Isicabucabu esiphambanweni (i-Aranaeus) i-arthropod engaphansi kohlobo lwesicabucabu i-Araneomorphic kanye nomndeni we-orb weaving (Araneidae). Namuhla emhlabeni kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane zeziphambano, ezihlala cishe yonke indawo.
Incazelo yocezu lwesiphambano
Ukwakheka kwangaphandle kwesicabucabu kuvezwa isisu kanye ne-arachnoid warts, i-cephalothorax nemilenze yokuhamba, equkethe ithanga, ingxenye yamadolo, i-tibia, i-forefoot, i-tarsus ne-claw, kanye ne-chelicera ne-pedipalpa, i-acetabular ring ne-coxa.
Ukubukeka
Izicabucabu zincane ngosayizi, kepha insikazi yale arthropod inkulu kakhulu kuneduna... Ubude besifazane buyi-1.7-4.0 cm, futhi ubukhulu besilisa obudala besicabucabu, njengomthetho, abudluli ku-1.0-1.1 cm. Umzimba wonke wesicabucabu-spider umbozwe ngegobolondo elinamandla eliphuzi ngokunsundu ngokubomvu, elilahlwa ngesikhathi isikhathi se-molt elandelayo. Kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zama-arachnids, izicabucabu eziwela emilenzeni zinemilenze eyishumi, emelwe:
- amabhangqa amane emilenze yokuhamba, enezinzipho ezicijile eziqhamuka ekugcineni;
- i-pair of pedipalps eyenza umsebenzi wokubona futhi edingekayo ukubamba isisulu esibanjiwe;
- ipheya elilodwa le-chelicerae elisetshenziselwa ukubamba nokubulala isisulu esithunjiwe. I-chelicerae yama-crosspieces iqondiswe phansi, kanti izingwegwe ze-chelicerae ziqondiswe ngaphakathi.
Abesilisa abadala engxenyeni yokugcina ye-pedipalp banesitho sokukopisha, esigcwaliswa ngaphambi nje kokukhwelana noketshezi lwesidoda, olungena esitsheni sesidoda esitholakala kowesifazane, ngenxa yalokho kuvela inzalo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amandla okubuka wesicabucabu akhule kahle, ngakho-ke i-arthropod ayiboni kahle futhi iyakwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-silhouettes afiphele ngokweqile, kanye nokuba khona kokukhanya nezithunzi.
Izicabucabu zesiphambano zinamabili amane amehlo, kepha acishe angaboni ngokuphelele. Isinxephezelo esihle kakhulu sokushoda okubonakalayo kungumqondo wokuthinta ophelele, lapho izinwele ezikhethekile ezithintekayo ebusweni bonke bomzimba zibhekene. Ezinye izinwele emzimbeni we-arthropod ziyakwazi ukusabela ebukhoneni bezinhlobo zamakhemikhali, ezinye izinwele zibona ukudlidliza komoya, kanti ezinye zithwebula zonke izinhlobo zemisindo ezungezile.
Isisu sezicabucabu zesicabucabu sibiyelwe futhi asinazo izingxenye ngokuphelele. Engxenyeni engenhla kunesithombe esisesiphambano, kanti engxenyeni engezansi kunezimbhangqwana ezintathu zezinsumpa ezikhethekile zesicabucabu, eziqukethe cishe izindlala eziyinkulungwane ezikhiqiza ama-spider webs. Imicu enjalo eqinile inezinhloso ezahlukahlukene: ukwakhiwa kwamanetha okuthembela anokwethenjelwa, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zokukhosela ezivikelayo, noma ukwelulela inzalo umfece.
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lusesiswini futhi lumelwe amasaka amabili wamaphaphu, lapho kukhona khona inani elikhulu lamafolda afana neqabunga anomoya. I-hemolymph yamanzi, ehlanganiswe ne-oxygen, ijikeleza ngaphakathi kwamafolda. Uhlelo lokuphefumula lubandakanya namashubhu wethreacheal. Esifundeni esishubile esiswini, inhliziyo itholakala, okuthi ngokubukeka kwayo ifane neshubhu elide kakhulu elinemithambo yegazi ephumayo, emikhulu kakhulu.
Izinhlobo zeziphambano
Ngaphandle kokuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo zezicabucabu zesiphambano, kutholakala izinhlobo ezingamashumi amathathu kuphela ezweni lethu nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane, ezibonakala ngokuba khona kwesiphambano "esiphambanweni" esisengxenyeni engenhla yesisu. Uhlobo oluvamile yisicabucabu esinamachashaza amane noma semadada (i-Aranaeus quadratus), esihlala ezindaweni ezimanzi futhi ezivulekile, ezinotshani.
Kuyathakazelisa! Okuthakazelisa kakhulu isicabucabu esinqamulelayo esinqamulelayo u-Aranaeus sturmi, ohlala ikakhulukazi kuma-conifers endaweni yesifunda sasePalaearctic, osayizi wayo onesizotha okhokhelwa ngemibala ehlukahlukene ecebile.
Okusakazeke kakhulu futhi yisiphambano esivamile (i-Araneus diadematus), umzimba wayo umbozwe ngento emuncu egcina umswakama, kanye nezinhlobo ezingavamile ezibalwe eNcwadini Ebomvu ebizwa nge-angular cross (Araneus angulatus), ebonakala ngokungabikho kwengane kwephethini yesiphambano futhi kunembhangqwana encane ubukhulu bama-humps esifundeni sesisu.
Uhlala kanjani ucezu lwesiphambano
Izicabucabu ezinqamulelayo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, uma ziqhathaniswa nozakwabo abaningi, zihlala isikhathi esifushane... Abesilisa bafa ngokushesha ngemuva kokukhwelana, kanti abesifazane bafa ngokushesha ngemuva kwe-cocoon plexus yenzalo.
Ngakho-ke, ubude bempilo yeziphambano zabesilisa abudluli izinyanga ezintathu, futhi abesifazane balolu hlobo bangaphila cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha.
Ubuhlungu besicabucabu
Ubuthi besiphambano bunobuthi bama-vertebrate nama-invertebrate, ngoba buqukethe i-hemileysin yokushisa okushisayo. Le nto ingathinta kabi ama-erythrocyte ezilwane ezifana nonogwaja, amagundane namagundane, kanye namaseli egazi omuntu. Njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, ingulube yeginea, ihhashi, izimvu nenja inokumelana nobuthi obuphakeme impela.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-toxin inomphumela ongalungiseki kuzinto zokusebenza ze-synaptic zanoma yisiphi isilwane esingenamqolo. Empilweni yomuntu nasempilweni, iziphambano ezimweni eziningi azinabungozi ngokuphelele, kepha uma kunomlando wokungezwani komzimba, ubuthi bungadala umuzwa ovuthayo wokushisa noma i-necrosis yezicubu zendawo. Izicabucabu ezincane-izicabucabu ziyakwazi ukuluma ngesikhumba somuntu, kepha inani eliphelele lobuthi obujojowe ngokuvamile alinabungozi, ngakho-ke ukuba khona kwalo ngaphansi kwesikhumba kuhambisana nezimpawu zobuhlungu ezipholile noma ezidlula ngokushesha.
Okubalulekile! Ngokusho kweminye imibiko, ukulunywa iziphambano ezinkulu kakhulu zezinhlobo ezithile azibuhlungu kangako kunemizwa yokuhlatshwa ufezela.
Iwebhu yesicabucabu
Njengomthetho, iziphambano zihlala esihlokweni sesihlahla, phakathi kwamagatsha, lapho kuhlelwa khona amanetha amakhulu okubamba isicabucabu.... Amahlamvu esitshalo asetshenziselwa ukwakha indawo yokukhosela. Kaningi, i-spider web itholakala emahlathini naphakathi kwamafasitela amafreyimu ezakhiweni ezishiyiwe.
I-spider-cross njalo ngelinye ilanga ibhubhisa iwebhu yayo bese iqala ukwenza entsha, ngoba amanetha okubamba angabe esasebenziseka ngenxa yokuthi akuwona nje amancane, kepha nezinambuzane ezinkulu kakhulu eziwela kuwo. Njengomthetho, iwebhu entsha ilukiwe ebusuku, evumela ukuthi isicabucabu sibambe inyamazane yaso ekuseni. Amanetha akhiwe yisicabucabu sowesifazane esidala esiphambanweni ahlukaniswa ngokuba khona kwenani elithile lemiklamo kanye nemisebe ye-radii, eboshwe ngentambo enamathelayo. Isikhala phakathi kokushintshana okuseduze nakho kunembile futhi njalo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yamandla ayo aphakeme kakhulu nokunwebeka okuphezulu, imicu yesicabucabu yesiphambano isetshenziswe kabanzi isikhathi eside ekwakhiweni kwezindwangu nemihlobiso ehlukahlukene, futhi phakathi kwabahlali bezindawo ezishisayo zisasebenza njengezinto zokweluka amanetha namanethi okudoba.
Isimo semvelo sokwakha isicabucabu esiphambanweni silethwa ku-automatism futhi sihlelwe ohlelweni lwezinzwa ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo, ngakho-ke ngisho nabantu abasha bayakwazi ukwakha kalula ama-web spider webhu asezingeni eliphakeme futhi ngokushesha babambe inyamazane edingekayo ekudleni. Izicabucabu ngokwazo zisebenzisa imicu eyindilinga, eyomile ukunyakaza, ngakho-ke isiphambano asikwazi ukunamathela ekubambeni amanetha.
Indawo yokuhlala nezindawo zokuhlala
Omele okuvame kakhulu yisiphambano esivamile (i-Aranaeus diadematus), esitholakala kuyo yonke ingxenye yaseYurophu nakwezinye izifundazwe zaseNyakatho Melika, lapho izicabucabu zalesi silwane zihlala emahlathini e-coniferous, emaxhaphozini nasezihlahleni. Isiphambano se-angular (Аrаneus аngulаtus) uhlobo olusengozini futhi olungavamile kakhulu oluhlala ezweni lethu, kanye nasendaweni yesifunda sasePalaearctic. Isicabucabu esiphambanweni u-Aranaeus albotrianulus ohlala e-Australia naye uhlala endaweni yaseNew South Wales naseQueensland.
Ensimini yezwe lethu, kutholakala izicabucabu ze-oki (i-Araneus ceroregius noma i-Aculeirа ceroregia), ezihlala otshanini obude emaphethelweni amahlathi, ezihlahleni nasezivandeni, kanye nakumahlathi aminyene.
Isiphambano se-Araneus savaticus, noma isicabucabu esibekiwe, sisebenzisa ama-grottoes namawa anamadwala, kanye nokuvulekela ezimayini nasezibayeni, ukuhlela inetha lokubamba. Kaningi, lolu hlobo luhlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala yomuntu. Isicabucabu esiphambanweni esibhekene nekati (Aranaeus gemmoides) sihlala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeMelika naseCanada, kanti i-India, iNepal, iBhutan kanye nengxenye ye-Australia yaba yindawo yokuhlala yemvelo yommeleli ojwayelekile wezilwane zase-Asia zesicabucabu esiphambanweni u-Araneus mitifiсus noma i- "Pringles spider".
Ukudla, ukukhipha isiphambano
Izicabucabu, kanye nezinye izicabucabu eziningi, zinohlobo lwangaphandle lokugaya ukudla... Ngenkathi zilinde inyamazane yazo, izicabucabu zivame ukutholakala eduze kwewebhu, zihlala esidlekeni esifihlekile, esenziwe ngewebhu eqinile. Intambo yesiginali ekhethekile yelulwa isuka engxenyeni emaphakathi yenetha iye esidlekeni sesicabucabu.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwesicabucabu kuvezwa izimpukane ezahlukahlukene, omiyane nezinye izinambuzane ezincane, isicabucabu esidala esingazidla cishe eziyishumi nambili ngasikhathi. Ngemuva kwempukane, uvemvane oluncane noma esinye isinambuzane esincane singena enetheni bese liqala ukushaya ngaphakathi kwalo, ukuqhuma okubonakalayo kwentambo yesiginali kwenzeka ngokushesha, futhi isicabucabu siyashiya lapho sikhosele khona.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma isinambuzane esinoshevu noma esikhulu kakhulu singena ogibeni lwesicabucabu, isicabucabu esiphambanweni sisika ngokushesha iwebhu ukuze sisisuse. Futhi, iziphambano zivikela ngokuqinile ukuxhumana nezinambuzane ezikwazi ukubeka amaqanda kwamanye ama-arthropods.
I-arthropod ayikwazi ukugaya ngokuzimela isisulu esibanjiwe, ngakho-ke, ngokushesha nje lapho isisulu singena kwinethiwekhi, isicabucabu-spider sijova ngokushesha ujusi waso wokugaya onolaka kakhulu, bese kuthi emva kwalokho sihlanganise inyamazane ibe ngumfece ovela kuwebhu bese silinda isikhashana, lapho ukudla kugaywa khona iphenduka isisombululo okuthiwa izakhamzimba.
Inqubo yokugaywa kokudla kukhukhunathi imvamisa ayithathi isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora elilodwa, bese kuthi uketshezi lomsoco lumuncwe, futhi kusele ikhava e-chitinous kuphela ngaphakathi kukakhukhunathi.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izicabucabu zingama-arthropods e-dioecious. Inqubo yokuqomisana ivame ukwenzeka ebusuku. Abesilisa bakhuphukela ezingibeni zabesifazane, bese kuthi emva kwalokho bahlele imidanso elula, equkethe ukuphakamisa imilenze yabo nokuthintitha ubulembu. Ukukhohlisa okunjalo kusebenza njengohlobo lwezimpawu zokuhlonza. Ngemuva kokuthi owesilisa ethinte i-cephalothorax yowesifazane nge-pedipalps, kwenzeka ukukhwelana, okuqukethe ukudluliswa ketshezi locansi.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, isiphambano sesilisa siyafa, kanti kowesifazane sekuyisikhathi sokweluka umfece kuwebhu... Njengomthetho, umfece owelukiwe ngowesifazane ubonakala ukhuluphele impela, futhi isikhathi esithile isiphambano sowesifazane siyazithwala, bese usifihla endaweni ephephile. Umfece uqukethe amaqanda asuka kwamathathu kuya kwamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, anombala ogqamile.
Ngaphakathi kwamaqanda "endlu" anjalo anezicabucabu awesabi amakhaza namanzi, ngoba umfece wesicabucabu ulula ngokwanele futhi awunamanzi ngokuphelele. Entwasahlobo, izicabucabu ezincane ziyaqanduselwa emaqandeni, okuthi isikhathi esithile ziqhubeke nokuhlala ngaphakathi endaweni efudumele futhi ethokomele. Lapho-ke izicabucabu ziqala ukungena kancane kancane ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene, futhi zizimele ngokuphelele.
Ngenxa yomncintiswano omkhulu wemvelo, izicabucabu ezincane ezizalwe zisengozini yendlala futhi zingadliwa izikhuthazi, ngakho-ke abantu abasha bazama ukuhlakazeka ngokushesha okukhulu, okwandisa kakhulu amathuba okusinda ezimweni ezimbi zemvelo.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ukuba nemilenze emincane futhi ebuthakathaka, izicabucabu ezincane zisebenzisa ubulembu ukuhamba lapho, lapho iziphambano zihlela ukusuka endaweni ziye kwenye. Lapho kukhona i-tailwind, izicabucabu kuwebhu ziyakwazi ukumboza ibanga elifinyelela ku-300-400 km.
Izicabucabu zesiphambano zivame ukugcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo. Ukukhulisa izicabucabu ezinjalo zasekhaya, udinga ukusebenzisa i-terrarium enosayizi owanele, ngenxa yobungako bekhabethe. Ukulunywa kwesiphambano akuyona ingozi, kepha lapho unakekela okungajwayelekile kwangaphakathi, kubalulekile ukulandela zonke izindlela zokuzivikela.
