Indawo ehlathini enqabile ihlanganisa umugqa obanzi we-Eurasia neNyakatho Melika. Ngokuyisisekelo, la mahlathi atholakala esimweni sezulu esishisayo ngokulungiswa kwamanzi emathafeni. Kula mahlathi kukhona ama-oki nezinyosi, ama-hornbeams nezihlahla zomlotha, ama-linden namamephu, izitshalo ezahlukahlukene ezinama-herbaceous kanye nezihlahla. Zonke lezi zitshalo zikhula emhlabathini ovamile ompunga kanye nenhlabathi ye-podzolic, ensundu futhi emnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi amahlathi atholakala kuma-chernozems avunde kakhulu.
Ama-Burozems
Inhlabathi yehlathi elinsundu yakhiwa lapho ama-humus eqongelela nezitshalo zibola. Isici esiyinhloko amaqabunga awile. Umhlabathi ucebiswe ngama-humic acid ahlukahlukene. Izinga lokukhanya lomhlabathi ligcwele amaminerali wesibili akhiwa ngenxa yezinqubo zamakhemikhali nezemvelo. Umhlaba walolu hlobo ugcwele kakhulu ngezinto eziphilayo. Ukwakheka kwe-burozem kanje:
- izinga lokuqala udoti;
- owesibili - i-humus, ilele ngamasentimitha angama-20-40, inombala ompunga onsundu;
- izinga lesithathu alikhanyisi, ngombala onsundu ogqamile, lilele cishe ngamasentimitha ayi-120;
- eyesine ileveli yamatshe omzali.
Inhlabathi yasehlathini ensundu inezinga eliphakeme lokuzala. Bangakwazi ukutshala izinhlobo ezahlukene zezihlahla, izinhlobo zezihlahla notshani.
Inhlabathi empunga
Leli hlathi libonakala ngenhlabathi empunga. Bafika ngama-subspecies amaningana:
- umbala ompunga okhanyayo - uqukethe u-1.5-5% we-humus ngokujwayelekile, ugcwele ama-acid e-fulvic;
- impunga yehlathi - ithuthukiswe ngokwanele nge-humus efinyelela ku-8% kanti inhlabathi iqukethe ama-humic acid;
- impunga emnyama - inhlabathi enezinga eliphezulu le-humus - 3.5-9%, equkethe ama-acid e-fulvic kanye ne-calcium neoplasms.
Emhlabathini ompunga, amadwala akha ama-loams, ama-moraine deposits, ama-loesses nobumba. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kwakhiwa inhlabathi empunga ngenxa yokonakala kwe-chernozems. Inhlabathi yakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lama-sod process kanye nokuthuthuka okuncane kwe-podzolic. Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi empunga kuvezwa kanjena:
- udoti ungqimba - kuze kufinyelele 5 amasentimitha;
- ungqimba lwe-humus - amasentimitha angu-15-30, linombala ompunga;
- i-humus-eluvial light grey shadow;
- umbala we-eluvial-illuvial ompunga onsundu;
- umkhathizwe ongenampilo, onsundu onsundu;
- ungqimba lwezinguquko;
- idwala labazali.
Emahlathini ahlabayo, kunenhlabathi evundile impela - ama-burozems nesibabule, kanye nezinye izinhlobo. Zicebiswe ngokulinganayo kuma-humus nama-acid, futhi zakhiwa emadwaleni ahlukene.
