I-grebe enamaphiko amafushane (i-Rollandia microptera).
Izimpawu zangaphandle zesitulo samaphiko esifushane
I-toadstool enamaphiko amafushane inosayizi omzimba ojwayelekile ka-28-45 cm. Isisindo: 600 gram. Iyinyoni engakwazi ukundiza.
Izimpaphe zohlangothi olungaphezulu lomzimba zinombala onsundu ngokumnyama. Isilevu nomphimbo kumhlophe. Umzimba weNape nomzimba ongezansi ngaphambili kunsundu ngokubomvu. Uqhwaku luphuzi. Inhloko ngemivimbo nendawo emhlophe ngaphambili kwesifuba. Okuwukuphela kohlobo lwezikelethi ezicishe zifane nalolu hlobo yisihlunu esinezimpunga, esingatholakali eNingizimu Melika.
Umbala wezimpaphe ezinyonini ucishe ufane, kepha i-grebe enamaphiko amafushane inesisu esimnyama nendawo emhlophe (hhayi empunga ngokukhanyayo) emphinjeni, eyehlela entanyeni cishe esifubeni. Ngenxa yamaphiko ayo amafushane nezinhlangothi ezibomvu zomzimba, lolu hlobo luhlukaniswa kalula namanye ama-grebes. Izimpaphe zokuhlobisa ekhanda zisesimweni sobudlabha, zimnyama ngombala.
Izinyoni ezisencane zinezimpaphe eziphaphathekile, futhi azinaso isiqu. Ezinhlangothini zekhanda kunemivimbo ebomvu ngokubomvu nendawo enkulu emhlophe entanyeni, isifuba sibomvu.
Yize i-grebe enamaphiko amafushane ingandizi, isebenzisa amaphiko ayo ukuhamba amabanga abalulekile. Lesi isikhuseli esihle kakhulu, sibhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi ngejubane elingu-5 km / h.
Izindawo zokuhlala zesikhumba esinamaphiko esifushane
I-grebe enamaphiko amafushane isakazeka emachibini avulekile, angenasawoti asezintabeni. Ihlala emanzini angajulile (kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-10 noma ngamamitha angu-35 ukujula). Izinyoni zihlala ebhandeni elisogwini lomhlanga, elakha ngasogwini futhi lifinyelela kumamitha amane ububanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni zikhona emahlathini ama-tator (Schoenoplectus tatora) nezinye izitshalo zezinyoni zamanzi:
- I-Myriophyllum elatinoides,
- IHydrocharitaceae (ulwelwe),
- khetha i-duckweed entantayo ne-azolla.
I-Rdest yizitshalo ezingaphansi kwamanzi ezihamba phambili ezingxenyeni ezijulile zesiziba, kuze kufike ku-14 m.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwesicefe esinamaphiko esifushane
Izindlwana ezinamaphiko amafushane zihlala ngazimbili, kepha bese zidla zodwa.
Zakha ezindlekweni zomhlanga ezibanzi, ezinomhlanga ikakhulu ezindaweni ezinokufinyelela okulula kwamanzi avulekile, noma izidleke zohlobo oluvulekile ezitshalweni zamanzi ezintantayo. Ipheya ngalinye lezinyoni ezinamaphiko amafushane linendawo yalo yokwakha izidleke, lapho lizala khona kanye ngonyaka.
Isikhathi senkathi yokuzalanisa asichazwa, ngokusobala, izinyoni zizala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, kepha imvamisa ama-grebes anamaphiko amafushane afukamela amaqanda ngoDisemba. Letha amatshwele amabili kuya kwamane. Izindlezane ezincane zizimele esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka.
Ukudla okunomsoco kwe-toadstool enamaphiko amafushane
I-grebe enamaphiko amafushane idla izinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-Orestias, ezihlala eLake Titicaca futhi ezenza u-94% wazo zonke izidlo.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-toadstool enamaphiko amafushane
I-grebe enamaphiko amafushane ivame kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseBolivia nasePeru. Itholakala emachibini ase-Arapa nase-Umayo eningizimu-mpumalanga yePeru. Kuhlala eLake Titicaca eBolivia. Futhi eduze neRio Desaguadero eduze namachibi i-Uru-uru nePoopo. Inani lezinyoni zesikhashana lakhiwa emachibini amancane aseduze lapho iLake Titicaca izikhukhula.
Ubuningi besinqe esinamaphiko esifushane
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngeminyaka yama-1970 kanye nango-1980 lwembula ubuningi besikhunta esinamaphiko amafushane sisuka ku-2 000 kuya ku-10 000, okuyizinyoni eziyi-1 147 kuphela ezazihlala eLake Umayo ngo-1986 kuphela. Ukwehla okuqhubekayo kwenala yeMarsh Toadstool kuboniswe ngesikhathi kwenziwa inhlolovo emfushane eyenziwe ngo-2003. Kodwa eLake Titicaca ngo-2003, kwatholakala izinyoni ezingama-2583, ngakho-ke inani lama-grebes akhona echibini liyabhekwa.
Ngo-2007, idatha yokuqala yokubalwa kwabantu yaqopha ukuba khona kwabantu abangu-1,254 ngesikhathi semvula. Inani labantu emhlabeni jikelele le-toadstool enamaphiko amafushane lilinganiselwa ku-1,600 kuya ku-2,583 abantu abavuthiwe. Lesi silinganiso sivele siphezulu kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.
Izizathu zokwehla kwenani lesithupha esinamaphiko esifushane
Isibalo se-grebe enamaphiko amafushane sehle ngaphezu kwama-50% eminyakeni eyishumi. Njengamanje, usongo olukhulu kulezi zinhlobo luvela ngamanetha anezikhala lapho izinyoni zibanjwa khona. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990s, kube nokusetshenziswa okungalawulwa kwama-gillnets angama-80-100 m emachibini kulo lonke uhla lwama-grebe angavamile. Ukushintshashintsha kwendawo, ukuguquguquka kwemvelo ezingeni lamanzi kuyithinta kakhulu impumelelo yokuzalanisa i-grebe enamaphiko amafushane.
Amachibi asePoopo nase-Uru Uru angaphansi kosongo lokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali yizakhi zensimbi ezisindayo ezitholakala emfucumfucwini yezimayini. Amaketanga okudla ezindaweni eziphila echibini ezungeze i-grebe engavamile aphazanyiswe ukuzalaniswa kwezinhlanzi ezingajwayelekile ezifana neBasilicthys bonariensis ne-mykiss (i-Oncorhynchus mykiss). Abantu bendawo bayaqhubeka nokuzingela izinyoni ngenhloso yokuzithengisa emakethe, kanti amaqanda asetshenziselwa ukudla. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuzalela izinkomo kanye nokufunwa kwenyama yezinkomo kusongela izindawo zokwakha izidleke zama-grebe amafushane.
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, kuye kwaba nokwanda kwezokuvakasha eLake Titicaca kanti ukuhamba ngezikebhe sekuyindlela yokuzijabulisa edumile.
Ukwanda kwesici sokuphazamiseka kubonakala ekukhiqizweni kwama-grebe amafushane. Izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni kwamanzi zisuka eRio kwezolimo ezibanzi zingathinta imvelo yasemanzini yeLake Poopo ne-Uru Uru ngokuzayo. Imfucumfucu engokwemvelo nengaphili evela edolobheni lase-Alto ichithwa ngobuningi ezingxenyeni zeLake Titicaca.
Njengamanje, akukho zinyathelo ezithathwayo ukunciphisa izinsongo ezinhlotsheni zezinyoni ezingandile.
Izindlela zokonga ze-barnacle toadstool
Ukugcina i-toadstool enamaphiko amafushane, kuyadingeka ukwakha uhlelo lokusebenza:
- Kuyadingeka ukwenza umsebenzi ochazayo phakathi kwabantu bendawo futhi uhehe abathanda ukuvikela izinhlobo ezingavamile.
- Vimbela ukudoba ngamanetha e-gill.
- Qalisa uhlelo lokuqapha usebenzisa indlela ejwayelekile yokuhlola ukuhlola ukwehla kwabantu.
- Ukuhlonza izindawo ezinenqwaba yezindawo zokwakha izidleke, izindawo ezifanelekayo zokwakha izidleke lapho amanetha okudoba engafakwanga khona, nokufunda ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kuzalwe izinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-Orestias - okuyisisekelo sokudla se-grebe enamaphiko amafushane.
- Yenza ucwaningo ngomthelela ongaba khona wemfucumfucu engokwemvelo nezinto ezingokwemvelo ezinhlotsheni zamachibi nasezinhlelweni zemvelo.
- Thuthukisa izinhlelo zokunciphisa izinguquko zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo zezinto eziphilayo emithonjeni yamanzi njengamachibi e-Uru-Uru nasePoopo.
- Hlola izinga lokuhluka kofuzo ezinyonini.
- Qonda umthelela wokwanda kwezokuvakasha ekukhiqizeni izinyoni futhi wehlise ukuphazamiseka okuvela ezikebheni zezivakashi.
