I-Amur ngumfula omkhulu kunayo yonke hhayi eRussia kuphela, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke, ubude bawo obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-2824, ngenxa yegatsha leminye imifudlana, kwakhiwa amachibi asezikhukhula. Ngenxa yezici zemvelo nokusebenza okusebenzayo kwe-anthropogenic, umbuso womfula uyashintsha, futhi amanzi ngokwawo aba ngcolile futhi akakufanele ukuphuza.
Izinkinga zesimo samanzi
Ochwepheshe bathi enye yezinkinga ze-Amur kwezemvelo yi-eutrophication, okungukuthi ukugcwala ngokweqile kwedamu elinezakhi ze-biogenic. Ngenxa yalokho, inani le-algae ne-plankton emanzini landa kakhulu, inani elikhulu le-nitrogen ne-phosphorus livela, futhi i-oxygen iyancipha. Ngokuzayo, lokhu kuholela ekuqothulweni kwezitshalo nezilwane zomfula.
Ukuhlaziya isimo samanzi emfuleni. Amur, ochwepheshe bakuchaza njengokungcola nokungcolile kakhulu, futhi ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene izinkomba ziyehluka. Lokhu kwenziwa lula ngamanzi angcolile asekhaya nawezimboni. Okuqukethwe kwamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo endaweni yamanzi kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi kunezinkinga ngokuzihlanza kwedamu, umbuso oshisayo kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kokuguqulwa kwamanzi.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi
Umfula i-Amur ungcoliswe yizikhungo zezimboni nezenhlalo eRussia, China naseMongolia. Ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu kubangelwa amabhizinisi amakhulu ezimboni, angawasusi amanzi ngaphambi kokulahlwa. Izinkomba ezimaphakathi zonyaka zibonisa ukuthi cishe amathani angama-234 wezakhi zamakhemikhali namakhemikhali aphonswa emfuleni, phakathi kwawo iningi lalezi zinto:
- ama-sulfate;
- imikhiqizo kaphethiloli;
- ama-chloride;
- amafutha;
- ama-nitrate;
- i-phosphorus;
- amafutha;
- ama-phenols;
- insimbi;
- izinto eziphilayo.
Izinkinga zokusebenzisa i-Cupid
Izinkinga eziyinhloko zemvelo zilele ekutheni umfula ugeleza ungene ezifundeni ezintathu, ezinemibuso ehlukene yokusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi. Ngakho-ke la mazwe ayehluka ngezinkambiso zokuthumela, indawo yezindawo zezimboni ezweni lomfula. Njengoba amadamu amaningi akhiwe ngasogwini lolwandle, umbhede wase-Amur uyashintsha. Futhi, izingozi, ezivame ukwenzeka ezikhungweni ezisogwini, zinomthelela omkhulu embusweni wamanzi. Ngeshwa, imithetho ebikiwe yokusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza zomfula ayikasungulwa.
Ngakho-ke, umfula i-Amur ungcolile kakhulu. Lokhu kunomthelela ekuguqulweni kombuso wamachibi kanye nezakhiwo zamanzi, okuholela ekuguqulweni kwezitshalo nezilwane endaweni yamanzi.
Isixazululo
Ukuxazulula izinkinga zemvelo zoMfula i-Amur, iziphathimandla nomphakathi bathatha lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
Umthombo wamanzi wesifunda - uMfula i-Amur - ubonwe kusuka emkhathini kusukela ngo-2018. Iziphuphutheki zilandelela imisebenzi yamabhizinisi ezimayini zegolide, izinto ezingcolisa izimboni zemithelo yomgwaqo wamanzi.
Ilebhu ephathekayo ifika ezindaweni ezikude ze-Amur, ihlaziye futhi ifakazele lapho ukukhishwa, okusheshisa ukuqedwa komthelela omubi emfuleni.
Iziphathimandla zesifunda zenqabile ukuheha abasebenzi baseChina, ukuze izakhamuzi zezwe elingumakhelwane zingabi namathuba amaningi ekuthuthukiseni igolide ngokungemthetho emabhange e-Amur.
Iphrojekthi kahulumeni "Amanzi Ahlanzekile" ivuselela:
- ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile yiziphathimandla zendawo;
- ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha ngamabhizinisi ukukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi.
Kusukela ngo-2019, isiteshi samakhemikhali nesemvelo i-CHPP-2:
- kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi e-Amur ngezidingo zesitshalo sokushisa;
- ukuhlanza indle yesiphepho;
- indalo ibola indle;
- ibuyisela amanzi ekukhiqizeni.
Izinhlangano ze-10 zezwe, zesifunda nezomasipala zemvelo ziqapha amaqiniso okwephulwa, zenze izinhlelo zokuheha izisebenzi zokuzithandela zemvelo esifundeni ukuze zihlanze indawo engasogwini ye-Amur.
