IBoletus boletus ibukeka yinhle kakhulu. Lawa makhowe anephunga elimnandi, anomnandi futhi onomsoco aqoqwa kubhasikidi eduze kwezitshalo zamabhishi, ama-hornbeams kanye nama-poplar. Amakhowe eBoletus akhula ezindaweni eziphansi ezinomswakama nasemaphethelweni ehlathi. Buqamama, abantu babona izigaxa zamakhowe eziqubukayo, eziphuma ngaphansi kwamaqabunga awile notshani.
I-birch ensundu yakha ubudlelwane be-mycorrhizal nama-birches, njengoba kufakazelwa igama lekhowe. Itholakala eYurophu, eHimalaya, e-Asia nakwezinye izifunda zeNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Amanye ama-subspecies akhethe amahlathi ophayini noma we-beech, emaphethelweni amaxhaphozi.
I-birch iyinhlobo yaseYurophu. Kepha yethulwa ngama-birches wokuhlobisa atshalwe ngaphandle kohlobo lwawo lwemvelo, ngokwesibonelo, eCalifornia, New Zealand nase-Australia.
Incazelo
Ekuqaleni, ikepisi liyi-hemispherical, ububanzi bayo bungu-5-15 cm.Ithamba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ikhava lekepisi inombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo ompunga noma onsundu ngokubomvu ompunga, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ilahlekelwa yimibala yayo, iba nsundu, ibushelelezi, ingenantambo, yomile futhi ibe mncane kakhulu ezimeni ezinomswakama.
Kuma-specimens amancane, ama-pores amhlophe, kamuva aba mpunga. Kuma-boletus birch pores amadala, ama-pores akwi-villi aphume aphume, azungeze umlenze acindezelwe kakhulu. Ukumbozwa kwepore kususwa kalula kusigqoko samakhowe.
Isiqu sincane futhi sitheba phezulu, sinobude obungu-5-15 cm no-1-3.5 cm ububanzi, simbozwe ngezikali. Zimhlophe, zimnyama kuze kube mnyama. I-mycelium eyinhloko imhlophe. I-pulp imhlophe, kamuva iba mhlophe, igcina umbala wayo lapho iphukile.
Kuma-specimens amancane, inyama yomzimba wesikhunta iminyene kakhulu, kepha maduzane iba nesiponji, ivuleke futhi igcine amanzi, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinomswakama. Uphenduka umnyama ngemuva kokupheka.
Ochwepheshe bezokupheka balungisa kanjani i-birch
I-Boletus ifakwe usawoti noma ifakwe emanzini anosawoti. Zisetshenziswa nasezitsheni ezixutshiwe zamakhowe, ezithosiwe noma ezishubile. Imvamisa abacosha amakhowe eFinland naseRussia baqoqa isihlahla se-birch. ENyakatho Melika (eNew England naseRockies), sebenzisa ngokuqapha.
Izinhlobo ze-boletus ezidliwayo
UBoletus marsh
Isigqoko
Izidumbu ezihlwabusayo zihlotshiswe ngezigqoko ze-convex ezifika ku-10 cm ububanzi ngomucu omncane "wezicubu" ezizungeze onqenqemeni. Imvamisa imhlophe emsulwa, ikakhulukazi emizimbeni emincane ethela izithelo, amakepisi kwesinye isikhathi athola umbala onsundu, ompunga, obomvana, abe mnyama futhi abe luhlaza ngeminyaka.
Ubuso ekuqaleni bumbozwa ngezinwele ezinhle, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi buba bushelelezi, ngokunamathela okunamathelayo ngeminyaka yobudala noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezimanzi. I-pulp imhlophe futhi ayinalo iphunga noma ukunambitheka okuhlukile.
Kukhona ukusabela kombala okuncane lapho kuphukile. Ngaphansi kunendawo enezimbobo equkethe ama-pores ngenani elingu-2 kuye ku-3 mm. Amashubhu ePore afinyelela ku-2.5 cm ukujula. Umbala wepore usuka kokumhlophe kuye kokumpunga, onsundu ongcolile.
Umlenze
Ubuso obumhlophe besiqu bugcwele izikali ezincanyana, eziqinile eziphuma zibe mnyama ngokuguga. Ubude bomlenze bungu-8-14 cm, ububanzi bungu-1-2 cm.Isisekelo somlenze sivame ukuba namabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukuqina
Ikhowe libhekwa njengelidliwayo, yize imibono ihlukile ngokuheha kwalo kokupheka. Kuvunwa ngaphambi kokuba inyama ibe nesiponji futhi ama-arthropod abeka izibungu zawo. Amakhowe athambile, athi ukuba mnandi ngandlela thile, ayaqina ngemuva kokupheka okufishane. Ukwehla kwamanzi emzimbeni kuthuthukisa umlomo kodwa kunciphisa ubumnandi.
I-boletus ejwayelekile
Isiqu
Umlenze omhlophe noma obomvu ngokugqamile ukuphakama okungu-7-20 cm, ububanzi obungu-2-3 cm. Izikali ezinsundu ezimnyama zimboza yonke indawo, kodwa ziba bumbana ngezansi. Ama-immature specimens ahlala emilenzeni emise okomgqomo. Kuma-specimens avuthiwe, iziqu ziba ubukhulu obujwayelekile, zithinta kancane phezulu.
Isigqoko
Izigqoko zikhombisa imibala ehlukene kansundu, kwesinye isikhathi ine-tinge ebomvu noma empunga (kukhona namakepisi amhlophe), u-5 kuye ku-15 cm ngaphesheya lapho enwetshiwe ngokuphelele, evame ukukhubazeka, imiphetho i-wavy. Ubuso ekuqaleni buhle kahle (buzwakala njenge-velvet), kepha bushelela ngokuguga.
Uginindela wesiqu
Umzimba umhlophe noma upinki kancane uma usikwe noma wephukile, kepha awuguquki luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - ulusizo ekuhlonzweni. Amakhowe ayathandeka ukuhogela nokunambitha, kepha awaziwa kakhulu.
UBoletus ulukhuni
Umlenze
Ubukhulu be-8-20 × 2-4 cm, buqinile, buncane, buyi-subcylindrical, buqinile, buyakhula maphakathi nendawo futhi buyancipha ezansi nasesiqongweni. Umbala awumhlophe qwa, luhlaza okotshani eduze kwasenhlabathini. Ekuqaleni, zihlotshiswe ngezikali ezimpunga ezilula, kodwa ngokushesha zishintsha umbala zibe nsundu noma zibe mpunga ngokumnyama. Ama-longitudinal squamules akha ubambo olumnyama futhi oluphakanyisiwe ngaphezulu kwesiqu.
Isigqoko
Okumpunga-mpunga, okumpunga onsundu, okungajwayelekile ukuphaphatheka, okuvame ukuba yi-ocher, ububanzi obungu-6-18 cm. I-cap iyi-hemisphere ekuqaleni, khona-ke iyindilinga-eyindilinga, iyisicaba esigabeni sokushisa sempilo. I-cuticle ebushelelezi, e-velvety iqhekeka ezimeni ezomile.
Inyama eqinile, eqinile kuma-specimens amancane, athambile kuma-specimens avuthiwe, anemicu esiqwini. Mhlophe engxenyeni ngokushesha iba pink ophaphathekile, bese iba mpunga onsundu. Amabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka avela engxenyeni engezansi komlenze. Iphunga alibalulekile, linokunambitheka okuncane okumnandi.
Ukuqina nobuthi
Kuthathwa njengokuhle ngemuva kokupheka, ngaphandle kwesiqu, esilahlwa ngenxa yokusanhlamvu nokusanhlamvu kwaso.
I-Boletus enemibala eminingi
Inesigqoko esinezici ezinemibala engu-5-15 cm ngaphesheya lapho inwetshwa ngokuphelele. Kubonakala emahlathini angaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi kwezihlahla ze-birch noma ezindaweni ezingamanzi ezinomswakama, ezinombala ocishe ucishe ube mhlophe kuye kobunsundu ngokulingene noma umnyama.
Isigqoko sihlotshiswe ngamaphethini e-radial eguquguqukayo / amachashazi avela ezindaweni ezikhanyayo / imivimbo. Ukuthungwa kulukhuni noma ku-scaly kumakhowe amancane. Kubushelelezi ngokuguga. Inyama emhlophe iphenduka ibomvana ngaphansi kwe-cuticle lapho iphukile noma isikiwe. Eduze kwesisekelo sesiqu, inyama esikiwe iba luhlaza noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Isiqu
Umbala obomvu omhlophe noma okhanyayo, ukuphakama okungu-7-15 cm, u-2-3 cm ngaphesheya, uthinta phezulu. Ama-specimens angavuthiwe anesiqu esimise okomgqomo; enobubanzi obujwayelekile ngokwengeziwe ekuvuthweni, kepha ithinta kancane ibheke esiqongweni. Isikali esiqwini sinombala omnyama noma onsundu. Ukunambitheka kwesihlahla se-birch esinemibala eminingi kungamakhowe ngokwemvelo, ngaphandle kwephunga elizwakalayo.
I-boletus ephinki
Isigqoko
Ngobubanzi obungu-3-20 cm, bomile futhi bushelelezi noma bukhali kancane, buyinyama futhi buqinile. Ama-specimens amancane asesimweni sebhola elilodwa. Ngokukhula, kuthatha ukubonakala komcamelo, imiphetho ibuthuntu, i-wavy kancane. Ezimweni ezinomswakama, ikepisi lincane kancane uma lithinta.
Isiqu
Ukuma kungu-cylindrical. I-pulp iminyene, imhlophe. Umlenze uphakeme ngo-15-20 cm, u-1-4 cm ububanzi, uqine kancane eduze komhlaba. I-fibrous yangaphandle, i-grayish noma i-brownish enephethini yesici yesikali esimnyama noma esinsundu.
Umtfumbu
Ngemuva kwemvula iyakhululeka, iyawa. Umbala uphuzi, umhlophe noma ube mpunga, ubamba umswakama ngokushesha. Ngaphansi kokucindezela kwemishini, umbala uhlala.
I-boletus empunga
Isigqoko
Ayilingani, ishwabene, ize ifike ku-14 cm ngaphesheya, umthunzi kusuka konsundu yomnqumo uye kumpunga onsundu. Kuma-specimens angavuthiwe, ukuma kwe-hemisphere, kumakhowe avuthiwe kufana nomcamelo. I-pulp ithambile, ilahlekelwa ukuthamba kwayo ngobudala. Ukusikwa kunombala obomvana, bese kuba mpunga futhi kumnyama. Iphunga elimnandi nokunambitheka kuhlala.
Isiqu
I-cylindrical, ebusweni besikali, i-5-13 cm ukuphakama, kuze kufike ku-4 cm ububanzi, mpunga, onsundu kancane ngezansi.
I-boletus emnyama
Isigqoko
5-15 cm ngaphesheya, imiphetho iyisidudla. Ubuso bushelelezi, bunqunu, abumanzi, bunsundu obumnyama noma bumnyama, kuzinhlobo ezincane ze-hemisphere, bese zi-convex, bese zi-flat-flat.
Umlenze
Umgqomo omile, u-5-20 cm ubude, u-2-3 cm ububanzi. Iyaqina kancane ezansi, iba mpunga noma ibe mpunga, imbozwe ngezikali ezincane ezimnyama. Inyama ye-cap iyathandeka kunambitheka futhi iphunga elimnandi, liyinyama. Ulahlekelwa ubumnene ngeminyaka.
Izihlahla ze-birch ezingamanga
Isigqoko sokufa
Abazingeli bokuvunwa kwamakhowe ngaphandle kwesipiliyoni baqoqa i-toadstool enobuthi ngaphansi kwe-aspen, i-birch, i-beech (kanye ne-boletus), bayiphambanise ne-subspecies yexhaphozi. Kodwa leli khowe elinoshevu alinayo ikhambi.
Isigqoko sesikhunta esincane sifinyelela ku-10 cm ububanzi, siyindilinga, sibhinca ngobudala, siyakhanya. Ubuso bukhanya, kwesinye isikhathi buhlaza okotshani noma umnqumo. Kunenkomishi ethile ngaphansi kwesigqoko. Isiqu esincane ngaphandle kwezikali, sinwetshiwe engxenyeni engezansi futhi sitholakala ngohlobo lwe-capsule.
I-pulp ikhipha iphunga elimnandi lamakhowe, entekenteke, emhlophe, emnandi. Ihlukaniswa yi-hymenophore engxenyeni engezansi yesembozo. Amapuleti abanzi amhlophe abonakala ngokucacile ngezansi. Ngalokhu, isikhunta asibukeki njenge-birch yamakhowe ashubhu.
Gall mushroom
Abantu abayidli, ukhunta lwenyongo lunambitheka kamunyu futhi lumuncu. Inobuthi obunemibandela, ngaphandle ifana ne-boletus yesikhumba esinsundu.
Isigqoko
Ukuma kwe-hemisphere ekhanyayo akudluli ububanzi obungu-15 cm.Ubuso bunsundu noma i-chestnut elula.
Isiqu
Kukhona iphethini elimnyama lemeshi eliseduze nekepisi emlenzeni; phakathi nendawo liyajiya.
Lapho uphukile, umzimba omhlophe obabayo uphenduka ube pinki, kunokuba ikhowe lamanga elingise i-boletus ebomvana. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi kunomthelela onjani, amashubhu wefungus yamanga awalahli umbala wawo obomvana obukhanyayo. Umehluko ukuthi izinhlobo ezidliwayo zinoqweqwe olu-creamy lwamathubu bese ziphenduka zibe bomvu ngekhefu.
Izimpawu zokuthumela izihlahla ze-birch ezingamanga
Lapho abantu bedla isigaxa esikhanyayo, abezwa lutho kuze kube yilapho ubuthi bungena bujule ezicutshini zobuchopho nasezitho zomzimba. Umuntu uhlanza ndawana thize emahoreni ayi-12, uphathwa yisisu, umzimba uphelelwe ngamanzi. Bese kuba khona ukuthethelelwa okufishane kwezinsuku ezingu-2-3. Ngosuku lwama-3-5, isibindi nezinso kwehluleka. Uma kudliwe izigaxa eziningi, inkambo yokudakwa iba namandla kakhulu futhi iyashesha.
Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola ubuthi yi-fungus yenyongo. Ukunambitheka kwayo okubabayo kucisha nokuhlola okweqile. Futhi ikhowe elilodwa lenyongo, lapho lipheka, lizokonakalisa ubhasikidi wonke wama-birches ansundu, umpheki ulahla isitsha ngemuva kokunambitha. Isithombe somtholampilo siyefana nanoma yibuphi ubuthi, kepha ngaphandle komphumela obulalayo.
Zivunwa kuphi futhi nini izihlahla ze-boletus?
Amakhowe akhethe amahlathi ahlabayo endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile futhi akhethe ukususwa kwe-mycelium eduze kwamabherchi, okwakhiwa ngawo i-mycorrhiza.
Amakhowe amancane aqinile futhi aqinile ngokushaya ngamandla. Bakhetha izindawo ezivulekile zokukhula emaphethelweni ehlathi, ekuvuleni nasezindleleni. I-birch bark ayithandi inhlabathi ene-asidi eduze kwe-peat bogs, ikhetha inhlabathi emahlathini aphansi nge-substrate engathathi hlangothi noma i-lime. Abantu bakha amakhowe kusuka ngoMeyi kuze kufike amakhaza ekwindla kanye neqhwa lokuqala. Omunye we-subspecies, i-boletus ye-marsh, ihlala kuma-peat bogs eduze kwamaxhaphozi.
Imindeni emincane noma eyodwa ngesikhathi ikhula ama-boletus anemibala ehlukahlukene. Izigqoko zabo ezahlukahlukene ziheha abacoshe amakhowe kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Amakhowe anqunywa ngaphansi kwemibhida kanye nemipopula. Ama-Myceliums agxila emahlathini amnyama nobumnyama, kepha ezindaweni ezivulekile ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga.
Uhlobo olungajwayelekile - i-boletus enombala obomvana ihlala kuma-peat bogs emingceleni yamabhogi eduze kwe-birch namahlathi ahlanganisiwe, lapho i-mycorrhiza enezinhlobo ze-birch. Amakhowe aqoqa noma yikuphi lapho kunezihlahla ze-birch khona, kuze kufike kutundra kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi kuya ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba.
I-boletus empunga, futhi iyi-hornbeam enikeza isivuno esinothile emaphethelweni nasezintabeni phakathi:
- ubhabhulini nemibhida;
- hazel;
- uphondo nezinyosi.
Kuvuniwe:
- lapho i-rowan iqhakaza;
- ngoJulayi ngemuva kokwenza utshani;
- kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba.
Abavuni bama-mushroom be-Harsh boletus (abangavamile) kwesinye isikhathi batholakala ezindaweni ezihlwanyelayo ezinamakhanda aminyene kanye nama-aspen amhlophe. Isikhunta sithanda i-limestone, lapho ihlala yodwa noma imindeni emincane. Kuvunwe isivuno esingajwayelekile kusuka ngasekupheleni kukaJuni kuya phakathi nasekwindla.
Ezindaweni eziphansi ezinamanzi phakathi kwama-birches, ema-pine-birch ehlathini elixubekile, emaphethelweni okugawula naphakathi kwamaxhaphozi, kusukela maphakathi nehlobo kuya ekwindla yegolide, abantu baqoqa i-boletus emnyama.
Ngubani ophikisanayo nezihlahla ze-birch?
Njenganoma imuphi omunye umkhiqizo oqoqwe kwimvelo, abesifazane abakhulelwe, izingane kanye nabantu abadala kufanele baqaphele izihlahla ze-birch. Lokhu kudla kunzima emgodini wamathumbu, kuhamba kancane ukugaya futhi kunothe ngamaprotheni aphikiswa ngobuningi ezigulini zesibindi nezinso.
Abantu abaphilile badla amakhowe ansundu ngokulinganisela futhi ababoni ukungakhululeki.
