Izihlahla ezahlukahlukene zikhula emahlathini axubekile. Izinhlobo ezakha ihlathi zombili zingama-broadleaf (ama-maple, ama-oki, ama-lindens, ama-birches, ama-hornbeams) nama-conifers (amaphayini, i-larch, i-fir, i-spruce). Ezingxenyeni ezinjalo zemvelo, kwakhiwa inhlabathi yehlathi elinama-soddy-podzolic, ansundu nampunga. Zinezinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-humus, ngenxa yokukhula kwenani elikhulu lotshani kula mahlathi. Izinhlayiya zensimbi nobumba zigezwa ngazo.
Inhlabathi yeSod-podzolic
Emahlathini e-coniferous-deciduous, umhlaba wohlobo lwe-sod-podzolic wakhiwa kabanzi. Ngaphansi kwezimo zehlathi, kwakhiwa umkhathizwe obalulekile wokuqongelela i-humus, futhi ungqimba lwe-sod alunamandla kakhulu. Izinhlayiya zomlotha ne-nitrogen, i-magnesium ne-calcium, i-iron ne-potassium, i-aluminium ne-hydrogen, kanye nezinye izinto, ziyabandakanyeka enqubweni yokwakheka kwenhlabathi. Izinga lokuzala lenhlabathi enjalo aliphezulu, ngoba imvelo ine-oxidized. Umhlaba weSod-podzolic uqukethe kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-7% humus. Iphinde ithuthukiswe ku-silica futhi ihluphekile ku-phosphorus ne-nitrogen. Lolu hlobo lomhlabathi lunomswakama omkhulu.
Inhlabathi empunga nama-burozems
Umhlabathi onsundu nampunga wakhiwa emahlathini lapho izihlahla ezinamakhaza nezihlahlana zikhula khona ngasikhathi sinye. Uhlobo lwempunga luyisikhashana phakathi kwenhlabathi ye-podzolic nama-chernozems. Inhlabathi empunga yakha ezindaweni ezifudumele nasezinhlotsheni zezitshalo. Lokhu kufaka isandla ekutheni izinhlayiya zezitshalo, indle yezilwane ngenxa yomsebenzi wezinto ezincane zixubekile, futhi kuvela ungqimba olukhulu lwe-humus olunezinto ezahlukahlukene. Ilele ijule futhi inombala omnyama. Kodwa-ke, njalo entwasahlobo, lapho iqhwa lincibilika, inhlabathi iba nomswakama omkhulu kanye nokuvuza.
Kuyathakazelisa
Inhlabathi ensundu yamahlathi yakhiwa esimweni sezulu esifudumele kakhulu kunaleso sehlathi. Ngokwakheka kwabo, ihlobo kufanele lishise ngokulingene, kanti ebusika akufanele kube khona ungqimba lweqhwa unomphela. Inhlabathi iswakanyiswe ngokulinganayo unyaka wonke. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, i-humus iba nsundu ngokubomvu.
Emahlathini ahlanganisiwe, ungathola izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zenhlabathi: ama-burozems, i-grey forest kanye ne-sod-podzol. Izimo zokwakheka kwazo zicishe zifane. Ukuba khona kotshani obukhulu kanye nodoti wehlathi kunomthelela ekutheni inhlabathi icebiswe ngama-humus, kepha umswakama ophakeme unomthelela ekuvuzeni izakhi ezahlukahlukene, okunciphisa kancane ukuzala kwenhlabathi.
