Isilwane esincelisayo, ibhere le-polar, noma i-polar bear (i-Ursus maritimus), siyisihlobo esiseduze sebhere elinsundu futhi siyisilwane esikhulu esidla umhlaba namuhla.
Isici nencazelo
Ibhere elisendaweni emhlophe lingelinye lezilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba ezisuka ekuhlelweni kwezilwane ezizingelayo.... Ubude bomzimba womuntu omdala bungamamitha amathathu futhi bunesisindo esifinyelela kwithani. Isisindo sesilisa, njengomthetho, siyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-400-800 kg nobude bomzimba obungu-2.0-2.5 m, ukuphakama kokubuna akudluli imitha elilodwa nohhafu. Abesifazane bancane kakhulu, futhi isisindo sabo asivamile ukudlula ama-200-250 kg. Isigaba samabhere amancane kunawo wonke afaka phakathi abantu abahlala eSvalbard, kanti amakhulu kunawo wonke atholakala eduze koLwandle iBering.
Kuyathakazelisa!Isici samabhere we-polar ubukhona bentamo ende ende nenhloko eyisicaba. Isikhumba simnyama, futhi umbala wejazi loboya uyahlukahluka kusuka kokumhlophe kuye komthubi ophuzi. Ehlobo, uboya besilwane buba phuzi ngenxa yokuchayeka isikhathi eside elangeni.
Ijazi lamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo alinayo nhlobo i-pigment coloration, futhi izinwele zinesakhiwo esiyize. Isici sezinwele eziguqukayo yikhono lokudlulisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kuphela, okunikeza uboya izici zokufudumeza ezishisayo. Kukhona noboya obushibilikayo ematheni ezinyawo. Ulwelwesi lokubhukuda phakathi kwezinzwani. Izinzipho ezinkulu zivumela umhlaseli ukuba abambelele ngisho nasisisulu esinamandla kakhulu futhi esikhulu.
Ama-subspecies aphelile
Ibhere elikhulu kakhulu elingasekho noma u-U. Maritimus tyrannus wuhlobo olungezansi olusondelene kakhulu lwebhere lase-polar elidumile nelivamile namuhla. Isici esivelele sale subspecies bekungusayizi womzimba omkhulu kakhulu. Ubude bomuntu omdala bungaba ngamamitha amane, kanti isisindo esilinganisiwe sidlule ithani.
Ensimini yaseBrithani, e-Pleistocene deposits, kwakungatholakala izinsalela ze-ulna eyodwa yebhere elikhulu le-polar, elenza lakwazi ukunquma isikhundla salo esiphakathi. Ngokusobala, isilwane esidla inyama esikhulu sazivumelanisa ngokuphelele nokuzingela izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu ngokwanele. Ngokusho kososayensi, isizathu esingahle siphume sokuqothulwa kwama-subspecies bekungukudla okunganele ngokwanele ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-icing.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo eyindilinga yebhere elisendaweni eyindilinga inqunyelwe indawo yasogwini olusenyakatho lwamazwekazi kanye nengxenye eseningizimu yokwabiwa kwamathambeka eqhwa antantayo, nangasemngceleni wamaza osolwandle afudumele asenyakatho. Indawo yokusabalalisa ifaka izindawo ezine:
- indawo yokuhlala unomphela;
- indawo yokuhlala yenani eliphakeme lezilwane;
- indawo yokuvela okuvamile kwabesifazane abakhulelwe;
- insimu yezindlela ezikude eziseningizimu.
Amabhere asePolar ahlala kulo lonke ugu lwaseGreenland, iqhwa loLwandle iGreenland ngaseningizimu kuya eziQhingini zaseJan Mayen, iSvalbard Island, kanye neFranz Josef Land neNovaya Zemlya oLwandle iBarents, iBear Islands, iVai-gach neKolguev, iKara Sea. Inani elikhulu lamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo liyabonakala ogwini lwamazwekazi oLwandle i-Laptev, kanye nase-East Siberian, Chukchi naseBeaufort. Uhla oluyinhloko lobuningi bezilwane eziphakeme kakhulu lumelelwa ngumthambeka wezwekazi i-Arctic Ocean.
Amabhere akhulelwe abesifazane abalalele ahlala emihumeni kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- enyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeGreenland;
- ingxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeSpitsbergen;
- ingxenye esentshonalanga yeFranz Josef Land;
- ingxenye esenyakatho yesiqhingi saseNovaya Zemlya;
- iziqhingi ezincane zoLwandle iKara;
- Umhlaba OseNyakatho;
- ogwini olusenyakatho nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNhlonhlo yaseTaimyr;
- i-Lena delta neBear Islands zaseMpumalanga yeSiberia;
- ugu neziqhingi ezakhelene neNhlonhlo YaseChukchi;
- I-Wrangel Island;
- ingxenye eseningizimu yeBanks Island;
- ugu lweSimpson Peninsula;
- ugu olusenyakatho-mpumalanga yeBaffin Land neSouthampton Island.
Ama-lair anamabhere akhulelwe nawo abonwa eqhweni lamaphakethe oLwandle iBeaufort. Ngezikhathi ezithile, njengomthetho, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo enza uhambo olude oluya e-Iceland naseScandinavia, kanye naseKenin Peninsula, e-Anadyr Bay naseKamchatka. Uma kuneqhwa futhi lapho unqamula eKamchatka, izilwane ezizingelayo kwesinye isikhathi zizithola ziseLwandle lwaseJapan nase-Okhotsk.
Izici zamandla
Amabhere wePolar anomqondo othuthuke kahle kakhulu, kanye nezitho zokuzwa nokubona, ngakho-ke akunzima ukuthi umhlaseli abone isisulu sakhe ebangeni lamakhilomitha ambalwa.
Ukudla kwebhele le-polar kunqunywa yizici zendawo yokusabalalisa kanye nezici zomzimba wayo... Umzingeli ujwayele ukujwayeza ubusika obunzima be-polar kanye nokubhukuda okude emanzini aneqhwa, ngakho-ke abamele olwandle bezilwane, kufaka phakathi i-sea urchin nama-walrus, bavame ukuba yisisulu saso. Amaqanda, amatshwele, izilwane ezisencane, kanye nezidumbu ezinesidumbu sezilwane zasolwandle nezinhlanzi, eziphonswa ngaphandle igagasi elisogwini, nakho kuyasetshenziswa ekudleni.
Uma kunokwenzeka, ukudla kwebhere lasezindaweni eziphakeme kungakhetha kakhulu. Ezimbalweni ezithwetshiwe noma ama-walrus, umhlaseli udla kakhulu isikhumba namafutha omzimba. Kodwa-ke, isilo esilambile kakhulu siyakwazi ukudla izidumbu zabahlobo baso. Kuyaqabukela kakhulu ukuthi izidumbu ezinkulu zinothise ukudla kwazo ngamajikijolo nobulembu. Izinguquko ezimweni zezulu zibe nomthelela omkhulu kwezokudla, yingakho amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo ebelokhu ezingela umhlaba muva nje.
Indlela Yokuphila
Amabhere asePolar enza ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile, okubangelwa izinguquko zaminyaka yonke ezindaweni nasemingceleni yeqhwa elisendaweni ebandayo. Ehlobo, izilwane zihlehla zibheke esigxotsheni, kuthi ebusika, inani lezilwane lithuthele engxenyeni eseningizimu bese lingena ezweni.
Kuyathakazelisa!Yize iqiniso lokuthi amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo ahlala kakhulu ogwini noma eqhweni, ebusika, izilwane zilele emihumeni etholakala enkabeni noma esiqhingini, kwesinye isikhathi ebangeni lamamitha angamashumi amahlanu ukusuka kolwandle.
Isikhathi sasebusika sokulala ubusika bamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo, njengomthetho, sihluka phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-50-80, kepha ikakhulukazi abesifazane abakhulelwe abagcina ubusika. Ukulala ubusika ngokungajwayelekile futhi okufishane kuyinto ejwayelekile emadodeni nasezilwaneni ezisencane.
Emhlabeni, lesi silwane sihlukaniswa ngejubane laso, futhi sibhukuda kahle futhi sitshuza kahle kakhulu.
Ngaphandle kokubonakala kuhamba kancane, ubuvila bebhere lasezindaweni eziphakeme buyakhohlisa. Emhlabeni, lesi silwane esidla ubhedu sihlukaniswa nokugijima nokushesha kwaso, futhi phakathi kwezinye izinto, lesi silwane esikhulu sibhukuda kahle futhi sicwile kahle kakhulu. Umzimba webhere elimhlophe uvikeleke ngejazi eliwugqinsi futhi eliminyene kakhulu, elivimbela ukuba manzi emanzini aneqhwa futhi linezinto ezinhle kakhulu ezigcina ukushisa. Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu eziguqukayo ubukhona bengqimba enkulu yamafutha angaphansi, ubukhulu bawo obungafinyelela ku-8-10 cm. Umbala omhlophe wejazi usiza umhlaseli ukuba azifihle ngempumelelo ngemuva kwesithwathwa neqhwa.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
Ngokuya ngokubonwa okuningi, isikhathi sokuqina kwamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo sihlala cishe inyanga futhi imvamisa siqala maphakathi noMashi. Ngalesi sikhathi, izidumbu zihlukaniswe ngababili, kepha abesifazane nabo bayatholakala, bephelezelwa abesilisa abaningana ngasikhathi sinye. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sithatha amasonto ambalwa.
Ukukhulelwa kwebhere elimhlophe
Ihlala cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili, kepha kuya ngezimo eziningi, ingahluka phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-195-262... Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ngamehlo owesifazane okhulelwe ebhereni elilodwa. Cishe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokubeletha, umehluko wokuziphatha uyavela futhi abesifazane bayacasuka, bangasebenzi, balale esiswini isikhathi eside futhi balahlekelwe isifiso sokudla. Imfucumfucu imvamisa iqukethe amawundlu amabili, futhi ukuzalwa kwewundlu elilodwa kujwayelekile kwabesifazane abancane, abancane. Ibhere elikhulelwe liphumela emhlabathini ekwindla, futhi lichitha sonke isikhathi sasebusika emgodini weqhwa, otholakala, kaningi, eduze nogu lolwandle.
Ukunakekelwa kwebhere
Ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemuva kokubeletha, ibhele lasezindaweni ezibandayo lilele ligobele ohlangothini cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi.... Izinwele ezimfishane nezincane azanele ukuzifudumeza, ngakho-ke amawundlu asanda kuzalwa atholakala phakathi kwezidladla zikamama nesifuba sakhe, futhi ibhere le-polar liyabafudumeza ngomoya. Isisindo esimaphakathi samazinyane asanda kuzalwa kaningi asidluli ikhilogremu elinobude bomzimba wekota yemitha.
Amathole azalwa eyimpumputhe, futhi avula amehlo awo kuphela eneminyaka emihlanu. Ibhere londla amawundlu anyanga zonke ahlezi. Ukukhishwa okukhulu kwamabhere abesifazane kwenzeka ngoMashi. Ngomgodi ombiwe ngaphandle, ibhere liqala kancane kancane ukuthatha amawundlu alo, kodwa ngokuqala kobusuku, izilwane ziphindela emgodini futhi. Ekuhambeni, amawundlu adlala futhi embe eqhweni.
Kuyathakazelisa!Kubantu be-polar bear, cishe u-15-29% wamawundlu futhi cishe abantu abangavuthiwe abayi-4-15%.
Izitha emvelweni
Ezimweni zemvelo, amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo, ngenxa yobukhulu bawo kanye nethuku lokudla, cishe azinazitha. Ukufa kwamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo kuvame ukubangelwa ukulimala ngengozi ngenxa yokuqubuka okungaphakathi noma lapho kuzingelwa ama-walrus amakhulu. Futhi, i-killer whale ne-polar shark zibeka engcupheni ethile kubantu abadala nasebasha. Imvamisa amabhele abulawa yindlala.
Umuntu wayeyisitha esibi kakhulu sebhere elisendaweni emhlophe, futhi abantu baseNyakatho abanjengoChukchi, amaNenets namaEskimo, kusukela kudala babezingela lesi silwane esidla ubhedu. Imisebenzi yokudoba, eyaqala ukwenziwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu elidlule, yaba yinhlekelele kubantu. Ngenkathi eyodwa, abazingeli babulala abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha edlule, ukuzingelwa kwamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo kwavalwa, futhi kusukela ngo-1965 kwafakwa kwiRed Book.
Ingozi kubantu
Amacala okuhlaselwa kwabantu ngamabhele asezindaweni ezibandayo ayaziwa, futhi ubufakazi obucace bha bokuhlukumezeka kwezilwane ezilotshiwe buqoshwe kumanothi nasemibikweni yabahambi be-polar, ngakho-ke, udinga ukuhamba ngokuqapha okukhulu ezindaweni lapho ibhere leqhwa lingavela khona. Endaweni yezindawo zokuhlala eziseduze nendawo yokuhlala isilwane se-polar, zonke iziqukathi ezinemfucuza yasendlini kufanele zingafinyeleleki esilwaneni esilambile. Emadolobheni esifundazwe saseCanada, akhiwa ngokukhethekile okuthiwa "amajele", lapho amabhere agcinwa okwesikhashana esondela emikhawulweni yedolobha.
