Phakathi kwawo wonke amahhashi esiwawazi njengamanje, kukhona eyodwa engajwayelekile, Ihhashi lasendle likaPtsewalski... Lezi zinhlayiya zatholwa kolunye lwezinkambo eziya e-Asia Ephakathi ngo-1879 ngusosayensi waseRussia uNikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky.
Wayebuyela ekhaya, kepha emngceleni waseRussia neChina wathola isipho kumthengisi oyedwa - isikhumba nogebhezi lwesilwane ayengakaze asibone kuze kube manje, esifana nehhashi nembongolo ngasikhathi sinye. Wathumela le ndaba eSt. Petersburg, e-Zoological Museum, lapho yafundwa ngokucophelela ngomunye usosayensi u-Ivan Semenovich Polyakov. Lesi sakamuva sathola ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezilwane alukaziwa, wenza incazelo yokuqala yesampula etholakele.
Umehluko wayo omkhulu nawo wonke umndeni we-equine ukungafani kahle kwenani lama-chromosomes. Bonke abamele lo mndeni abaziwayo, ngisho ne-tarpan engasekho, banama-chromosomes angama-64, kanti lesi silwane esingajwayelekile sinama-66. Kunombono wokuthi lolu hlobo lwesilwane alulingani. Kuyiqiniso, igama alikasungulelwa yena.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nguye ongena ngokukhululekile ebudlelwaneni nehhashi elijwayelekile, ethola inzalo. Futhi imizamo yokuwela umsizi wethu wasekhaya nezinye izihlobo ayizuzisi noma ayisebenzi.
Lesi simo sanikeza isizathu sokucabanga ukuthi le mikhakha emincane yehhashi lasendle ayivelanga ngendalo ngengozi, okungukuthi, yonke eminye imiphakathi engaphansi komndeni yake yehla kuyo. Kuphela ngenkathi yenqubo yokuthuthukisa lapho ama-chromosomes aqala ukulahleka. Ihhashi elijwayelekile linama-64, imbongolo yase-Afrika inama-62, imbongolo yase-Asia inama-54, kanti idube linama-46.
Okwamanje, singasho ngokudabukisayo ukuthi ihhashi likaPrzewalski selicishe lanyamalala endle. Ugcine ukubonakala ezindaweni ezivulekile ngo-1969 eMongolia.
Amakhaza amakhulu neziphepho zika-1944-1945 kube nomthelela ekunyamalaleni kwawo emvelweni. Futhi akumele sikhohlwe ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi indlala yayidlangile ngenxa yempi. Amasosha aseChina nawaseMongolia alethwa eMongolia, kwavela nezindawo zokuzivikela ezihlomile ezindaweni ezingasemngceleni. Ngenxa yendlala, abantu bawaqothula ngokuphelele amahhashi asendle. Ngemuva kokushaywa okunjalo, lawa ma-equids awaphindanga alulama futhi asheshe anyamalala endle.
Manje sekukhona cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbili balolu hlobo lwesilwane emhlabeni. Bavela ezinkampanini eziyishumi nambili ezazibanjwe eDzungaria ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Inzalo yabo ikhuliswe ngenkuthalo iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi nambili ekuthunjweni, ema-zoo naseziqiwini emhlabeni jikelele. ngakho-ke Ihhashi likaPrzewalski eRed Book I-IUCN ikhona esigabeni "esingasekho emvelweni".
ISoviet Union yayinkulu kunazo zonke Isiqi samahhashi sikaPrzewalski - I-Askania-Nova (Ukraine). Umnikazi wayo wokuqala u-FE Falz-Fein waqoqa lezi zilwane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ubuye wabahlelela nohambo oluya eDzungaria.
Kunzima ukukhiqiza isilwane esingekho endle. Ekuthunjweni, amandla ayo okuzala alahleka kancane kancane. Amafreyimu wobudlelwano anciphile enza izinkinga echibini lofuzo. Futhi ukunyakaza okulinganiselwe nakho konakalisa isithombe. Endle, leli hhashi laligijima cishe amakhilomitha ayikhulu cishe nsuku zonke.
Incazelo nezici
Ngokushesha, siyaqaphela ukuthi lolu hlobo lwehhashi luqinile futhi luqinile. Inemisipha ekhule kahle, ikakhulukazi emathangeni. Isivinini esanda ngokushesha, sicindezela phansi ngamandla, senze ukugxuma. Ingashaya ngisho nenselo ngemuva, iyamangaza eseduze. Ngalesi sizathu, akunconywa ukuba seduze kwehhashi elinolaka kumuntu ongenalwazi ezindabeni zamahhashi.
Ukufika esimweni esingesihle, isilwane esinjalo singabulala nokubulala. Indlela engcono yokwenza ngcono imizwa yakhe wukwelapha ushukela. Kuyafaneleka ukusondela esilwaneni kancane, ngaphandle kokujaha. Akufanele yesabe. Kungcono ukungabheki emehlweni akhe, ngoba kuzokubona njengenselelo.
Leli hhashi libukeka liqinile kunelihhashi elijwayelekile. Ubude bomzimba wayo bungamamitha amabili. Ukuphakama kubuna kusuka ku-1.3 kuye ku-1.4 m Isisindo cishe esingu-300-350 kg. Imilenze ayimide, kodwa inamandla. Ikhanda likhulu, linentamo enamandla nezindlebe ezincane ezicijile. Ijazi lakhe linombala wesihlabathi onombala obomvu. Lokhu kubizwa nge- "savraski". Isisu nezinhlangothi kukhanya ngombala. Imane, umsila kanye "nokufika emadolweni" emilenzeni kumnyama kunoshokholethi, kusondele kumnyama.
Ijazi lishisa kakhulu ebusika kunasehlobo, linengubo yangaphansi ethambile efudumele. Uma kuqhathaniswa nehhashi elifuywayo, ijazi loboya lobuhle beDzungarian lifudumele futhi liyaqina. "I-hedgehog" evela emhlangeni omile omile ikhula ekhanda lakhe.
Azikho izingoma. Ngemuva kunebhande elimnyama. Imivimbo ebanzi emilenzeni. Ihhashi likaPrzewalski esithombeni ibukeka idlala ngenxa yomsila onamahlahla. Izinwele ezimfushane ziyabonakala ngaphezulu kwawo, okudala ivolumu ekhangayo.
Imisipha namathambo ehhashi akhule kahle, isikhumba siwugqinsi, umzimba uhlelekile. Amehlo makhulu ukuze abe nokubukeka okubanzi. Amakhala ahamba, iphunga lithuthuka kakhulu. Izinselo zinamandla anele okugijima amabanga amade. "Indodakazi yama-steppes" yangempela. Kuyashesha futhi kunamandla njengomoya.
Yize incane, yehlukile kumahhashi endawo anesitoko futhi anamathambo abanzi. Ukubukeka kwayo kusondele kuzinhlanga ezigibele amasiko, hhayi amahhashi aseMongolia. Ikhanda elikhulu kuphela entanyeni enamandla alimvumeli ukuthi abekwe phakathi kokuhamba ngamamitha.
Isitho sinomunwe owodwa - ophakathi nendawo. I-phalanx yakhe yokugcina ijiyile futhi iphela ngenselo. Eminye iminwe yehliswa ngentuthuko ngesikhathi. Lesi sici sinikeza isilwane amandla okuhamba ngokushesha.
Ngokungafani nesihlobo sayo esijwayelekile, ihhashi lasePrzewalski lasendle aliqeqeshiwe nhlobo. Yintando nomoya kuphela ongakunqoba. Sihlala sikhuluma ngalesi sidalwa ebulilini besifazane, yize kungalungile uma sithi ihhashi likaPrzewalski, libukeka linesihluku esikhulu.
Izinhlobo
Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu zamahhashi asendle - i-steppe tarpan, ihlathi futhi, empeleni, Ihhashi likaPrzewalski... Bonke babehlukile endaweni yabo yokuphila nangendlela abaphila ngayo. Kepha manje i-tarpan isingathathwa njengesilwane esingasekho.
Okwamanje, izihlobo eziseduze zozalo lwe-Dzungarian zingabizwa ngokuthi ihhashi lasekhaya, imbongolo ye-steppe, i-kulan, idube, i-tapir ngisho nobhejane. Zonke zingaphansi kohlelo lwama-equids.
Ziyizilwane ezincelisayo zomhlabathi ezidla ubhedu ezinenani elingajwayelekile lezinzwane ezinamazipho. Ngaphezu kwalesi sakhi somzimba esifanayo, onke ahlanganiswe izici zesici: ukuthuthukiswa okuncane noma okungenayo i-canine, banezisu ezilula futhi bayizilwane ezidla imifino.
Ezinye zazo zenziwe amakhaya nezimbongolo. Lokhu kwanikeza umfutho ekuthuthukiseni impucuko yabantu. Ukulalela abantu, babathutha, basebenza emazweni abo, bakhonza kuzo zonke izigaba zempilo enokuthula neyempi.
Kukho konke ukunqoba kwabantu phezu kwezilwane, okubaluleke kakhulu futhi okubalulekile ukunqoba ihhashi. Uma sisho lokhu, sisho ukufuywa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwazo. Zonke lezi zidalwa ezihloniphekile zingabasizi abangahle babe khona, abangane nezinceku ezithembekile zomuntu.
Akwaziwa ukuthi ngubani futhi nini owasungula ukuzithambisa, kepha manje kunzima ukucabanga ngempilo yomuntu ngomlando womlando ngaphandle kwamahhashi. Futhi lezo zilwane ezinezinselo ezingalingani umuntu angazithambisanga, uzilandela ngesibhamu. Zonke lezi zilwane zinento eyodwa efanayo - zivame ukuba zinkulu, ngakho-ke ziyizinhloso ezifiselekayo zokuzingela.
Phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-tapir, okuyizinto zokuzingela ezemidlalo. Lezi zilwane zingumthombo obalulekile wesikhumba nokudla. Obhejane bazingelwa izimpondo zabo nezinye izitho zomzimba ngokungemthetho. Zisetshenziswa komunye umuthi. Ngakho-ke nathi ngokwethu sisusa izinhlobo zama-equids ezingezona ezasekhaya ebusweni bomhlaba.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Kukholakala ukuthi Ihhashi likaPrzewalski - isilwane, eyasinda esikhathini sokugcina seqhwa. Amazwe ayehlala kuwo ayemakhulu. Umngcele osenyakatho wawutholakala enkabeni yeYurophu futhi wafinyelela cishe eVolga, nasempumalanga - cishe ePacific Ocean.
Ukusuka eningizimu, izinkambiso zabo zilinganiselwe izintaba. Ngaphakathi kwale nsimu enkulu, bakhetha izingwadule ezomile, ama-steppes nezigodi zamagquma ukuze baphile. Ekupheleni kwe-Ice Age, i-tundra nama-steppes aseYurophu kancane kancane aphenduka amahlathi. Le ndawo yayingafanele amahhashi. Futhi indawo abahlala kuyo yaguquka futhi yagxila e-Asia.
Lapho bazitholela ukudla emathafeni anothile ngotshani. Ngaphambi kokuba ikhonjwe njengohlobo oluhlukile, kwase kuyisikhathi eside yaziwa yizakhamizi ezakhelene neLake Lob-Nor. Izilwane zabizwa ngokuthi "takhi". AmaMongol abiza izwe lakubo ngokuthi yiTakhiin-Shara-Nuru ridge (“Ummango ophuzi wehhashi lasendle”).
Lihlala kuphi ihhashi likaPrzewalski Namuhla? Sazi kuphela ngemuva kokutholakala kwayo. Ngaleso sikhathi wayehlala eMongolia, esifundeni seDzungarian Gobi. Lokhu kukhuliswa kwezintaba kufanelana kangcono nezidingo zakhe zomzimba.
Intando eningi, amakhambi, abantu abambalwa. Ngenxa yemithombo emisha nenosawoti omncane, ezungezwe ama-oase, babenakho konke abakudingayo impilo yabo yonke - amanzi, ukudla, indawo yokuhlala. Bazitholela igama labo elikhona bekhumbula isazi sejografi nomhloli wamazwe omkhulu waseRussia owabathola futhi wabahlukanisa. Futhi phambilini lolu hlobo lwalubizwa ngehhashi laseDzungarian.
Ngokuqala kokuhwalala, umhlambi, ngaphansi kobuholi bomholi, wathola indawo yedlelo. Umhlambi wakujabulela ukudla kwawo obala ubusuku bonke. Futhi ekuseni umholi wamyisa kwabaphephile, abavikelekile. Ngesikhathi sokudla nokuphumula, kwakunguye owayenomthwalo wokuphepha komhlambi wakhe.
Ihhashi eliyinhloko lalitholakala liphakeme kancane kunezihlobo zalo, ku-hillock, futhi libheke ngokucophelela yonke into. Wabahola ngokucophelela baya emgodini wokunisela. Umhlambi wabaleka ekushiseni, emakhazeni nasezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, wafola ujikelezo.
Ezingxenyeni ezisemathafeni nasogwadule lwase-Asia Ephakathi, lawa ma-equids abuyise ngempumelelo amadamu amadlelo emfuyo. Abelusi babulala amahhashi asendle ukuzondla. Lesi simo, kanye nezimo ezinzima zemvelo, kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi manje sizibona kuphela ema-zoo.
Okungincomayo ukuthi, ama-zoo amaningi emhlabeni abheka izinhloso zawo ezinkulu hhayi ukujabulisa umphakathi, kodwa ukulondoloza nokuzala izilwane. Ngehhashi likaPrzewalski, lo msebenzi kungenzeka, yize kungelula. Lesi silwane sakhula ngempumelelo ekuthunjweni futhi sawela nehhashi lasekhaya.
Ngakho-ke, kwenziwa umzamo wokuwudedela endaweni yawo yemvelo - amathafa nezingwadule zaseMongolia, eChina, eKazakhstan naseRussia. Amahhashi ahanjiswe kulezi zikhala ezivulekile abebhekwe ngamehlo ososayensi.
Babona ukuthi izilwane ezinjalo zigxila yonke indawo ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, endaweni ye-Dzungarian Gobi, yazala kabusha kakhulu kunezinye izindawo. Yize lezi zindawo bekuyindawo yakhe yokugcina yemvelo.
Noma ngabe izimo zishintshile, noma kube nezinguquko ekuziphatheni kwehhashi uqobo, kepha laqala ukuthola ukudla lapho ngobunzima. Futhi uma ukudla kuyindlala, inani lezilwane ngeke lenyuke.
Ngemuva kocwaningo, kwacaca ukuthi bake badla okwehlukile phambilini. Babedla utshani kuphela entwasahlobo nasehlobo, kuthi ebusika nasekwindla badle izinkuni ezifile namagatsha. Kwakudingeka bacashe ngaphansi kwezihlahla kumuntu, yingakho izinto eziza kuqala ekudleni.
Manje abafihli, kunalokho, bayanakekelwa. Kodwa-ke, okuyindida ukuthi lokhu yikho “okubonakalisile” ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso. Azisakwazi ukuncintisana nezilwane ezifuywayo, njengoba zinokubaluleka kokudla okungabizi kakhulu, futhi izinga lokusinda kwazo lehlile. Inani labantu likhula ngokuncipha kakhulu. Kufanele sizondle njalo lezi zilwane ukuze zingafi.
Izindawo zabo zokuhlala zingahlukaniswa ngokuzenzakalela njengeziqiqi noma izindawo ezingcwele. Ukuzingela kubhekwa njengecala elibi kakhulu. Abaphenyi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi, lapho bekhulula lezi zilwane ngokuzayo, kufanele bafundiswe kusengaphambili indlela ehlukile yokuphila nokudla okunempilo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla kwehhashi elinjalo kwakungotshani obuqinile bezintaba, amagatsha namaqabunga ezihlahla. Waphuma waya emadlelweni sekuhlwile. Phakathi nezinyanga ezinzima zasebusika, kwakudingeka abambe iqhwa elijulile ukuze afike otshanini obomile.
Okunye ukubonwa nezifundo kuveze okuthile okuthokozisayo. Umholi womhlambi unamandla, kepha imazi elidala lihola wonke umuntu ekufuneni ukudla. Ngalesi sikhathi, umholi uvala iqembu.
Isisekelo sokudla kwabo kwakuyizinhlamvu: utshani bezimpaphe, utshani bekolweni, i-fescue, i-chiy, nomhlanga. Babedla nomhlonyane, u-anyanisi wasendle futhi behlafuna izihlahlana ezincane. Bakhetha i-saxaul neKaragan. Ngale ndlela, abantu abahlala eziqiwini kwamanye amazwekazi manje sebebekezelela ngokuphelele imenyu yendawo.
Isikhathi esinzima kakhulu sokudla sifika ebusika, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuncibilika. I-jute (crust) eyakhiwe iphazamisa ukuhamba, amahhashi ashibilika, kunzima kubo ukuthi badabule lolu qweqwe lweqhwa bafike otshanini. Indlala ingenzeka.
Kulula ukubondla ekuthunjweni, bavumelana nazo zonke izinhlobo zokudla kwezitshalo. Ukuphela kwento ukungakhohlwa ukuthanda kwabo okujwayelekile, kufaka phakathi okuthandwa ukuphuza. Kwesinye isikhathi kunconywa ukufaka usawoti emanzini. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amanzi abunjiwe we-Dzungarian Gobi ayezalwa kubo. Lolu ketshezi lunenzuzo enkulu esilwaneni.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ezindaweni zemvelo, emaqeleni nasehlane elisogwadule, babehlala emihlambini emincane. Ukukhwelana kwakuvame ukwenzeka entwasahlobo, ngo-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi. Ukukhulelwa kwaphela izinyanga eziyi-11, ngakho-ke inzalo yavela entwasahlobo elandelayo.
Lo mjikelezo ophumelelayo wenza kwaba lula ngabo ukudala izimo ezifanele zokuzalwa nokuzondla. Umama wazala ithole elilodwa, imvamisa kusihlwa noma ekuseni. Wabonwa kusukela azalwa. Futhi ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa wayengalandela umhlambi ngemilenze yakhe.
Ubeshaywa owesilisa. Lapho nje ingane isele ngemuva kancane, wayicindezela, waluma isikhumba ngaphansi komsila. Umama wondla ithole izinyanga ezimbalwa kuze kukhule amazinyo amancane. Lapho-ke inkonyane lase likwazi ukuzidla utshani lodwa.
Amathole akhulile ayeshiywa emhlambini kuphela uma kuyimazi. Uma kwakukhona inkunzi, umholi wamxosha emhlambini wakhe ngonyaka. Ngemuva kwalokho intsha yakha amaqembu ahlukene, lapho ahlala khona kuze kube yiminyaka emi-3, aze akhule ekugcineni. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa ovuthiwe ngokobulili anganqoba ama-mares futhi azenzele owakhe umhlambi.
Manje sekunzima ukusho ukuthi leli hhashi lalihlala isikhathi esingakanani endle. Ngokusho kokutholakele, singakhuluma ngeminyaka eyi-8-10 yokuphila. Ngaphansi kokuqapha komuntu, isilwane singaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20. Namuhla, abantu babhekene nenani lamahhashi asePrzewalski.
Izinombolo zayo azizinzile kakhulu, kukhona ingozi yokuziphendukela kwezakhi zofuzo. Wonke amahhashi okwamanje ayizihlobo ezisondelene kakhulu, okungaholela ekuguqulweni kwezakhi zofuzo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthinta ukuthinteka kwezifo. Kodwa-ke, kuningi osekwenziwe. Abantu bakwazile ukusindisa lobu buhle. Inani lamahhashi alisekho ukukhathazeka. Ngakho-ke kukhona ithemba ngekusasa eliqhakazile lale nhlobo.
