I-Antarctica mhlawumbe izwekazi eliyimfihlakalo kunawo wonke emhlabeni wethu. Ngisho namanje, lapho isintu sinolwazi olwanele namathuba okuhambela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu, i-Antarctica ihlala ingafundwanga kahle.
Kuze kube yikhulu le-19 AD, leli zwekazi lalingaziwa ngokuphelele. Kwakukhona ngisho nezinganekwane zokuthi kukhona izwe elingaqashelwe eningizimu ye-Australia, eligcwele iqhwa neqhwa ngokuphelele. Futhi eminyakeni eyi-100 kuphela kamuva, uhambo lokuqala lwaqala, kepha njengoba imishini enjalo yayingekho ngaleso sikhathi, cishe kwakungekho mqondo kulolo cwaningo.
Umlando wocwaningo
Ngaphandle kokuthi kwakukhona imininingwane eseduze yokuthi ukutholakala kwalowo mhlaba oseningizimu ne-Australia, ukutadisha umhlaba isikhathi eside akuzange kumakwe ngempumelelo. Ukuhlola okunenjongo kwezwekazi kwaqala phakathi nohambo lukaJames Cook emhlabeni wonke ngo-1772-1775. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi yiso kanye isizathu esenza ukuthi umhlaba utholakale sekwephuze kakhulu.
Iqiniso ngukuthi ngesikhathi ahlala okokuqala esifundeni sase-Antarctic, uCook wahlangabezana nesithiyo esikhulu seqhwa, angakwazanga ukusinqoba futhi asibuyisele emuva. Impela emva konyaka, itilosi labuyela kulawa mazwe futhi, kepha alitholanga izwekazi lase-Antarctic, ngakho-ke laphetha ngokuthi umhlaba okule ndawo awusizi ngalutho esintwini.
Kube yilezi ziphetho zikaJames Cook ezehlise ijubane ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kule ndawo - sekuphele uhhafu wekhulu lohambo lungasathunyelwa lapha. Kodwa-ke, abazingeli bezimpawu bathola imihlambi emikhulu yezimpawu eziQhingini zase-Antarctic futhi baqhubeka nokunyuka kulezi zindawo. Kepha, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi intshisekelo yabo ibiyimboni kuphela, ngokomqondo wesayensi bekungekho ntuthuko.
Izigaba zocwaningo
Umlando wokufundwa kwaleli zwekazi uqukethe izigaba eziningana. Akukho ukuvumelana lapha, kepha kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okunemibandela kwalolu hlelo:
- isigaba sokuqala, ikhulu le-19 leminyaka - ukutholakala kweziqhingi eziseduze, ukufunwa kwezwekazi uqobo;
- isigaba sesibili - ukutholakala kwezwekazi uqobo, uhambo lokuqala lwesayensi olwaphumelela (ngekhulu le-19);
- isigaba sesithathu - ukuhlola ugu nengaphakathi nezwe (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20);
- isigaba sesine - izifundo zomhlaba wonke zezwekazi (ikhulu lama-20 kuze kube namuhla).
Eqinisweni, ukutholakala kwe-Antarctica nokufundwa kwendawo kungukufaneleka kososayensi baseRussia, ngoba yibo abaqala ukuqala kabusha kwemikhankaso eya kule ndawo.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Antarctica ososayensi baseRussia
Kwakungamatilosi aseRussia abuza iziphetho zikaCook futhi anquma ukuphinde aqale isifundo se-Antarctica. Ososayensi baseRussia uGolovnin, Sarychev noKruzenshtern nabo bazwakalise imicabango yokuthi umhlaba ukhona, nokuthi uJames Cook wayenephutha kakhulu eziphethweni zakhe.
Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari 1819, u-Alexander Wokuqala walwamukela lolu cwaningo, kwaqala amalungiselelo ohambo olusha oluya ezwenikazi eliseningizimu.
Uhambo lokuqala lwangoDisemba 22 no-23, 1819, lwathola iziqhingi ezintathu ezincane zentaba-mlilo, futhi lokhu kwase sekuvele kube ubufakazi obungenakuphikiswa bokuthi ngesinye isikhathi uJames Cook wayenephutha elikhulu ocwaningweni lwakhe.
Baqhubeka nocwaningo lwabo futhi baqhubekela phambili eningizimu, iqembu lososayensi lafika "eSandwich Land", eyayivele itholwe nguCook, kepha empeleni kwaba yisiqhingi. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi banqume ukungaliguquli ngokuphelele igama, yingakho le ndawo yabizwa ngeSouth Sandwich Islands.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwakungabacwaningi baseRussia, ngesikhathi sohambo olufanayo, abasungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi ziqhingi namadwala aseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Antarctica, futhi baphinde banquma ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo ngendlela yomqansa ongaphansi kwamanzi.
Lo mkhankaso awuphothulwanga ngalokhu - ezinsukwini ezingama-60 ezalandela, ososayensi bokuzulazula basondela ogwini lwase-Antarctica, futhi ngo-Agasti 5, 1821, abacwaningi babuyela eKronstadt. Leyo miphumela yocwaningo yakuphikisa ngokuphelele ukucabanga kukaCook okwakukholelwa phambilini ukuthi kuyiqiniso, futhi kwamukelwa yibo bonke abasebenza ngokuma komhlaba baseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, okungukuthi kusuka ku-1838 kuya ku-1842, kube nokuthuthuka kohlobo lwayo ekutadisheni kwala mazwe - imikhankaso emithathu eyafika ezwekazini ngasikhathi sinye. Kulesi sigaba semikhankaso, enkulu kunazo zonke, ngaleso sikhathi, kwenziwa ucwaningo olukhulu lwesayensi.
Kuyacaca ukuthi ucwaningo luyaqhubeka esikhathini sethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamaphrojekthi, ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwawo, azovumela ososayensi ukuba babe se-Antarctica ngaso sonke isikhathi - kuhlelwe ukudala isisekelo esizolungela ukuhlala unomphela kwabantu.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi hhayi ososayensi kuphela, kepha futhi nezivakashi zivakashela indawo yase-Antarctic muva nje. Kodwa, ngeshwa, lokhu akunamthelela omuhle esimweni sezwekazi, okuyisona, akumangalisi, ngoba isenzo esonakalisayo somuntu sesinomkhondo kuwo wonke umhlaba.
