Umqali wokhuni oluhlaza uyinyoni ejwayelekile entshonalanga ye-Eurasia, eyomndeni wakwaWoodpecker ne-Woodpecker oda. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokuthambekela kokwehla kwenani eliphelele lenyoni engajwayelekile enezimpaphe ezikhanyayo.
Incazelo nokubukeka
Inyoni le iphakathi ngobukhulu, kodwana inkulu khulu kune-woodpecker ephethwe mpunga... Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala bungu-33-36 cm ngamaphiko angama-40-44 cm nesisindo esingu-150-250 amagremu. Izimpaphe ezisemaphikweni nasemzimbeni ophezulu zinombala oluhlaza okomnqumo. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba wenyoni ihlukaniswa ngombala onombala ophuzi, ohlaza okotshani noma okhanyayo ngokukhanyayo, ngokuba khona kwemigqa emnyama nehambisanayo. Izinhlangothi zentamo nekhanda ziluhlaza okombala, kuyilapho ingemuva lilokhu limnyama ngokungaguquguquki. Indawo yomphimbo ngaphambili inombala okhanyayo.
Isici somqhele nangemuva kwekhanda ubukhona besigaxa esincanyana sezimpaphe ezibomvu ezikhanyayo. Ingxenye engaphambili yekhanda nomngcele ozungeze amehlo kumnyama ngombala futhi kufana "nomaski omnyama" ohlukile ogqame kahle ngemuva kwesigqoko sombala obomvu nezihlathi eziluhlaza. Iris imhlophe ngombala ophuzi. Uqhwaku lwale nyoni lu-grey okuholayo, ngesisekelo esiphuzi se-mandible. I-Upertertil ibizwa kakhulu, iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwesihlahla somuthi oluhlaza iPisus viridis shаrpei sezisabalele endaweni yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia futhi kwesinye isikhathi kubhekwa njengezilwane ezizimele, ezihluke kakhulu kunabantu abakhulu.
Inhloko yenyoni enjalo ibonakala ngokungabi bikho okuphelele kwezimpaphe ezimnyama nokuba khona "kwemaski" yombala ompunga omnyama oseduze kwamehlo. Enye into engaphansi kwesihlahla somuthi oluhlaza ifomu le-vаillantii, elivame kakhulu enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMorocco nasenyakatho ntshonalanga neTunisia. Leli fomu laziwa kangcono njengesiqandisi sokhuni esiluhlaza okotshani.
Indawo yokuhlala nezindawo zokuhlala
Indawo yokuhlala enkulu yabantu abahlala esihlahleni somuthi oluhlaza imelwe ngu:
- ingxenye esentshonalanga ye-Eurasia;
- ugu lwaseMedithera lwaseTurkey;
- amazwe angaphansi kweCaucasus;
- insimu yeNyakatho ye-Iran;
- ingxenye eseningizimu yeTurkmenistan;
- ingxenye eseningizimu yogu lweGulf of Finland;
- umlomo womfula wamaKama;
- ILake Ladoga;
- IVolga Valley;
- Izinkuni;
- izindawo ezingezansi zeDniester neDanube;
- ingxenye esempumalanga ye-Ireland;
- ezinye iziqhingi eMedithera;
- izindawo ezihlangene zamahlathi ezungeze iNaro-Fominsk, eChekhovsky naseSerpukhovsky, kanye nasezifundeni zaseStupinsky naseKashirsky.
Isihlahla somuthi oluhlaza sitholakala kakhulu emahlathini, ezingadini nasemapaki.... Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu ukuthola inyoni enjalo ezindaweni ezihlanganisiwe noma ezinamahlathi. Izinyoni zithanda cishe noma yimaphi ama-semi-open landscape, ngakho-ke zivame ukuhlala emaphethelweni emihosha yehlathi, ezigodini zezikhukhula eziseduze kwe-oki noma amahlathi e-alder.
Imvamisa, inani elikhulu labantu lingatholakala onqenqemeni lwehlathi nasezimpambanweni, futhi imfuneko yokwakhiwa kwesidleke sokhuni oluhlaza iwukuba khona kwenqwaba yezindlwana zobumba ezinkulu. Izintuthwane ezibhekwa njengokudla okuthandwa kakhulu yilezi zinhlobo zezinyoni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zingabonwa maphakathi nentwasahlobo, lapho isikhathi sezindiza zokukhwelana ezisebenzayo, ezihambisana nokukhala okukhulu nokuvamisile, siqala ngokhuni oluhlaza okotshani.
Indlela yokuphila yokhuni oluhlaza okotshani
Umqali wokhuni oluhlaza, yize enezimpaphe eziqhakazile nezasekuqaleni, uncamela ukuba nemfihlo kakhulu, okugqama kakhulu ngesikhathi sokufukamela ngobuningi. Lezi zinhlobo zomndeni we-woodpecker zihlala zihlala phansi, kodwa ziyakwazi ukuzulazula amabanga amafushane zifuna ukudla. Ngisho nasebusika obunzima nobulambile, abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza bakhetha ukuhamba ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka endaweni yobusuku.
Ukuziphatha kwezinyoni
Isici sokungqongqoza kwezinkuni eziningi zezinkuni nakho kuyindlela izinyoni ezixhumana ngayo.... Kepha abagawuli bezinkuni abahlaza bahlukile kwizizukulwane zabo ngekhono lokuhamba kahle kakhulu emhlabathini, futhi futhi cishe abacishe babe "nesigubhu" futhi abavamisile ukuba neziqu zezihlahla zesando ngemilomo yabo. Ukundiza kwale nyoni kujulile futhi kufana nokugagamela, ngezimpawu zamaphiko ayo ngqo lapho isuka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza banezidladla ezineminwe emine nezinzipho ezicijile ezigobile, ngosizo lwazo abambelela ngokuqinile kumagxolo ezihlahla, futhi kulokhu umsila usebenza njengokweseka inyoni.
Ukukhala kokhula oluhlaza okwezinkuni kuzwakala cishe unyaka wonke. Izinyoni zingamemeza, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ubulili buni, futhi le nkulumo ibukhali futhi ikhala kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nokukhala kokhula lwezinwele olumpunga. Phakathi kokunye, ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukukhala kwalolu hlobo kuvame ukuhambisana nohlobo "lokuhleka" noma "ukukhala", okuhlala kugcinwa ngezwi elifanayo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila sezinhlobo zonke zomqambi wezinkuni, njengokujwayelekile, cishe siyiminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, kepha abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza endaweni yabo yemvelo abavamile ukweqa umugqa weminyaka eyisikhombisa.
Isimo sezinhlobo nobuningi
Lezi zinhlobo zisanda kufakwa ohlwini kwiRed Book ezifundeni ezakhelene nezindawo zaseRyazan naseYaroslavl, kanti futhi ziyatholakala nasemakhasini eMoscow Red Book. Zonke izindawo zokuhlala isihlahla somuthi oluhlaza esifundeni saseMoscow ziyavikelwa.
Kuze kube manje, alukho ulwazi mayelana nokuzalaniswa ngempumelelo kwalezi zinhlobo ekuthunjweni, ngakho-ke, ukuze kulondolozwe inani labantu elinciphayo, izinyathelo ziyathathwa, ezethulwe ngukusungulwa nokuvikelwa kweziqhwa ezinkulu kunazo zonke, kanye nazo zonke izindawo ezidingekayo ukuze umqhumbuzi wezinkuni ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke.
Kuyathakazelisa! Njengamanje, inani labantu besihlahla somuthi oluhlaza esiseduze naseMoscow selizinzile ngamanani aphansi, futhi inani laso lonke alidluli ngazimbili eziyikhulu.
Ukudla isihlahla somuthi oluhlaza
Abagawuli bezinkuni abaluhlaza bangabesigaba sezinyoni ezinamandla ngokungavamile.... Ubumnandi obuthandwa kakhulu yilezi zinyoni izintuthwane, ezidliwa kalula kakhulu. Lapho befuna izintuthwane ezinkulu, abagwedli bokhuni bandiza phakathi kwezihlahla. Ngemuva kokutholakala kwenduli, izinyoni zindiza ziye phezulu, bese zimba umgodi ojule ngo-8-10 cm bese ziqala ukulinda ukuthi izinambuzane ziphume. Zonke izintuthwane eziphuma emgodini zivele, zamane zakhotha ngolimi olude nolunamathelayo lukaphikisi oluhlaza okotshani.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ebusika, lapho izintuthwane zingena zijule kakhulu emhlabathini ukuze zisuse isimo sezulu esibandayo, futhi yonke indawo yomhlaba imbozwe ungqimba olujiyile lweqhwa, isihlahla somuthi esiluhlaza, sifuna ukudla, siyakwazi ukumba hhayi kuphela ukujula, kepha nezimbobo ezinde ngokwedlulele.
Ngokuqala kokuphela kwekwindla noma amakhaza asebusika, izinyoni zingashintsha kancane ukudla kwazo okujwayelekile. Ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka, izinyoni zifuna izinambuzane zokucasha noma zokulala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zehlathi. Isiqophamithi asidluli ukudla kwezitshalo, sisebenzisa izithelo ze-berry yew kanye nomlotha wasezintabeni zasendle njengokudla okwengeziwe. Eminyakeni elambile ikakhulukazi, le nyoni izondla ngezithelo eziwile zama-mulberry namagilebhisi, idla ama-cherries nama-cherries, ama-apula kanye namapheya, futhi ingakhanda namajikijolo noma imbewu esele emagatsheni.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokukhiqiza esisebenza kakhulu somqambi wokhuni oluhlaza siwela ngasekupheleni konyaka wokuqala wokuphila. Isasasa lokukhwelana ngezinyoni zalezi zinhlobo liphawulwa ekuqaleni noma maphakathi noFebhuwari, futhi lihlala kuze kube maphakathi nenyanga edlule yasentwasahlobo. Cishe ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zika-Ephreli, abesilisa nabesifazane babukeka bephilile, ngakho-ke bavame ukundiza besuka kwelinye igatsha baye kwelinye, ngokuzwakalayo futhi bavame ukumemeza. Kwesinye isikhathi ngalesi sikhathi ungezwa isigqi se- "sigubhu" esingajwayelekile.
Sebeke bahlangana, owesilisa nowesifazane, ngaphezu kokushintshana ngamasiginali nomsindo wezwi, baqale bagijimisane isikhathi eside, bese behlala phansi eduze komunye nomunye, banikine amakhanda futhi bathinte imilomo yabo. Amabili abunjwe kaningi kusuka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaMashi kuya engxenyeni yokuqala ka-Ephreli. Ngemuva kokuthi laba babili sebakhiwe ekugcineni, owesilisa wenza isiko lokudla lowesifazane, bese inqubo yokuqhudelana yenzeka.
Ukuhlelwa kwesidleke, njengomthetho, kwenziwa emgodini omdala, owasala ngemuva kwezinye izinhlobo zezinkuni.... Njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho kokubuka lezi zinyoni kubonisa, isidleke esisha sakhiwa ngababili ebangeni elingeqi isigamu sekhilomitha esidlekeni sangonyaka odlule. Yonke inqubo yokuzakhela umgodi omusha ayithathi isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga. Kukhethwa kuqala izinhlobo zemithi ezinqabileyo ezinokhuni oluthambile ngokwanele:
- ubhabhulini;
- ibhithi;
- vusa;
- i-birch;
- i-willow.
Ukujula okumaphakathi kwesidleke esiqediwe kuyahluka phakathi kuka-30-50 cm, nobubanzi obungu-15-18 cm.I-notch eyisiyingi noma emile ayilingani ngobukhulu. Ingxenye yonke engaphakathi yomgodi imbozwe ngothuli lwokhuni. Isikhathi sokubeka siyahluka ngokuya ngendawo yendawo yokwakha isidleke. Ezifundeni eziningi zezwe lethu, amaqanda avame ukubekwa ngumqali womuthi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sekwephuze impela, ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-clutch egcwele imvamisa iqukethe amaqanda angama-oblong amahlanu kuya kwayisishiyagalombili, embozwe ngegobolondo elimhlophe nelicwebezelayo. Amasayizi amaqanda ajwayelekile angama-27-35x20-25 mm.
Inqubo yokuqothula ithatha amasonto ambalwa noma ngaphezulu. Owesilisa nowesifazane bazalela amaqanda, ngokunye. Ebusuku, eyeduna ikakhulu isesidlekeni. Uma i-clutch yangempela ilahlekile, insikazi iyakwazi ukushintsha indawo yesidleke iphinde ibeke amaqanda futhi.
Ukuzalwa kwamachwane kubonakala ngokuvumelanisa. Amachwane achamisela enqunu, ngaphandle kwekhava le-downy. Bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ekunakekeleni nasekondleni izingane zabo, eziphindisela ukudla okulethwe nokuqotshiwe emlonyeni wazo. Amachwane aqala ukundiza aphume esidlekeni emasontweni amane ngemuva kokuzalwa. Ekuqaleni, amatshwele asekhulile enza izindiza ezincane. Cishe izinyanga ezimbalwa, zonke izinyoni ezisencane zihlala ndawonye nabazali bazo, kodwa-ke imindeni yabagawuli bokhuni abahlakazekile nezinyoni ezincane ziyandiza zihambe.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo zomgawuli ohlaza okotshani zibandakanya izidlova ezinamaphiko nezomhlaba, ezikwaziyo ukuzingela abantu abadala, futhi kaningi zichitha izidleke zezinyoni. Ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu kubuye kwenziwe lula ukuncintisana nesiqophamithi esinezinwele ezimpunga kanye nomsebenzi wabantu, obangela ukoma kwezindawo ezinkulu ezinamatafula abanzi. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, isihlahla somuthi esiluhlaza siyafa ngenxa yethonya lokwehla kwe-anthropogenic, kufaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwamadokodo amakhulu ehlobo nokuzilibazisa komhlaba.
