I-albatross ethanda inkululeko ithandwa yizimbongi nezothando. Izinkondlo zizinikele kuye futhi bakholelwa ukuthi amazulu ayayivikela le nyoni: ngokwenganekwane, akekho noyedwa umbulali we-albatross ongajeziswa.
Incazelo, ukubukeka kwe-albatross
Le nyoni yasolwandle ebabazekayo ingeyokuhlelwa kwama-petrels... I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ihlukanisa umndeni omkhulu wama-albatross ezigabeni ezine ezinezinhlobo ezingama-22, kodwa isibalo sisephikiswa.
Ezinye izinhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, ama-albatross asebukhosini nalawo azulazulayo, adlula zonke izinyoni eziphilayo ngamaphiko (ngaphezu kuka-3.4 m).
Izimpaphe zabantu abadala zakhiwe ngokungafani nengxenye emnyama ephezulu / engaphandle yamaphiko nesifuba esimhlophe: ezinye izinhlobo zingacishe zibe nsundu, ezinye - zimhlophe njengeqhwa, njengamaduna e-royal albatross. Ezilwaneni ezincane, umbala wokugcina wezimpaphe uvela ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa.
Uqhwaku olunamandla lwe-albatross luphela ngoqhwaku oluxhunyiwe. Ngenxa yamakhala amade aluliwe, le nyoni iyazi kahle iphunga (elingajwayelekile ezinyonini), "eliyiholela" ngemuva.
Akukho nzwane yangemuva esidladleni ngasinye, kepha kunezinzwani ezintathu zangaphambili ezihlanganiswe ulwelwesi. Imilenze eqinile ivumela yonke i-albatross ukuba ihambe kalula emhlabeni.
Lapho ifuna ukudla, ama-albatross akwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade ngomzamo omncane, esebenzisa i-oblique noma i-hover enamandla. Izimpiko zazo zihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi le nyoni ikwazi ukundiza emoyeni isikhathi eside, kodwa ingazi kahle ukundiza okundiza okude. I-albatross ishaya amaphiko ayo ngesikhathi sokusuka kwayo, incike kakhulu emandleni nasesiqondisweni somoya.
Lapho kuthule, izinyoni ziyaluza phezu kwamanzi kuze kube yilapho umoya wokuqala uzisiza. Emagagasini olwandle, awagcini nje ngokuphumula endleleni, kodwa futhi alala.
Kuyathakazelisa! Igama elithi "albatross" livela ku-al-ġaţţās yesi-Arabhu ("diver"), ngesiPutukezi eyaqala ukuzwakala njenge-alcatraz, yase ifudukela esiNgisini naseRussia. Ngaphansi kwethonya le-Latin albus ("emhlophe"), i-alcatraz kamuva yaba yi-albatross. I-Alcatraz yigama lesiqhingi esiseCalifornia lapho kugcinwa khona izigebengu eziyingozi kakhulu.
Indawo yokuhlala izilwane zasendle
Iningi lama-albatross ahlala eningizimu yezwe, lisakazeka lisuka e-Australia liya e-Antarctica, kanye naseNingizimu Melika naseNingizimu Afrika.
Okuhlukile kufaka izinhlobo ezine zezinhlobo zePhoebastria. Abathathu babo bahlala eNyakatho Pacific Ocean, ukusuka eHawaii kuya eJapan, eCalifornia nase-Alaska. Uhlobo lwesine, iGalapagos albatross, ifolishi elisogwini lwasePacific eNingizimu Melika futhi lubonakala eziQhingini zaseGalapagos.
Indawo yokwabiwa kwama-albatross ihlobene ngqo nokwehluleka kwabo ezindizeni ezisebenzayo, okwenza ukuwela umkhakha ozolile we-equator kube cishe kungenzeki. Futhi yiGalapagos albatross kuphela eyafunda ukunqoba imisinga yomoya eyakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya lamakhaza asolwandle abandayo kaHumboldt.
Abaqaphi bezinyoni, besebenzisa iziphuphutheki ukulandela ukuhamba kwama-albatross olwandle, bathole ukuthi izinyoni azihlanganyeli ekufudukeni kwenkathi ethile. Ama-Albatross asakazeka ezindaweni zemvelo ezahlukahlukene ngemuva kokuphela kwenkathi yokuzalanisa.
Uhlobo ngalunye lukhetha indawo yalo nomzila walo: ngokwesibonelo, ama-albatross aseningizimu ngokuvamile ahamba ohambweni lwe-circumpolar emhlabeni jikelele.
Isizinda, isabelo sokudla
Izinhlobo ze-Albatross (kanye nabantu abangenayo i-intraspecific) ziyahluka hhayi kuphela endaweni yokuhlala, kepha futhi nasezintandokazi zokudla, yize ukudla kwabo kucishe kufane. Inani kuphela lomthombo wokudla ohlukile, okungaba:
- inhlanzi;
- cephalopods;
- ama-crustaceans;
- zooplankton;
- isidumbu.
Abanye bakhetha ukuzitika nge-squid, abanye badobela i-krill noma inhlanzi. Isibonelo, ezinhlotsheni ezimbili "zaseHawaii", eyodwa, i-albatross enesibindi esimnyama, igxile ku-squid, kanti eyesibili, i-albatross enezinwele ezimnyama, inhlanzi.
Abaqaphi bezinyoni bathole ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile ze-albatross zidla kalula nje izidumbu... Ngakho-ke, i-albatross ezulazulayo igxile ku-squid ofa ngesikhathi sokuzala, ulahlwe njengodoti wokudoba, futhi wenqatshwe ezinye izilwane.
Ukubaluleka kokuwela kwimenyu yezinye izinhlobo (ezinjenge-grey-headed or black-browed albatrosses) akukuhle kangako: ama-squid amancane aba yisisulu sabo, futhi lapho efa, ajwayele ukuya ezansi ngokushesha.
Kuyathakazelisa! Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, kuye kwasuswa inkolelo-mbono yokuthi ama-albatross acosha ukudla ebusweni bolwandle. Zazihlonyelwe imisindo enomsindo eyayilinganisa ukujula kwezinyoni. Izazi zebhayoloji zithole ukuthi izinhlobo eziningana (kufaka phakathi i-wandering albatross) yehlela cishe ku-1 m, kanti ezinye (kufaka phakathi i-albatross enamafu) zingehlela ku-5 m, zikhuphule ukujula ziye kumamitha ayi-12.5 uma kudingeka.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-albatross athola ukudla emini, adonsela ngemuva kwesisulu hhayi emanzini kuphela, kodwa nasemoyeni.
Indlela yokuphila, izitha ze-albatross
Okuyindida ukuthi wonke ama-albatross, cishe angenazo izitha zemvelo, asengcupheni yokuqothulwa ekhulwini lethu leminyaka futhi athathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Izizathu eziyinhloko ezaletha izinyoni kulayini obulalayo yilezi:
- ukubhujiswa kwabo okukhulu ngenxa yezimpaphe zezigqoko zabesifazane;
- izilwane ezingenisiwe, ezizidlayo amaqanda, amaphuphu nezinyoni ezindala;
- ukungcoliswa kwemvelo;
- ukufa kwama-albatross ngesikhathi sokudoba isikhathi eside;
- ukuncipha kwamasheya ezinhlanzi zasolwandle.
Isiko lokuzingela ama-albatross lavela kubantu basePolynesia nabaseNdiya basendulo: sibonga kubo, abantu bonke banyamalala, njengoba kwakunjalo esiqhingini. Iphasika. Kamuva, abasolwandle baseYurophu nabo benza umnikelo wabo, babamba izinyoni zokuhlobisa amatafula noma ezemidlalo.
Ukubulawa kwabantu kwaqonga ngesikhathi sokuhlala okusebenzayo e-Australia, kwagcina ngokutholakala kwemithetho yezibhamu... Ekhulwini leminyaka ngaphambili, i-albatross emhlophe, eyadutshulwa ngonya ngabazingeli bezimpaphe, yacishe yanyamalala ngokuphelele.
Okubalulekile!Esikhathini sethu, ama-albatross aqhubeka nokufa ngenxa yezinye izizathu, kufaka phakathi ukugwinya izingwegwe zokubhekana nokudoba. Izazi ze-ornithologists zibale ukuthi lokhu okungenani yizinyoni eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngonyaka.
Usongo olulandelayo luvela ezilwaneni ezifakiwe (amagundane, amagundane namakati endle), ezidla izidleke nokuhlasela abantu abadala. Ama-albatross awanawo amakhono okuzivikela njengoba ezihlalela kude nezilwane zasendle eziyingozi. Izinkomo zalethwa. I-Amsterdam, yaba yisizathu esingaqondile sokwehla kwama-albatross, njengoba ayedla utshani lapho izinyoni zazifihla khona izidleke zazo.
Enye into engaba yingozi yimfucumfucu yepulasitiki ehlala esiswini ingagayeki noma ivimbe umgudu wokugaya ukudla ukuze inyoni ingazizwa ilambile. Uma ipulasitiki ifika enganeni, iyeka ukukhula ngokujwayelekile, ngoba ayidingi ukudla okuvela kubazali, ibhekene nomuzwa ongamanga wokusutha.
Abalondolozi bemvelo abaningi manje basebenzela izindlela zokunciphisa imfucuza epulasitiki ephelela olwandle.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Ama-albatross angahlukaniswa njengezibindi ezinde ezinyoni... Abaqaphi bezinyoni balinganisela isilinganiso seminyaka yabo yokuphila cishe engxenyeni yekhulu leminyaka. Ososayensi bakusekela abakuphawulile esicelweni esisodwa sezinhlobo zeDiomedea sanfordi (royal albatross). Wathintwa lapho esekhulile, futhi wamlandela eminye iminyaka engama-51.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziphakamise ukuthi i-albatross ene-ringed iye yahlala endaweni yayo yemvelo okungenani iminyaka engu-61.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-albatross
Zonke izinhlobo zibonisa ukukhishwa kwengqondo (ukwethembeka endaweni yokuzalwa), kubuya ebusika hhayi ezindaweni zabo kuphela, kepha cishe nasezidlekeni zabo zabazali. Ukuzalanisa, iziqhingi ezinama-capes ezinamadwala zikhethiwe, lapho kungekho zilwane ezidlayo, kepha kukhona ukufinyelela okukhululekile olwandle.
Ama-Albatross anokuzala sekwedlule isikhathi (aneminyaka emihlanu), futhi aqala ukukhwelana ngisho kamuva: ezinye izinhlobo azikho ngaphambi kweminyaka eyishumi. I-albatross izimisele kakhulu ngokukhetha umlingani ozophila naye, okushintsha kuphela uma lo mbhangqwana ungenayo inzalo.
Iminyaka eminingana (!), Indoda ibheka umakoti wayo, ivakashela leli koloni unyaka nonyaka futhi inakekele abesifazane abaningana... Njalo ngonyaka unciphisa umbuthano wabalingani abangahle abe khona aze azinze koyedwa.
Kukhona iqanda elilodwa kuphela ku-clutch ye-albatross: uma libhujiswa ngengozi, owesifazane ubeka elinye. Izidleke zakhiwa ngezitshalo ezizungezile noma inhlabathi / i-peat.
Kuyathakazelisa! IPhoebastria irrorata (iGalapagos albatross) ayikhathazi ngokwakha isidleke, ikhetha ukugoqa iqanda elibekiwe elizungeze leli koloni. Uvame ukuyishayela ibanga elingamamitha angama-50 futhi akakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwayo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Abazali bahlala bamba ngokulandelana, ngaphandle kokuvuka esidlekeni kusuka ezinsukwini ezi-1 kuye kwezingu-21. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamachwane, abazali bawafudumeza amanye amasonto amathathu, bewapha izinhlanzi, iskwidi, ikrill namafutha amancane, akhiqizwa esiswini senyoni.
Ama-albatross amancane enza indiza yawo yokuqala ngezinsuku eziyi-140-170, kanye nabamele uhlobo lweDiomedea noma kamuva - ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-280. Njengoba isikhuphukile ephikweni, iphuphu alisekho ekusekelweni ngabazali futhi lingashiya isidleke salo.
