IBaikal itholakala engxenyeni eseMpumalanga yeSiberia, ichibi lasendulo, elineminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-25 ubudala. Njengoba idamu lijule kakhulu, liwumthombo omkhulu wamanzi ahlanzekile. IBaikal inikela ngama-20% ayo yonke imithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile emhlabeni. Ichibi ligcwalisa imifula engama-336, futhi amanzi akilo ahlanzekile futhi acacile. Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi leli chibi ulwandle olusathuthuka. Kuyikhaya lezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezi-2,5 zezimbali nezilwane, okungu-2/3 wazo akutholakali kwenye indawo.
Ukungcola kwamanzi eChibi iBaikal
Umfula omkhulu kunayo yonke echibini nguMfula iSelenga. Kodwa-ke, amanzi ayo awagcwalisi iBaikal kuphela, kodwa futhi ayayingcolisa. Amabhizinisi e-Metallurgical ahlala ekhipha emfucuza kanye namanzi ezimboni emfuleni, nawo ongcolisa ichibi. Ukulimala okukhulu kuSelenga kubangelwa amabhizinisi asendaweni yaseBuryatia, kanye namanzi angcolile asekhaya.
Bude buduze neChibi iBaikal, kunendawo yokugaya uginindela namakhadibhodi, eyadala umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu emvelweni yaleli chibi. Abaholi baleli bhizinisi bathi bayekile ukungcolisa imizimba yamanzi yasendaweni, kepha ukukhishwa emkhathini akuzange kume, okuya eSelenga naseBaikal kamuva.
Ngokuqondene nezolimo, ama-agrochemicals asetshenziselwa ukuvundisa inhlabathi yamasimu aseduze ayagezwa emfuleni. Imfucuza yezilwane neyezitshalo nayo ilahlwa njalo eSelenga. Lokhu kuholela ekufeni kwezilwane zemifula kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi echibi.
Ithonya le-Irkutsk HPP
Ngo-1950, isiteshi samandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi sasungulwa e-Irkutsk, ngenxa yalokho amanzi eLake Baikal akhuphuka cishe imitha. Lezi zinguquko zibe nomthelela omubi empilweni yezakhamizi zechibi. Izinguquko emanzini zithinte kabi izindawo lapho izinhlanzi zizalela khona, ezinye izinhlobo zixinanisa ezinye. Izinguquko ezingeni lamanzi amaningi zifaka isandla ekubhujisweni kolwandle lwamachibi.
Ngokuqondene nezindawo zokuhlala eziseduze, izakhamuzi zazo zikhiqiza udoti omningi nsuku zonke, olimaza imvelo yonkana. Amanzi angcolile asendlini angcolisa uhlelo lomfula kanye neChibi iBaikal. Imvamisa, izihlungi zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile azisetshenziswa. Okufanayo kusebenza ekukhishweni kwamanzi ezimboni.
Ngakho-ke, iBaikal iyisimangaliso semvelo esigcina imithombo yamanzi emikhulu. Umsebenzi we-anthropogenic kancane kancane uholela enhlekeleleni, ngenxa yalokho idamu lingaphela ukubakhona uma izici ezimbi zokungcola kwechibi zingasuswa.
Ukungcola kweLake Baikal ngasemifuleni
Umfula omkhulu kunayo yonke ogelezela echibini iBaikal yiSelenga. Iletha cishe ama-cubic kilometres wamanzi echibini ngonyaka. Inkinga ukuthi amanzi angcolile asendlini nasezimbonini akhishelwa kwaSelenga, ngakho-ke izinga lawo lamanzi lishiya kungathandeki. Amanzi omfula angcoliswe kakhulu. Amanzi angcolile eSelenga angena echibini futhi enza isimo sawo sibe sibi kakhulu. Imfucuza evela emabhizinisini we-metallurgical kanye nokwakhiwa, ukucutshungulwa kwesikhumba kanye nezimayini kudedelwa eBaikal. Imikhiqizo kawoyela, ama-agrochemicals kanye nemanyolo ehlukahlukene yezolimo ingena emanzini.
Imifula iChikoy neKhilok inomthelela omubi echibini. Nazo-ke zingcoliswe ngokweqile ngamabhizinisi ezinsimbi nawokhuni ezindaweni eziwazungezile. Njalo ngonyaka, ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza, cishe ama-cubic metres ayi-20 wamanzi angcolile adonswa emifuleni.
Imithombo yokungcola kufanele ibandakanye namabhizinisi asebenza eRiphabhlikhi yaseBuryatia. Izikhungo zezimboni zilulaza ngokungenasihe isimo samanzi, zilahla izakhi zamakhemikhali eziyingozi ezitholwe enqubweni yokukhiqiza. Ukusebenza kwezindawo zokwelashwa kukuvumela ukuthi uhlanze kuphela i-35% yobuthi buphelele. Isibonelo, ukuhlushwa kwe-phenol kuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunokujwayelekile okuvunyelwe. Njengomphumela wocwaningo, kwatholakala ukuthi izinto ezinjenge-ion ion, i-nitrate, i-zinc, i-phosphorus, imikhiqizo kawoyela nokunye, zingena ngobuningi eMfuleni iSelenga.
Ukukhishwa komoya phezu kweBaikal
Endaweni lapho iBaikal itholakala khona, kunamabhizinisi amaningi akhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa kanye namakhemikhali ayingozi angcolisa umoya. Kamuva, bona, kanye nama-molecule e-oxygen, bangena emanzini, bawungcolise, baphinde bawe kanye nemvula. Kunezintaba eduze kwechibi. Abavumeli ukusakazeka komsakazo kuhlakazeke, kodwa kunqwabelana ngaphezu kwendawo yamanzi, kube nomthelela omubi emvelweni.
Eduze kwechibi kunenani elikhulu lezindawo zokuhlala ezingcolisa indawo yomoya. Iningi lokungcola liwela emanzini eChibi iBaikal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuvuka komoya othize, le ndawo ijwayele umoya wasenyakatho-ntshonalanga, ngenxa yalokho, umoya ungcolisiwe usuka endaweni yezimboni yase-Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky esesigodini sase-Angara.
Kukhona nokwanda kokungcola komoya ngesikhathi esithile sonyaka. Isibonelo, ekuqaleni kobusika umoya awunamandla kakhulu, okufaka isandla esimweni esihle semvelo esifundeni, kepha entwasahlobo kukhona ukwanda kokugeleza komoya, okuholela ekutheni konke ukukhishwa kubhekiswe eBaikal. Ingxenye eseningizimu yechibi ibhekwa njengengcoliswe kakhulu. Lapha ungathola izakhi ezifana ne-nitrogen dioxide nesibabule, izinhlayiya ezahlukahlukene eziqinile, i-carbon monoxide nama-hydrocarbon.
Ukungcola kweChibi iBaikal kunamanzi angcolile asendlini
Okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-80 bahlala emadolobheni amakhulu namancane aseduze neBaikal. Ngenxa yokuphila kwabo nokukhiqiza, udoti kanye nemfucuza ehlukahlukene iyanqwabelana. Ngakho-ke izinsiza zenza amadreyini emizimbeni yamanzi yasendaweni. Ukuhlanza kusuka emfucumfucu yasendlini akwenelisi neze, kokunye akukho nhlobo.
Imikhumbi ehlukahlukene, ehamba emizileni yemifula yale ndawo, ikhipha amanzi angcolile, ngakho-ke ukungcola okuhlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo kawoyela, kungena emanzini. Ngokwesilinganiso, minyaka yonke leli chibi lingcoliswa ngamathani ayi-160 emikhiqizo kawoyela, okwenza isimo samanzi eLwandle iBaikal sibe sibi kakhulu. Ukuze kwenziwe ngcono isimo esiyinhlekelele ngemikhumbi, uhulumeni wasungula umthetho wokuthi uhlaka ngalunye kufanele lube nenkontileka yokulethwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lezi zokugcina kufanele zihlanzwe ngezindawo ezikhethekile. Ukuchithwa kwamanzi echibini akuvunyelwe nakancane.
Akunathonya elincane esimweni samanzi echibi elenziwa izivakashi ezingazinaki izinto ezikhangayo zemvelo esifundeni. Ngenxa yokuthi alukho nhlobo uhlelo lokuqoqa, lokususa nokulungisa imfucuza yasekhaya, isimo siya ngokuba sibi minyaka yonke.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe imvelo yeLake Baikal, kusebenza umkhumbi okhethekile i- "Samotlor", oqoqa imfucuza yonke indawo echibini. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje ayikho imali eyanele yokusebenzisa lolu hlobo lwamabhagethi okuhlanza. Uma isixazululo esinamandla ngokwengeziwe ezinkingeni zemvelo zeChibi iBaikal singaqali maduze nje, imvelo yechibi ingahle iwele, okuzoholela emiphumeleni emibi engalungiseki.
