Yonke inyoka enobuhlungu inobuhlungu, kepha akubona bonke abangazishaya isifuba ngomsila onikeza igama lalo mndeni omkhulu wezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili.
Incazelo
Ama-Rattlesnake (ngomqondo obanzi wegama) afaka enye yemikhaya engaphansi komndeni wezinyoka... Ochwepheshe be-Herpetologists bawahlukanisa njengoCrotalinae, ngasikhathi sinye bewabiza ngokuthi ama-rattlesnakes noma izinyoka zemigodi (ngenxa yamapayipi we-fossa thermal, atshalwe phakathi kwamakhala namehlo).
ISurukuku (nazo zingama-bushmasters asabekayo), ama-keffiys asethempelini, ama-ghararacks, ama-rattlesnakes, izinyoka, i-urutus, izinyoka zomkhonto waseMelika - zonke lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezinwabuzelayo zingaphansi komndeni wakwaCrotalinae, onemikhakha engama-21 nezinhlobo ezingama-224.
Esinye sezigaba sinegama eliqhoshayo elithi Crotalus - ama-rattlesnakes wangempela. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-36, kufaka phakathi ama-rattlesnakes amancane amancane, cishe isigamu semitha ubude, nama-rhombic rattlesnakes (iCrotalus adamanteus), afinyelela kumamitha ayi-2,5. Ngendlela, abaningi be-herpetologists bacabanga ukuthi ama-rattlesnakes akudala futhi amahle kakhulu.
Ukubukeka kwenyoka
Izinyoka ze-Pit-head ziyehluka ngosayizi (kusuka ku-0.5 m kuye ku-3.5 m) nangombala, okuvame ukuba nomlingiswa we-polychrome. Izikali zingapendwa cishe kuyo yonke imibala yothingo - okumhlophe, okumnyama, insimbi, i-beige, i-emerald, obomvu-obomvana, onsundu, ophuzi nokuningi. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo azivamile ukuba nge-monochromatic, azesabi ukubonisa amaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi nemibala ekhangayo.
Ingemuva eliyinhloko livame ukubukeka njengokuhlanganiswa kwemivimbo eminyene, imicu noma ama-rhombus. Kwesinye isikhathi, njengasesimweni se-celebes keffiyeh, umbala ogqamile (oluhlaza okotshani) uhlanjululwa kancane ngemivimbo emincane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe.
Ama-rattlesnake anekhanda elimise okwekhanda, amazinyo amabili ahlanganisiwe (lapho kudlula khona ushevu) kanye nomsila owenziwe ngama-keratinities ayindilinga.
Okubalulekile! Akuzona zonke izilwane ezihuquzelayo zinama-rattles - azikho, ngokwesibonelo, e-shitomordnikov, kanye nasenyokeni ye-Catalin ephila cishe. ISanta Catalina (iGulf of California).
Inyoka idinga ukukhala komsila ukwethusa izitha, futhi ukukhula kwayo kuyaqhubeka impilo yayo yonke. Ukuqina ekugcineni komsila kuvela ngemuva kwe-molt yokuqala. Ngesikhathi sokuncinza okulandelayo, izingcezu zesikhumba esidala zibambelele kulokhu kukhula, okuholele ekwakhiweni komhlanga wokuthambisa.
Lapho kuhamba, amasongo alahlekile, kepha iningi lawo lihlala lisebenza njengethuluzi lokuvimbela / lokuxwayisa. Ukudlidliza umsila ophakanyisiwe, othweswe umqhele wokukhononda, kukhombisa ukuthi isirhubuluzi sinovalo futhi kungcono uphume endleleni yaso.
Ngokusho kukaNikolai Drozdov, umsindo wamasongo wokudlidliza uyafana nokuqhekeka okwenziwa iphrojektha yefilimu emincane futhi ungezwakala ebangeni elifinyelela kumamitha angama-30.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ukube i-rattlesnakes ibiphila sonke isikhathi esibekwe yimvelo, bebengeke bashiye leli zwe ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-30. Okungenani, lokhu kungukuthi amakhanda emigodi ahlala isikhathi eside kangakanani ekuthunjweni (ngokunethezeka nangaphandle kwezitha zemvelo). Ngokubanzi, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo azifinyeleli njalo emashumini amabili, futhi iningi lifa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
Ngokwabacwaningi be-herpetologists, cishe isigamu sezinyoka (izinhlobo eziyi-106) zihlala ezwenikazi laseMelika kanye nezinhlobo ezimbalwa (ezingama-69) eSoutheast Asia.
Okuwukuphela kwamakhanda emigodi angene kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres asemhlabeni abizwa nge-shitomordniki... Yiqiniso, eNyakatho Melika kunezincane kakhulu zazo - izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela. Ababili (empumalanga kanye ne-shitomordniki ejwayelekile) batholakala eMpumalanga Ekude yezwe lethu, e-Asia Ephakathi nase-Azerbaijan. I-Oriental nayo iyatholakala eChina, Japan naseKorea, izakhamuzi zayo ezifunde ukupheka izitsha ezinhle kakhulu kusuka enyameni yenyoka.
Inyoka ejwayelekile iyabonakala e-Afghanistan, e-Iran, eKorea, eMongolia naseChina, kanti i-hunchback iyabonakala eSri Lanka nase-India. I-mace ebushelelezi ihlala e-Indochina Peninsula, eSumatra naseJava. IHimalaya ithanda izintaba, ukunqoba iziqongo ezifika kumamitha ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu.
E-Nenkabazwe yaseMpumalanga, kuhlala ama-keffis ahlukahlukene, okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kubhekwa njengomhlali waseJapane - ihabhu lemitha elilodwa nohhafu. Intaba keffiyeh ibhaliswe e-Indochina Peninsula nase-Himalaya, nakuqalo - eNdiya, eNepal nasePakistan.
ENtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, kukhona neminye imivini yomgodi ebizwa ngokuthi ama-botrops. Ama-rattlesnake amaningi kakhulu eBrazil, eParaguay nase-Uruguay athathwa njengama-rattles hot, futhi eMexico - urutu.
Indlela yokuphila ye-Rattlesnake
Ama-Pit Heads awumphakathi onhlobonhlobo ongawathola amalungu noma yikuphi kusuka ezingwadule kuya ezintabeni.... Isibonelo, inyoka yamanzi "idla" emaxhaphozini, ezimfundeni ezimanzi, osebeni lwamachibi nemifula, naseBothrops athrox ithanda ihlathi elishisayo.
Ezinye izinyoka okuthiwa ama-rattlesnakes cishe azisuki ezihlahleni, ezinye zizizwa zinokuzethemba okukhulu phansi, kanti ezinye zikhethe amadwala.
Ntambama eshisayo, ama-rattlesnake aphumula ngaphansi kwamatshe, iziqu zezihlahla eziwile, ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile, ezisekelweni zeziqu kanye nasemigodini eshiywe ngamagundane, ethola amandla asondele kusihlwa. Umsebenzi wasebusuku ujwayelekile ngenkathi eshisayo: ngezikhathi ezipholile, izinyoka ziyakhanya ngesikhathi sasemini.
Okubandayo ngenkathi ebandayo, kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezikhulelwe, kuvame ukushiswa yilanga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinyoka eziningi zihlala zithembekile iminyaka kuze kufike emgodini owawukhethiwe, lapho inzalo yazo eningi iqhubeka nokuhlala khona. UNora ubonakala ezuzwe njengefa amashumi namakhulu eminyaka.
Emgodini womndeni onjalo, kuhlala amakoloni amakhulu ezinyoka. Ukuphuma kokuqala, ukuzingela, ukukhwelana kanye nokufuduka kwesizini kwenzeka eduze komgodi. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-rattlesnake ziyalala ezinkampanini ezinkulu, zifudumale ngesikhathi sokulala, kuyilapho ezinye zihlukana.
Ukudla, ukukhiqizwa
Ama-Rattlesnake, njengezilwane ezijwayele ukuzingela, azimelele abese elinda inyamazane yawo ukuba ifike ebangeni eliphonsayo. Isiginali sokuhlaselwa okusondelayo ukugoba kwentamo okumise okwe-S, lapho ikhanda le-rattlesnake libheke ngasesitha. Ubude bokuphonsa bulingana no-1/3 wobude bomzimba wenyoka.
Njengezinye izinyoka, izinyoka zemigodi zihlasela inyamazane ngobuthi kunokuba zibambe. Ama-Rattlesnake adla kakhulu izilwane ezincane ezinegazi elifudumele, kepha hhayi zona kuphela. Ukudla (kuya ngendawo) kuqukethe:
- amagundane, kufaka phakathi amagundane, amagundane nonogwaja;
- izinyoni;
- inhlanzi;
- amaxoxo;
- izibankwa;
- izinyoka ezincane;
- izinambuzane, kufaka phakathi ama-cicadas kanye nezibungu.
Izinyoka ezisakhula zivame ukusebenzisa izeluleko zazo ezinemibala egqamile ukuheha izibankwa namaxoxo.
Emini, ama-rattlesnake athola inyamazane ngosizo lwezitho ezijwayelekile zombono, kepha into efriziwe ngaphandle kokunyakaza kungenzeka inganakwa. Ebusuku, bayabasiza, baphendula ukushisa kwemigodi, behlukanisa izingxenyana zamadigri. Noma kumnyama bhuqe, inyoka ibona isifunda esishisayo sesisulu esidalwe yimisebe ye-infrared.
Izitha zenyoka
Okokuqala, lo ngumuntu ochitha izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ekuzingeleni injabulo noma ngenxa yokwesaba okungafanele. Iningi le-rattlesnakes lichotshoziwe emigwaqweni. Ngokuvamile, inani lezinyoka ezinamakhanda, njengezinye izinyoka, lehle kakhulu emhlabeni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yama-rattlesnakes, kwavela enye yezindlela zakudala ze-rumba yaseMexico: umdansi uphonsa umlenze wakhe phambili noma eceleni, ecindezela okuthile ngesithende sakhe. Kuvele ukuthi izinyoka bezihlasela njalo lapho amadoda efunda ukunyathela izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa i-rumba.
Izitha zemvelo zenyoka, kanye nabantu, yilezi:
- obhejane bomsila obomvu;
- ama-coyotes;
- ama-raccoon;
- izimpungushe;
- izinyoka, kufaka phakathi ama-musuran amakhulu (kufika ku-2.4 m);
- I-California isebenza ngamakhukhamba.
Izici ezinciphisa inani lama-rattlesnakes zihlanganisa amakhaza asebusuku, abulala izingane ezisanda kuchanyuselwa.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwenyoka
Iningi le-viviparous rattlesnakes liyashada ngemuva kobusika (ngo-Ephreli-Meyi) noma kamuva, kuya ngobubanzi... Imvamisa, isidoda sasehlobo sigcinwa emzimbeni wowesifazane kuze kube sentwasahlobo elandelayo, futhi ngoJuni kuphela isirhubuluzi esizalela amaqanda. Ku-clutch kunezicucu ezisukela ku-2 kuye ku-86 (Bothrops atrox), kepha ngokwesilinganiso i-9-12, futhi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu inzalo iyazalwa.
Njengomthetho, ngaphambi kokubeka amaqanda, abesifazane bakhasa besuka emgodini wabo ngo-0.5 km, kepha kwenzeka ukuthi izinyoka zichamule esidlekeni somndeni. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, owesifazane, ebuyise amandla akhe, uzobe esekulungele ukukhwelwa okulandelayo.
Kuzoba mnandi: zizala kanjani izinyoka
Lapho zinezinsuku eziyishumi, ama-rattlesnakes achitha isikhumba sabo okokuqala, lapho kwakhiwa khona "inkinobho" ekugcineni komsila, okugcina kuphenduke umsindo. Cishe ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, izinyoka zizama ukuthola indlela yazo yokungena emgodini wazo, kepha hhayi wonke umuntu ophumelelayo: abanye babulawa amakhaza kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye, abanye bayaphambuka.
Abesilisa bamanqe emigodi bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili ngeminyaka emi-2, abesifazane ngabathathu.
Ubuthi be-Rattlesnake, ukulunywa yinyoka
I-rattlesnake enobuthi futhi enesihluku kunazo zonke ibizwa ngokuthi iCrotalus scutulatus, ehlala ezingwadule nasezihlathini zaseNyakatho Melika. Lapho ehlasela, ujove i-neurotoxin ekhethiwe.
Kodwa-ke, cishe wonke ama-rattlesnakes anobuthi ikakhulukazi: ushevu uvame ukudala ukopha ngaphakathi, kuholele ekushisweni i-anaphylactic, ukwehluleka ukuphefumula, ukwehluleka kwezinso nokufa.
Kuyiqiniso, ukwahlulela ngezibalo, e-United States minyaka yonke abantu abayi-10-15 bafa kwabangu-8 000 abalunywe, okukhombisa izinga eliphakeme lomuthi nokuba khona kwama-antidotes amahle anamuhla.
Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi inyoka yenyoka ayivamile ukuhlasela umuntu, incamela ukuthatha umhlalaphansi lapho ihlangana... Ngesikhathi esifanayo, angazamazamisa umsindo wakhe, azise izihlobo zakhe ngengozi engaba khona.
Uma ulunywe yi-shitomordnik, futhi awulungisanga ikhambi, khumbula izindlela zabantu zokulwa nobuthi bezinyoka:
- phuza itiye eliningi (elishisayo, elimnandi futhi elinamandla kakhulu);
- phuza i-vodka (uma uyithola);
- thatha i-cordiamine (uma kungenzeka);
- faka / phuza ama-antihistamine (suprastin, tavegil noma abanye).
Futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi inyoka, uma ilunywa, ayifaki umjovo njalo: kwesinye isikhathi kuba uhlobo lwesenzo esenzelwe ukukhombisa usongo.
Ukugcina inyoka yenyoka ekhaya
Okokuqala, cabanga ngokucophelela ukuthi uzokwazi yini ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwakho nalabo abaseduze kwakho ngokuqala inyoka. Uma impendulo inguyebo, thola i-terrarium yohlobo oluvundlile (enobukhulu obungu-80 * 50 * 50 babantu abadala abangu-2-3).
Okudingayo ukuhlomisa umhume wenyoka wesikhathi esizayo:
- inhlabathi lapho i-substrate kakhukhunathi noma i-cypress mulch exutshwe nobulembu notshani ilungile;
- ungqimba lwamahlamvu (ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi) ukuletha indawo yokuhlala eduze kwemvelo. Ungathatha noma yimaphi amaqabunga, kufaka phakathi i-linden, i-birch ne-oki;
- itshe elihlangene elishisayo elizothatha indawo yamatshe;
- amagxolo nezinkuni, lapho kuzocasha khona izinyoka;
- isitsha sokuphuza esigcotshwe ubulembu nobulembu: ngale ndlela uthola indawo enomswakama ophakeme, ngenkathi uvikela amanzi ekundizeni ngezicucu zenhlabathi.
Izilwane ezifuywayo zizodinga ukushisa kwebanga labo lasekhaya... Lokhu kusho ukuthi ebusuku ku-terrarium akufanele kube kubanda + 21 + 23 degrees, futhi emini - + 29 + 32 degrees (emkhakheni ofudumele) no + 25 + 27 degrees (ezindaweni ezinomthunzi). Umswakama womoya ugcinwa ezingeni lama-40-50% ngokufafaza i-terrarium ngesibhamu sokufutha kanye ngosuku noma ngokufaka i-generator yenkungu.
Kuzoba mnandi: ukugcina izinyoka ekhaya
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezindala zondliwa njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-10-14 ukuze zingavusi ukukhuluphala. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-rattlesnake kuzoba ngamagundane amancane; ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, izinambuzane ezinkulu namaxoxo zifakwa ekudleni.
