Lezi zinhlobo ezingavamile ze-ungulate kukholakala ukuthi zitholwe nguSalomon Müller ngo-1836 eTuban, idolobha elincane elisogwini olusenyakatho yeJava. Ngokwemvelo, inyamazane kaKulya yatholakala ngemuva kwencazelo nokwamukelwa kwegama.
Izimpawu zangaphandle zezinyamazane zeKuhl
Izinyamazane zeKulya zifana nenyamazane yengulube ngokubukeka, kepha yehlukile kuyo ngombala okhanyayo onsundu wejazi. Awekho amabala anemibala emzimbeni, futhi umsila unokubukeka okuncane.
Ubude bezinyamazane bungamasentimitha angaba ngu-140, kanti ukuphakama kokubuna kungamasentimitha angama-70. I-ungulate inesisindo esingama-50-60 kilograms. I-silhouette emahlombe incane kakhulu kunangezinqulu. Lesi simo somzimba senza kube lula ukuthi izinyamazane zihambe phakathi kwezimila eziminyene. Izimpondo zifushane, zihlonyiswe ngezinqubo ezi-3.
Izinyamazane zikaKul zasakazeka
Izinyamazane zaseKulya zigcwele isiQhingi saseBavean (iPulau Bavean), oLwandle iJava ngasogwini olusenyakatho yeJava, eduze nase-Indonesia.
Indawo yokuhlala kwezinyamazane zeKuhl
Izinyamazane iKuhla zisatshalaliswa ezingxenyeni ezimbili eziyinhloko zesiqhingi: enkabeni yezintaba nezintaba zaseBulu eningizimu-ntshonalanga naseTanjung Klaass (Klaass Cape). Indawo ehlala abantu ingama-950 mx 300 m, enamagquma atholakala maphakathi nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yesiQhingi saseBavean futhi ivame ukunqunywa esiqhingini esikhulu. Ngaphezulu kolwandle, lukhuphukela ekuphakameni okungamamitha ayi-20-150. Le ndawo yezinyamazane yaseKuhl yaziwa kusukela ngawo-1990. Ukusatshalaliswa okulinganiselwe esiqhingini saseBavean kuyinkinga, mhlawumbe inyamazane yaseKuhl nayo yayihlala eJava, mhlawumbe eHolocene, ukunyamalala kwayo kwezinye iziqhingi kungadalwa ukuncintisana nabanye abantu abangasetshenziswanga.
Ihlathi lesibili libonakala liyindawo ekahle yabantu abangasuswa.
Emahlathini anomhlonyane, ezindaweni ezine-teak ne-lalanga, kugcinwa ubungako bezinyamazane ezi-3.3 kuye ku-7.4 nge-km2, futhi ezifundeni lapho kunqoba khona iMelastoma polyanthum ne-Eurya nitida, kuphela ama-ungulates angu-0.9-2.2 nge-1 km2 atholakala emahlathini ahlazekile nakumahlathi we-teak ngaphandle komhlonyane. Isilinganiso sokusatshalaliswa esiphakeme kakhulu siseTanjung Klaass - abantu abangu-11.8 nge-km2 ngayinye ..
Izinyamazane zeKulya zihlala ebangeni elingamamitha angama-500, imvamisa emahlathini asezintabeni, kodwa hhayi emadlelweni anexhaphozi, umuntu ancintisana naye inyamazane yezingulube. Ngaphandle kobudlelwano obusondelene bezentela zombili lezi zinhlobo, inyamazane yaseKuhl ithanda amahlathi aminyene emifula ngaphansi kwesikhoselo, lapho iphumula khona emini. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-ungulates atholakala ezindaweni ezinotshani obushile ngenkathi yesomiso.
Umsoco we-Kuhl's reindeer
Izinyamazane ze-Kulya zidla kakhulu izitshalo ezinomuthi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ziya kumaqabunga amancane kanye namahlumela. Imvamisa ingena emhlabathini olimekayo bese idla ummbila namaqabunga omdumbula, kanye notshani obukhula phakathi kwezitshalo ezilinyiwe.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinyamazane ze-Kulya
Isikhathi sonyaka sezinyamazane zaseKuhl senzeka ngoSepthemba-Okthoba, yize abesilisa betholakala bezalanisa (abanezimpondo ezinzima) unyaka wonke. Insikazi ivame ukuzala ithole elilodwa izinsuku ezingama-225-230. Kuyaqabukela kuzala izinyamazane ezimbili. Inzalo ivela ngoFebhuwari kuya kuJuni, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ukuzalwa kwenzeka kwezinye izinyanga. Ekuthunjweni, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, ukuzalanisa kwenzeka unyaka wonke ngekhefu lezinyanga eziyi-9.
Izici zokuziphatha kwezinyamazane ze-Kulya
Izinyamazane zikaKuhl zisebenza kakhulu ebusuku ngokuphazamiseka.
Laba bantu abangabonakali baxwayile kakhulu futhi kubonakala sengathi bayakugwema ukuxhumana nabantu. Ezindaweni okuvela kuzo abagawuli abagawuli bezinkuni, inyamazane yaseKuhl ichitha usuku lonke emahlathini emithambekeni engafinyeleleki ekuthini kugawulwe abagawuli. Izilwane kwesinye isikhathi ziyavela ebhishi engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesiqhingi, kepha kuyaqabukela ukuzibona ngqo. Imvamisa bangabantu abodwa, yize ngazimbili zezinyamazane kwesinye isikhathi zingabonakala.
Isimo sokongiwa kwezinyamazane ze-Kulya
Izinyamazane i-Kulya ziyisilwane esisengozini yokuqothulwa ngoba inani lazo labantu lingaphansi kwabantu abavuthiwe abangama-250, okungenani ama-90% alinganiselwe endaweni eyodwa, okuthi, yize izinzile, inciphise ukwehla okuthe xaxa kwenani labantu ngenxa yokonakala kwekhwalithi yendawo yokuhlala ... Izinyamazane zeKulya zifakwe ohlwini lweSithasiselo I CITES. Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile kwenziwa hhayi kuphela ngokusemthethweni, kodwa futhi cishe. Ama-Ungulates ahlala endaweni yokulondolozwa kwemvelo, eyakhiwe ngonyaka we-1979 enendawo engamahektha angama-5000 esiqhingini esingama-200 km2 kuphela ngosayizi.
Izenzo zokongiwa kwezinhlobo ezingavamile zifaka phakathi ukuvinjelwa okuphelele ekuzingeleni, ukushiswa okulawulwayo kwengubo yotshani emahlathini, ukuncipha kwamasimu etiyela ukukhuthaza intuthuko yomhlonyane. Kusukela ngo-2000, uhlelo lokuzalela ama-Kuhl reindeer belusebenza e-Bavean. Ngo-2006, kwaboshwa abesilisa ababili nabesifazane abahlanu, kwathi ngonyaka wezi-2014 kwase kunezilwane ezingama-35. Cishe ama-ungulates angavamile angama-300-350 agcinwa ema-zoo nasemapulazini azimele esiqhingini.
Izinyathelo zokuvikela i-Kuhl reindeer
Izinyathelo zokuphepha ezinconyiwe zifaka:
- ukwanda kwenani lezinyamazane zeKulya nokwandiswa kwendawo yokuhlala. Yize isibalo sabangasuswa sihlala sizinzile, inani elincane labantu nokusatshalaliswa kweziqhingi kusongela izehlakalo zemvelo ezingahleliwe (isibonelo, izinhlekelele zemvelo, izikhukhula, ukuzamazama komhlaba noma ukusabalala kwezifo). Ukuwela okungenzeka nezinye izinhlobo zabangasuswa nakho kunomthelela ekwehleni kwabantu. Kulokhu, ukuphathwa kwendawo okusebenzayo kuyadingeka ukukhulisa ubukhulu bezinyamazane zaseKuhl endaweni evikelekile. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-ungulates kunzima kakhulu ukulawula, ngoba izilwane zihlala endaweni eqhelile eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ngakho-ke, abaphathi bephrojekthi kumele babe nemininingwane enembile mayelana nempumelelo nokwehluleka ekusebenzeni kohlelo lokuzalela ama-Kuinde reindeer. Kuzokwazi ukukhuluma ngokuphepha okuphelele kwezinhlobo kuphela uma kukhona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwesibalo kanye nezinyamazane ezisatshalaliswa ngaphandle kwendawo evikelwe.
- kuyadingeka ukuthi kuhlolwe umthelela wezinyamazane zeKuhl ezitshalweni zezolimo, ngoba ukuhlasela kwabantu abangasetshenziswanga emasimini kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, isenzo nokubambisana neziphathimandla zendawo kuyadingeka ukuxazulula inkinga nokunciphisa ukungqubuzana nabantu bendawo.
- qalisa izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe zokuzalanisa ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kuqedwe ububi obukhona bokuzalanisa okusondelene kakhulu.
