingasaphathwa eyokufika kathathu. Njengezihlobo zayo, inezikhali esiswini sayo - igobolondo lokuyivikela ekulungeni kwezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye.
Indlela yokuphila, umlingiswa
Cishe wonke ama-caimans akhetha ukuhlala odakeni, azihlanganise nendawo yawo.... Imvamisa lokhu kungamabhange anodaka emifudlana nemifula egeleza ehlathini: lapha izilwane ezihuquzelayo zifudumeza izinhlangothi zazo usuku lonke.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma i-caiman ishisa, iba yisanti elula (ukukhombisa imisebe yelanga).
Esomisweni, lapho amanzi enyamalala, ama-caimani ahlala emachibini asele, ahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu. AmaCaimans, yize eyizilwane ezidla ezinye, awazibeki engcupheni yokuhlasela abantu nezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu. Lokhu kungenxa yobukhulu bazo obuncane, kanye nezinto ezihlukile ze-psyche: ama-caimans anokuthula futhi ayesabeka kunamanye ama-alligator.
AmaCaimans (ikakhulukazi awaseNingizimu Melika) ashintsha umbala wawo, akhombise ngokungazi ukuthi afudumele noma abanda kangakanani. Abafakazi bokuzibonela bathi ngesikhathi sokuntwela kokusa, isikhumba sesilwane esifriziwe sibukeka mpunga, onsundu futhi omnyama imbala. Ngokushesha nje lapho ukuphola ebusuku kunyamalala, isikhumba kancane kancane siyakhanya, siphenduke sibe luhlaza esingcolile.
AmaCaymans akwaziwa ukuthukuthela, futhi uhlobo lwemisindo abayenzayo kuncike eminyakeni yobudala. Ama-caimans amancane akhihliza amafushane futhi acinene, ephimisa into efana ne- "kraaaa". Abantu abadala bahayiza ngendlela yokuhoshozela neyesikhathi eside, futhi nangemva kokuqeda ikhwelo, shiya umlomo uvuleke kakhulu. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, umlomo uvala kancane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-caimans amadala akhonkotha njalo, ngokuzwakalayo nangokwemvelo kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Yize kunzima ukulandela umkhondo, kukholakala ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, ama-caimans aphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30-40. Kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, njengazo zonke izingwenya, "bayakhala" (bedla isisulu noma belungiselela ukukwenza).
Kuyathakazelisa! Awukho umzwelo wangempela ocashile ngemuva kwalesi simo somzimba. Izinyembezi zezingwenya yimfihlo yemvelo evela emehlweni, okuhambisana nayo okukhishwa usawoti oweqile emzimbeni. Ngamanye amagama, ama-caimans ajulukile amehlo.
Izinhlobo zama-caimans
Izazi zebhayoloji zihlukanise izinhlobo ezimbili ze-caiman ezingasekho, ezichazwe ezinsaleleni zezinsalela, kanye nezinhlobo ezintathu esezikhona:
- Caiman crocodilus - Caiman ojwayelekile (onama-subspecies ama-2);
- I-Caiman latirostris - i-caiman ebhekene nobubanzi (ayikho i-subspecies);
- ICaiman yacare iyi-non-subspecies iParaguayan caiman.
Kutholakale ukuthi ama-caimans angenye yezixhumanisi ezisemqoka ochungechungeni lwemvelo: ngokuncipha kwenani lawo, izinhlanzi ziqala ukunyamalala. Ngakho-ke, balawula inani lama-piranhas, azala kakhulu lapho kungekho khona ama-caimans.
Namuhla, ama-caimans (ebangeni eliningi kakhulu) nawo enza indawo yokushoda kwemvelo yezingwenya ezinkulu, aqothulwe ngenxa yokuzingela ngonya. Ama-caimans asindisiwe ekubhujisweni ... isikhumba sawo, esingasetshenziswanga kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezikali ze-keratinized. Njengomthetho, ama-caimans ahamba ngamabhande, ngakho-ke asafuywa emapulazini, adlulisa isikhumba njengengwenya.
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
Indawo ebanzi kakhulu iyaziqhenya i-caiman ejwayelekileabahlala e-USA nasezifundazweni eziningi zaseNingizimu / eMelika Ephakathi: iBrazil, iCosta Rica, iColombia, iCuba, i-El Salvador, i-Ecuador, iGuyana, iGuatemala, iFrench Guiana, iHonduras, iNicaragua, iMexico, iPanama, iPuerto Rico, iPeru, iSuriname, iTrinidad, ITobago neVenezuela.
I-caiman ekhonjiwe ayinamatheli ikakhulukazi emzimbeni wamanzi, futhi lapho ibakhetha, ikhetha amanzi amile. Imvamisa ihlala eduze kwemifula namachibi, kanye nasezindaweni eziphansi ezinomswakama. Uzizwa emuhle ngenkathi yezimvula futhi ubekezelela isomiso kahle. Mhlawumbe izinsuku ezimbalwa emanzini anosawoti. Ngenkathi eyomile, icasha emigodini noma izifihle odakeni olungamanzi.
Indawo ecindezelwe kakhulu ye- ubuso obubanzi be-caiman... Uhlala ogwini lwe-Atlantic olusenyakatho ne-Argentina, iParaguay, iziqhingi ezincane eziseningizimu-mpumalanga yeBrazil, iBolivia ne-Uruguay. Lezi zinhlobo (ezinendlela yokuphila yasemanzini kuphela) zihlala emaxhaphozini omhlume nasezindaweni eziphansi ezinamanzi anamanzi ahlanzekile. Ngaphezu kwezinye izindawo, i-caiman enezikhala ezibanzi ithanda ukugeleza kancane kwemifula emahlathini aminyene.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, ibekezelela amazinga okushisa aphansi kahle, ngakho-ke ihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-600 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Izwa ukuzola eduze kwendawo yokuhlala abantu, ngokwesibonelo, emachibini lapho kuhlelwa khona ukuniselwa kwemfuyo.
I-thermophilic kakhulu yama-caimans wanamuhla - yakar, uhla lwalo oluhlanganisa iParaguay, izifunda eziseningizimu yeBrazil nasenyakatho ye-Argentina. UJacaret uhlala emaxhaphozini nasezindaweni eziphansi ezinomswakama, okuvame ukufihlwa eziqhingini eziluhlaza ezintantayo. Ukuncintisana kwamachibi ane-caiman ebanzi, ibeka indawo yokugcina yezindawo ezinhle kakhulu.
Ukudla, ukubamba i-caiman
I-caiman ekhangisiwe ukhetha ukudla futhi ushwabadela wonke umuntu ongamsabisi ngosayizi wakhe. Izilwane ezikhulayo zidla izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini, kufaka phakathi ama-crustaceans, izinambuzane nama-molluscs. Kukhulile - shintshela kumgogodla (izinhlanzi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini nezinyoni zamanzi).
I-caiman ebanjiwe iyazivumela ukuthi izingele umdlalo omkhulu, ngokwesibonelo, izingulube zasendle. Lezi zinhlobo zibanjwa ngokudla abantu: izingwenya zivame ukudla amaqabane abo ngezikhathi zesomiso (ngokungabikho kokudla okujwayelekile).
Isitsha osithandayo i-caiman ebanzi - iminenke yamanzi. Izilwane ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni zalezi caimans cishe azinantshisekelo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokucekela phansi iminenke, ama-caimans ahlinzeka ngomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kubalimi, njengoba ama-molluscs ethelela izilwane ezifuywayo ngezikelemu eziyimifino (izithwali zezifo ezimbi).
AmaCaimans aba ngokuhleleka kwamadamu, ewasusa iminenke eyingozi emfuyweni. Zonke ezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye nezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini nezinhlanzi, zihlala etafuleni kaningi. Abantu abadala badla inyama yezimfudu zasemanzini, amagobolondo ama-caiman aqhuma njengamantongomane.
IParaguayan caiman, njengalowo onamakhala abanzi, uyathanda ukuzitotosa ngeminenke yamanzi. Ngezikhathi ezithile izingela izinhlanzi, futhi ingaphansi kakhulu kwezinyoka namaxoxo. Izilwane ezincane ezidla ezinye zidla ama-mollusk kuphela, zishintshela ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla kuphela lapho zineminyaka emithathu kuphela.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-caimans
Onke ama-caimans angaphansi kobukhosi obuqinile, obunesimo sesilwane esidlayo ngokuya ngokukhula kwayo nokuzala. Kwabesilisa abasezingeni eliphansi, ukukhula kuhamba kancane (ngenxa yengcindezi). Imvamisa laba besilisa abavunyelwe ngisho ukuzala.
Insikazi ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili cishe eminyakeni eyi-4-7 ubudala, lapho ikhula ibe cishe amamitha ayi-1.2. Abesilisa bakulungele ukukhwelana ngobudala obufanayo. Kuliqiniso, zingaphambi kwabalingani bazo ngobude, zifinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5-1.6 ubude ngalesi sikhathi.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngoMeyi kuya ku-Agasti, kepha amaqanda ngokuvamile abekwa ngaphambi kwenkathi yemvula, ngoJulayi-Agasti. Owesifazane ubandakanyeka ekuhleleni isidleke, emboza isakhiwo sakhe esikhulu (esenziwe ngobumba nezitshalo) ngaphansi kwezihlahla nezihlahla. Ogwini oluvulekile, izidleke ze-caiman zivame kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ku-clutch, evikelwe eduze ngowesifazane, kuvame ukuba khona amaqanda ayi-15-20, kwesinye isikhathi inani lifinyelela kuma-40. Izingwenya zichanyuselwa ezinsukwini ezingama-70-90. Usongo olukhulu kakhulu luvela kuma-tegus, izibankwa ezidla inyama ezihlasela ama-clutches angama-80% we-caiman.
Imvamisa, owesifazane ubeka amaqanda ngezendlalelo ezimbili ukudala umehluko wezinga lokushisa onquma ubulili bemibungu: yingakho kunezinombolo ezilinganayo "zabafana" kanye "namantombazane" emzaleni.
Izingane ezichanyuselwe zikhala kakhulu, umama wephula isidleke bese ezihudulela emanzini aseduzane... Abesifazane bavame ukunakekela hhayi kuphela inzalo yabo, kodwa futhi nezinhlobo ezingomakhelwane, eziphambukile kunina uqobo.
Kwesinye isikhathi owesilisa ubuye abuke izingane, athathe imisebenzi yokuphepha, kuyilapho umlingani ekhasa ahambe ayoluma. Abasakhulayo bahamba nomzali wabo isikhathi eside, benza ulayini ngefayela elilodwa futhi bahamba ndawonye emizimbeni yamanzi engajulile.
Izitha zemvelo
Okokuqala ohlwini lwezitha zemvelo zama-caimans izingwenya ezinkulu nama-caimans amnyama, ikakhulukazi kulezo zindawo lapho kuthanda khona izintshisekelo zabo ezibalulekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-caimans alandelwa yi:
- ama-jaguar;
- ama-otters amakhulu;
- izinhlwathi ezinkulu.
Ngemuva kokuhlangana nesitha, i-caiman izama ukubuyela emanzini, iqhubekela ezweni ngesivinini esihle. Uma kuhlelwe ukulwa, ama-caimans amancane azama ukudukisa umphikisi ngokuvuvukala ngobubanzi nangokubukeka ekhulisa usayizi wawo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Abantu banamuhla Yakar caiman hhayi ephezulu kakhulu (100-200 ayizinkulungwane), kepha kuze kube manje izinzile futhi igcina (ngisho nasezinkathini ezingezinhle) ezingeni elifanayo. Ukusimama kwesibalo semfuyo kwenzeke ngenxa yezinhlelo ezihlanganyelwe zaseBrazil, Bolivia ne-Argentina zokonga iParaguayan caiman.
Ngakho-ke, eBolivia, kugcizelelwa kakhulu ukuzalanisa izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlala ezimweni zemvelo, futhi e-Argentina naseBrazil, amapulazi akhethekile avuliwe futhi asebenza ngempumelelo.
Manje i-Yakar caiman ibhalwe ohlwini lohlobo oluvikelwe ku-IUCN Red Book. Emakhasini alo shicilelo ungathola futhi ubuso obubanzi be-caiman, ogama lakhe lisebangeni labantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-250-500.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zaphawula ukwehla kwesibalo sezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Esinye sezizathu ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokungcola kwezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yokulima amasimu amasha ezolimo kanye nokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukubuyisa inani labantu, sekumukelwe izinhlelo eziningi: e-Argentina, ngokwesibonelo, amapulazi akhelwa ukuzala ama-caimans anezikhala ezinkulu, futhi amaqembu okuqala ezilwane ezidlayo akhishwe.
Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN i-caiman ekhanyisiwe ngama-subspecies ayo amabili (i-Apaporis kanye nsundu). Kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu abathile bengwenya caiman, bonakaliswe umsebenzi wabantu, manje sebelulama kancane kancane. Kodwa-ke, izindlela zokongiwa kwalezi zinhlobo zama-caimans zisakhiwa.
