I-World Ocean iyi-ecosystem ekhethekile ekhula ngokuya ngemithetho yayo. Ngokukhethekile kufanele kukhokhelwe umhlaba wezilwane nezilwane zasolwandle. Indawo yoLwandle Lomhlaba ithatha ama-71% wobuso beplanethi yethu. Insimu yonke ihlukaniswe yaba yizindawo zemvelo ezikhethekile, lapho kwakhiwe khona uhlobo lwayo lwesimo sezulu, izitshalo nezilwane. Ulwandle ngalunye kwezine zomhlaba lunezici zalo.
Izitshalo zasePacific
Ingxenye eyinhloko yezimbali oLwandlekazi iPacific yi-phytoplankton. Iqukethe ikakhulukazi i-algae unicellular, futhi lokhu kungaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-1.3 zezinhlobo (i-peridinea, diatoms). Kule ndawo, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-400 zama-algae, kuyilapho kukhona utshani nezimbali zasolwandle ezingama-29 kuphela. Ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo ungathola amakhorali kanye nezitshalo zemihlume, kanye nolwelwe olubomvu noluhlaza okotshani. Lapho isimo sezulu sibanda, endaweni yesimo sezulu esipholile, kukhula ulwelwe olunsundu onsundu. Kwesinye isikhathi, ekujuleni okukhulu, kune-algae enkulu engamamitha angamakhulu amabili ubude. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezitshalo isendaweni yolwandle engajulile.
Lezi zitshalo ezilandelayo zihlala olwandle iPacific Ocean:
Ulwelwe Unicellular - lezi yizitshalo ezilula kakhulu ezihlala emanzini anosawoti olwandle ezindaweni ezimnyama. Ngenxa yobukhona be-chlorophyll, bathola umbala ohlaza okotshani.
Izidakamizwaezinegobolondo le-silica. Ziyingxenye ye-phytoplankton.
I-Kelp - khula ezindaweni zemisinga engaguquki, yakha "ibhande le-kelp". Imvamisa zitholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-4-10, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zingaphansi kwamamitha angama-35. Okuvame kakhulu i-kelp eluhlaza kanye nsundu.
UCladophorus Stimpson... Izitshalo ezinjengezihlahla, eziminyene, ezakhiwe yizihlahla, ubude bezingcezu namagatsha zifinyelela kumasentimitha angama-25. Ikhula ezansi ezinodaka nesihlabathi ezinodaka ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-3-6.
Ulva perforated... Izitshalo ezingqimba ezimbili, ubude bazo buhluka kusuka kumasentimitha ambalwa kuye kwimitha elilodwa. Bahlala ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-2.5-10.
Ulwandle lwaseZostera... Lolu wutshani basolwandle obutholakala emanzini angajulile kuze kufike kumamitha amane.
Izitshalo zoLwandle i-Arctic
I-Arctic Ocean ilele ebhandeni le-polar futhi inesimo sezulu esibi. Lokhu kubonakale ekwakhekeni komhlaba wezimbali, obonakala ngobuphofu nokwehluka okuncane. Umhlaba wezitshalo walolu lwandle usekelwe kulwelwe. Abaphenyi baye babala izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-200 ze-phytoplankton. Lawa ikakhulukazi algae unicellular. Bangumgogodla woxhaxha lokudla kule ndawo. Kodwa-ke, ama-phytoalgae athuthuka ngenkuthalo lapha. Lokhu kwenziwa ngamanzi abandayo, kwakheke izimo ezifanele zokukhula kwazo.
Izimila ezinkulu ze-Ocean:
I-Fucus. La ma-algae akhula ezihlahleni, afinyelela osayizi kusuka ku-10 cm kuye ku-2 m.
Anfelcia.Lolu hlobo lwe-algae ebomvu ebomvu lunomzimba ocwebezelayo, lukhula ngama-20 cm.
I-Blackjack... Lesi sitshalo esiqhakazayo, esingamamitha amane ubude, sivamile emanzini angajulile.
Izimila ze-Atlantic Ocean
Izimbali zoLwandle i-Atlantic zinezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo ezilinganisa ulwelwe nezimbali. Izinhlobo zezimbali ezivame kakhulu yi-Oceanic Posidonia neZostera. Lezi zitshalo zitholakala olwandle olwandle olwandle. Ngokuqondene nePosadonia, lolu uhlobo lwasendulo kakhulu, futhi ososayensi basungule iminyaka yalo - iminyaka eyi-100,000.
Njengakwezinye izilwandle, ulwelwe luthatha indawo evelele emhlabeni wezitshalo. Izinhlobonhlobo nobuningi bazo buncike ekushiseni kwamanzi nasekujuleni kwawo. Ngakho-ke emanzini abandayo, i-kelp ivame kakhulu. Ama-fuchs no-algae abomvu akhula ezindaweni ezifudumele. Izindawo ezifudumele ezishisayo zifudumele kakhulu, futhi le ndawo ayikufanele nakancane ukukhula kwe-algae.
Amanzi afudumele ahlinzeka ngezimo ezinhle kakhulu ze-phytoplankton. Ihlala ngokwesilinganiso ekujuleni kwamamitha ayikhulu futhi inokwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi. Izitshalo ziguquka ku-phytoplankton kuye ngobubanzi nangesizini. Izitshalo ezinkulu kunazo zonke oLwandle i-Atlantic zikhula ezansi. Le yindlela eveze ngayo uLwandle iSargasso, lapho kukhona ukuminyana okuphezulu kwe-algae. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu kukhona izitshalo ezilandelayo:
I-Phylospadix. Leli filakisi lolwandle, utshani, lufinyelela kubude obungamamitha ama-2-3, lunombala oluhlaza ogqamile.
Amagama okuzalwa. Kwenzeka ezihlahleni ezinamaqabunga acabalele, ziqukethe i-phycoerythrin pigment.
Ulwelwe olunsundu.Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zazo olwandle, kepha zihlanganiswe ubukhona be-pigment fucoxanthin. Zikhula emazingeni ehlukene: 6-15 m no 40-100 m.
Ubulembu bolwandle
Macrospistis
Hondrus
Ulwelwe olubomvu
Okuphephuli
Izimila zase-Indian Ocean
I-Indian Ocean icebile ngo-algae obomvu nonsundu. Lezi yi-kelp, macrocystis ne-fucus. Kukhula ulwelwe oluningi oluhlaza endaweni yamanzi. Kunezinhlobo ze-algae. Kukhona futhi notshani obuningi basolwandle - i-poseidonia - emanzini.
I-Macrocystis... I-algae engapheli ebrown, ubude bayo obufinyelela kuma-45 m emanzini ngokujula kwama-20-30 m.
I-Fucus... Bahlala ngaphansi kolwandle.
Ulwelwe oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka... Zikhula ngokujula ezihlahleni zobuningi obuhlukahlukene.
Utshani basolwandle iPosidonia... Kusatshalaliswe ekujuleni kwe-30-50 m, kushiya kufika ku-50 cm ubude.
Ngakho-ke, uhlaza olwandle aluhlukile njengasemhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, i-phytoplankton ne-algae yakha isisekelo. Ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle, kanti ezinye zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile, kuya ngemisebe yelanga kanye namazinga okushisa kwamanzi.
Ngokuvamile, umhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba awukaze ufundwe kangako, ngakho-ke minyaka yonke ososayensi bathola izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ezidinga ukucwaningwa.
