Ugwadule i-Arctic lusenkabeni ye-Arctic Ocean. Isikhala sonke siyingxenye yendawo yezwe lase-Arctic futhi sithathwa njengendawo engeyinhle kakhulu yokuhlala. Indawo eyihlane imbozwe izinguzunga zeqhwa, imfucumfucu nemfucumfucu.
Isimo sezulu esisehlane lase-Arctic
Isimo sezulu esibi sinomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezembozo zeqhwa neqhwa eziqhubeka unyaka wonke. Ukushisa okujwayelekile ebusika kungu -30 degrees, ubukhulu bungafika ku -60 degrees.
Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi, inani elincane lezilwane lihlala endaweni eyihlane lase-Arctic, futhi cishe akukho zimila. Le ndawo yemvelo ibonakala ngemimoya enamandla yeziphepho neziphepho. Ngisho nasehlobo, izindawo eziwugwadule zikhanyiswa kancane, futhi inhlabathi ayinaso isikhathi sokuncibilika ngokuphelele. Esikhathini "esishisayo", izinga lokushisa likhuphukela kuma-zero degrees. Ngokuvamile, ugwadule lunamafu futhi luvame lina imvula. Ngenxa yokuhwamuka okunamandla kwamanzi avela olwandle, kubonakala ukwakheka kwenkungu.
Ugwadule oluse-arctic luseduze neNorth Pole yomhlaba futhi lutholakala ngaphezu kwama-75 degrees latitude latitude. Indawo yayo ingamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. Ubuso bukhona engxenyeni yendawo yaseGreenland, iNorth Pole, nezinye iziqhingi lapho kuhlala khona abantu nezilwane. Izintaba, izindawo ezisicaba, izinguzunga zeqhwa yizinto eziwugwadule lwase-Arctic. Zingaba ngezindlela ezahlukene nobukhulu, zibe nesakhiwo esihlukile esenziwe ngephethini.
Izingwadule zase-Arctic zaseRussia
Umngcele oseningizimu yehlane lase-Arctic laseRussia cishe. Wrangel, enyakatho - cishe. Umhlaba kaFranz Josef. Indawo ifaka emaphethelweni asenyakatho yeNhlonhlo yaseTaimyr, cishe. INovaya Zemlya, iziqhingi zaseNovosibirsk, izilwandle eziphakathi kwezindawo zomhlaba. Yize isimo sinzima kule ndawo, isithombe sibukeka sihle futhi siyathakatha: izinguzunga zeqhwa ezinkulu ziyazungeza, futhi indawo imbozwe yiqhwa unyaka wonke. Izikhathi eziningana ngonyaka izinga lokushisa lomoya likhuphukela ku-0- + 5 degrees. Imvula iwela ngesimo seqhwa, iqhwa, i-rime (engekho ngaphezu kuka-400 mm). Le ndawo ibonakala ngemimoya enamandla, inkungu, amafu.
Sekukonke, indawo yezingwadule zase-Arctic zaseRussia ziyizinkulungwane ezingama-56. Ngenxa yokuhamba kweqhwa lamazwekazi ogwini nokuhlanjwa kwawo njalo ngamanzi, ama-icebergs akhiwa. Isabelo seqhwa sisuka ku-29.6 kuye ku-85.1%.
Izimila nezilwane zasogwadule lwe-arctic
Njenge-tundra yase-arctic, ugwadule lubhekwa njengendawo enokhahlo yokuhlala. Noma kunjalo, esimweni sokuqala, kulula kakhulu ukuthi izilwane zisinde, ngoba zingadla kwizipho ze-tundra. Ogwadule, izimo zinzima kakhulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ukudla. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, le ndawo imbozwe uhlaza oluvulekile, oluthatha uhhafu walo lonke ugwadule. Azikho izihlahla noma izihlahlana, kepha izindawo ezincane ezine-lichen, moss, algae etholakala emhlabathini onamadwala zingatholakala. Izimila ze-Herbaceous zimelelwa ama-sedges notshani. Ehlane lase-Arctic, ungathola futhi imvuthu, i-polar poppy, i-starfish, i-pike, i-buttercup, i-mint, i-alpine foxtail, i-saxifrage nezinye izinhlobo.
I-popar poppy
Zvezdchatka
Ibhotela
Mint
I-Alpine foxtail
I-Saxifrage
Ukubona isiqhingi sendawo eluhlaza kwenza isithombe se-oasis sijule eqhweni naseqhweni elingapheli. Inhlabathi iqandisiwe futhi mncane (ihlala kanjena cishe unyaka wonke). I-Permafrost yenza indlela eya ekujuleni kwe-600-1000 m futhi yenza kube nzima ukukhipha amanzi. Ngenkathi efudumele, ogwadule bavela emachibini amanzi ancibilikile. Cishe azikho izakhamzimba enhlabathini, iqukethe isihlabathi esiningi.
Sekukonke, azikho izinhlobo zezitshalo eziphakeme ezingaphezu kwezingama-350. Eningizimu yogwadule, ungathola izihlahlana zomnyezane we-polar kanye ne-dryads.
Ngenxa yokushoda kwe-phytomass, izilwane zasendaweni yeqhwa ziyindlala kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-16 kuphela zezinyoni ezihlala lapha, phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-luriks, ama-guillemots, ama-fulmars, ama-glaucous gull, ama-kittiwakes, ama-guillemots, izikhova ezineqhwa nezinye. Izilwane zomhlaba zihlanganisa izimpisi zase-arctic, izinyamazane zaseNew Zealand, izinkabi ze-musk, ama-lemmings nezimpungushe ze-arctic. Ama-pinniped amelwe ngama-walrus nezimpawu.
I-Lyurik
Umshushisi
Usile wena
I-Seagull Burgomaster
Guillemot
Isikhova Esincane
Ugwadule luhlalwa yizinhlobo zezilwane ezingaba ngu-120, phakathi kwazo kukhona izingwejeje, izimpisi, izingulube, imikhomo nama-voic ase-Arctic. Bonke abamele umhlaba wezilwane bajwayele izimo zezulu ezinzima futhi bayakwazi ukusinda ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Izilwane zinejazi elijiyile noqweqwe olujiyile lwamafutha, okusiza ekusindeni emakhazeni.
Amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo abhekwa njengezakhamuzi eziyinhloko ezingwadule zase-Arctic.
Izilwane ezincelisayo zihlala emhlabeni nasemanzini. Amabhere azalela ogwini olusenyakatho neCape Zhelaniy, eChukotka, cishe. UFrancis Joseph Land. Isiqiwi semvelo i-Wrangel Island sisezindaweni ezimangelengele, sinemigodi engaba ngu-400 yezilwane ezincelisayo. Le ndawo ibizwa ngokuthi "isibhedlela sokubeletha" samabhere asezindaweni eziphakeme.
Izinhlanzi zimelelwa yi-trout, i-flounder, i-salmon ne-cod. Izinambuzane ezinjengomiyane, izintethe, amabhu, izimpukane, ama-midge kanye ne-arctic bumblebees zihlala ogwadule.
Ithrawuthi
I-Flounder
Uhlobo lwenhlanzi
Ikhodi
Imithombo yemvelo yogwadule lwe-arctic
Naphezu kwezimo zokuphila ezingezinhle, ugwadule lwase-Arctic luheha ngokwanele okwezimayini. Izinsiza zemvelo eziyinhloko uwoyela negesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezimbozwe yiqhwa ungathola amanzi ahlanzekile, ubambe izinhlanzi ezibalulekile namanye amaminerali. Izinguzunga zeqhwa eziyingqayizivele, ezingonakalisiwe, ezimangazayo ziheha izinkulungwane zezivakashi ngezinzuzo ezengeziwe zezomnotho.
Izifunda ze-Arctic nazo zinamadiphozi ethusi, i-nickel, i-mercury, i-tin, i-tungsten, ama-platinoid kanye nemihlaba engajwayelekile. Ehlane, ungathola izinqolobane zezinsimbi eziyigugu (isiliva negolide).
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zalesi sifunda zincike kakhulu kubantu. Ukwephulwa kwendawo yemvelo yezilwane, noma ushintsho oluncane embozweni womhlabathi kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi. Namuhla yi-Arctic engomunye wemithombo emikhulu yamanzi ahlanzekile, njengoba iqukethe ama-20% ezinqolobane zomhlaba.
