Amadada izinhlobo zezinyoni zasemanzini ezinomlomo omkhulu, izintamo ezimfishane emndenini wase-Anatidae, futhi ikakhulukazi emndenini omncane wase-Anatinae (amadada weqiniso). Umndeni wakwa-Anatidae ubuye ufake ama-swans, amakhulu futhi anentamo ende ukudlula amadada, namahansi, athanda ukuba makhulu kunamadada futhi abe nocijwana olungacijile.
Amadada yizinyoni zasemanzini futhi ahlala kuzo zombili izindawo ezintsha nezasolwandle. Kunezinhlobo zezinyoni zasendle nezasekhaya.
Izinhlobo zamadada
I-Common Mallard (i-Anas platyrhynchos)
Idrake inemibala egqamile kunowesifazane. Ikhanda layo eliluhlaza lihlukaniswe ngebhande elimhlophe lesikhumba esifubeni se-chestnut nomzimba ompunga. Izinsikazi ziyabonakala, zinsundu ngokumpunga, kodwa izimpaphe ezibomvu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eziluhlaza emaphikweni azo, ezibonakala njengamabala ezinhlangothini. IMallards ikhula ize ifike ku-65 cm ubude futhi ingaba nesisindo esifinyelela ku-1.3 kg.
Idada elimpunga (Mareca strepera)
Usayizi ofanayo nowe-mallard, kodwa ngomlomo omncane. Ngokuvamile abesilisa baba mpunga ngesigaxa esimhlophe esincane ephikweni. Inhloko inkulu futhi inamandla kakhulu kunaleyo yemallard. Abesifazane bayafana nemallard, umehluko indawo emhlophe esephikweni (kwesinye isikhathi iyabonakala) nolayini we-orange onqenqemeni lomlomo.
I-Pintail (Anas acuta)
Lawa madada abukeka emuhle ngentamo ende nephrofayili ezacile. Umsila mude futhi uyakhonjwa, mude kakhulu futhi ubonakala kakhulu ekuzaliseni abesilisa kunabesifazane nabesilisa abangazalisi. Lapho indiza, izimpiko zinde futhi zincane. Abesilisa phakathi nenkathi yokuzalisana bagqama ngamabele amhlophe acwebezelayo nolayini omhlophe ngasekhanda nasentanyeni kashokholethi. Abesifazane nabesilisa abane-molt babonakala ngokusobala nokumhlophe, ikhanda linsundu ngokukhanyayo, futhi umlomo unomnyama. Endizeni, ama-drake anezimpaphe eziluhlaza zephiko langaphakathi, kanti abesifazane banezimpaphe zokundiza zethusi.
Umthakathi (Mareca penelope)
Idrake inekhanda elibomvu ngokubomvu ngokubomvu, lifakwe umugqa kakhilimu, izimpunga emuva nezinhlangothi, intamo enezinkomba ezibomvu nezimnyama. Isifuba simpunga ngokumpunga, ingxenye engezansi yesifuba, isisu nezinhlangothi zangemuva komzimba ngemuva kwezinhlangothi zimhlophe. Abesifazane abanezimpaphe ezibomvu, banekhanda elibomvu ngokubomvu, intamo, isifuba, emuva, ezinhlangothini. Uqhwaku aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokumpunga ngethiphu emnyama, imilenze nezinyawo ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mpunga.
Ukuqhekeka kwetiye (Spatula querquedula)
Incane kune-mallard. Ikhanda liyindilinga encane, uqhwaku olumpunga oluqondile nebunzi eliyisicaba. Ngesikhathi sendiza, abesilisa bakhombisa amaphiko aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nampunga anezimpaphe eziluhlaza okotshani ezinomphetho omhlophe. Kwabesifazane, izimpaphe zokundiza zinombala onsundu ngokumpunga. Idrake ibuye ibe nemivimbo eminyene emhlophe emehlweni akhe, ejika phansi futhi ijoyine ngemuva kwentamo yakhe. Indoda inesifuba esinsundu motley, isisu esimhlophe, nezimpaphe ezimnyama nezimhlophe ngemuva. Owesifazane upholile, umphimbo wakhe umhlophe, uqhwaku luyimpunga olunendawo phansi. Umugqa omnyama ugijima ekhanda, umugqa okhanyayo uzungeze amehlo.
Idada elinekhala elibomvu (iNetta rufina)
Indoda inekhanda elinsundu ngokusawolintshi, uqhwaku olubomvu nezinhlangothi eziphaphathekile. Abesifazane bansundu nezihlathi eziphaphathekile. Endizeni, zikhombisa izimpaphe ezimhlophe ezimhlophe. Insikazi inezinhlangothi eziphaphathekile ekhanda nasentanyeni, ngokungafani nesihloko esinsundu esimnyama sekhanda nangemuva kwentamo.
I-Baer Dive (Aythya baeri)
Idrake inekhanda elicwebezelayo eliluhlaza okotshani, isifuba esinsundu, uhlangothi olumhlana onsundu ngombala onsundu, isisu esimhlophe esinemivimbo. Uqhwaku aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mpunga futhi lukhanya kancane ngaphambi kwethiphu emnyama. Utshani iris ophuzi nomhlophe. Izimpaphe zomzimba zibuthuntu-nsundu. Insikazi inombala onsundu ngokumpunga, uqhwaku luyimpunga emnyama. Iris imnyama nsundu.
Idada laseCrested (Aythya fuligula)
Imisipha ekhanda ihlukanisa ukumnyama kwamanye amadada. Isifuba, intamo nenhloko yedrake kumnyama, izinhlangothi zimhlophe. Amehlo aphuzi-orange. Umzimba wabesifazane unombala onsundu kashokolethi, ngaphandle kwezinhlangothi ezikhanyayo. Kwabesilisa, imilomo iba mpunga nomnyama ngethiphu emnyama. Abesifazane bampunga ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Idada (i-Aythya marila)
Buqamama, abesilisa abakha izidleke bansundu nabamhlophe, kepha uma usibuka eduze, izimpaphe ezicwebezelayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhanda, umugqa omnyama omncane kakhulu emhlane, uqhwaku oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka neso eliphuzi kuyabonakala. Abesifazane ngokuvamile baba nsundu ngekhanda elinsundu ngokumnyama nendawo emhlophe eduze komlomo, ubukhulu bendawo emhlophe buyehluka. Amadrake angaphandle kwesizini abukeka njengesiphambano phakathi kowesifazane nowesilisa ozalisayo: umzimba onombala onsundu onsundu nekhanda elimnyama.
I-Common Gogol (Bucephala clangula)
Amadada aphakathi nendawo ngobukhulu anamakhanda amakhulu. Uqhwaku luncane futhi luncane, imithambeka ibheke phansi, inike ikhanda umumo ongunxantathu. Zidada ngamadada anemizimba ehlanjululwe kanye nemisila emifushane. Ama-drake amadala ikakhulukazi amnyama futhi amhlophe: ikhanda limnyama ngendawo emhlophe eyindilinga eduze komlomo, amehlo aphuzi ngokukhanyayo. Ngemuva kumnyama, izinhlangothi zimhlophe, okwenza umzimba ubukeke umhlophe. Abesifazane banamakhanda ansundu, imihlane empunga namaphiko. Uqhwaku lumnyama ngethiphu ephuzi. Endizeni, bobabili abesilisa bakhombisa amabala amhlophe amakhulu emaphikweni.
I-Stonecap (Histrionicus histrionicus)
Idada lasolwandle lokuntywila elincane elingama-30-50 cm ubude ngamaphiko we-55-65 cm elinomlomo omncane ompunga namabala amhlophe ayindilinga ezinhlangothini zekhanda. Idrake inomzimba ompunga ngombala onamacala abomvu ngokugqwala nemithambo emhlophe esifubeni, entanyeni nasemaphikweni. Ekhanda lakhe kukhona isifihla-buso esimhlophe esimise okweqanda. Insikazi inomzimba ompunga onsundu kanye nesisu sikakhilimu esiphaphathekile esinamabala ansundu.
Idada elinomsila omude (Clangula hyemalis)
Idada lokuntywila elilinganiselwe elinenqwaba yezimpaphe ezimnyama nezimhlophe, eliguquka unyaka wonke. Izimpiko ezimnyama kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka. Eyeduna inezimpaphe ezinde zomsila omaphakathi nomugqa opinki eduze kwesiqongo somlomo omnyama. Izimpaphe zasehlobo: ikhanda elimnyama, isifuba namaphiko. Umbala ompunga uzungeze amehlo. Umhlane ongaphezulu unezimpaphe ezinde, eziluhlaza ezinezikhungo ezimnyama. Izimpaphe zomsila ezimaphakathi zinde kakhulu. Izimpaphe zasebusika: ikhanda elimhlophe nentamo. Isigaxa esikhulu esimnyama kusuka esihlathini kuye ezinhlangothini zentamo. Umugqa omnyama entanyeni nasesifubeni esingezansi. Ngemuva kumnyama. Izimpaphe ezinde ezingenhla ngemuva zimpunga. Izimpaphe zomsila ezimaphakathi zimnyama omnyama. Amehlo ansundu ngokunsundu.
Insikazi isezimpapheni zasehlobo: ikhanda elimnyama nentamo, imibuthano emhlophe ezungeze amehlo yehla ngomugqa omncane uye endlebeni. Umhlane nesifuba kunsundu noma mpunga. Amehlo ansundu. Isiqephu esinsundu esiyindilinga ezihlathini. Isisu esimhlophe. Umqhele, isifuba nomhlane kuyimpunga ngokunsundu.
Idada elinekhanda elimhlophe (Oxyura leucocephala)
AmaDrake anomzimba obomvu ngokubomvu, uqhwaku oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ikhanda elimhlophe ngenhla emnyama nentamo. Abesifazane banomzimba onsundu ngokumpunga, ikhanda elimhlophe, ngaphezulu okumnyama nomugqa esihlathini.
Incazelo yamadada
- umzimba ebanzi futhi voluminous;
- izinyawo ezine-webbed ngokwengxenye;
- uqhwaku olucabalele olunamapuleti ama-horny (ukuqagela okuncane, okufana namazinyo we-ridge);
- kanye nenqubo eqinile ekugcineni komlomo;
- indlala enkulu ye-coccygeal ifakwe isicucu sezimpaphe.
Umzimba wamadada awunamanzi emanzini ngenxa yamafutha asatshalaliswa phezu kwezimpaphe.
Izazi zezilwane zehlukanisa amadada ngamaqembu amakhulu amathathu.
- Amadada okudoba olwandle, njengedada, atholakala emifuleni nasemachibini futhi aklaba ngaphansi kwamanzi.
- Abadla phezulu noma amadada amancane afana nemallard nedada lasehlathini bajwayelekile emachibini nasemadamini futhi badla ebusweni bamanzi noma emhlabeni. Amapuleti angama-horny asemilonyeni yamadada anjalo abukeka njengethambo lomkhomo. Le migqa emincane yamapuleti ngaphakathi komlomo ivumela izinyoni ukuba zikwazi ukuhlunga amanzi ngaphakathi komlomo nokugcina ukudla ngaphakathi.
- Kukhona futhi amadada azingela emanzini avulekile. Lokhu kuyi-merganser ne-loot, ehlelelwe ukubamba izinhlanzi ezinkulu.
Amadada okuntywila asinda kunamadada angaphezulu, lesi sici se-anatomical siyadingeka ukwenza kube lula ukungena emanzini. Ngakho-ke, badinga isikhathi nesikhala esithe xaxa sokundiza, kuyilapho amadada amancane esuka ngqo ebusweni bamanzi.
Ukutshuza amadada
Abesilisa (ama-drake) ezinhlobo zasenyakatho banezimpaphe eziwubukhazikhazi, kepha iphalaza ehlobo, okwenza abesilisa babonakale njengabesifazane, futhi kunzima ukuhlukanisa ubulili. Izinhlobo ezitholakala eningizimu zikhombisa ukufiphala kocansi okuncane
Izimpaphe zokundiza zamadada molt kanye ngonyaka futhi zonke ziyawa ngasikhathi sinye, ngakho-ke ukundiza ngalesi sikhathi esifushane akunakwenzeka. Iningi lamadada wangempela libuye lichithe ezinye izimpaphe (intaba) kabili ngonyaka. Lapho amadada engahambi endizeni, abheka indawo evikelekile enokudla okuhle. Le molt ivame ukwandulela ukufuduka.
Ezinye izinhlobo zamadada, ikakhulukazi lezo ezizalela ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile nasendaweni ebabazekayo ye-arctic, ziyafuduka. Izinhlobo ezihlala ezindaweni ezifudumele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, azenzi izindiza zonyaka. Amanye amadada, ikakhulukazi e-Australia, lapho imvula ingena ngokungajwayelekile futhi ingazinzi, ayazula, efuna amachibi esikhashana namachibi akha emva kwezimvula ezinkulu.
Izilwane ezizingela amadada
Idada lizingelwa izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye. Amantshontsho amadada asengozini njengoba ukungakwazi ukundiza kubenza babe izisulu ezilula zezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezinjengezimbongolo, izingwenya nabanye abazingeli basemanzini njengamakhanka. Izilwane ezihlasela umhlaba zihlasela izidleke, izimpungushe nezinyoni ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi oklebe nezinkozi, kudla amadada amantombazane. Amadada awasongelwa lapho ebaleka, ngaphandle kwezidalwa ezimbalwa ezidla abantu njengabantu nohlobo lweferegine falcons, abasebenzisa isivinini namandla ukubamba amadada andizayo.
Adlani amadada?
Iningi lamadada linomlomo obanzi, ophahlazekile olungiselelwe ukumba nokudla ukudla, njenge:
- amakhambi;
- izitshalo zasemanzini; inhlanzi;
- izinambuzane;
- ama-amphibians amancane;
- izibungu;
- izimbaza.
Ezinye izinhlobo ziyizitshalo ezidla utshani futhi zidla ezitshalweni. Ezinye izinhlobo zenyama edla izinhlanzi, izinambuzane nezilwane ezincane. Izinhlobo eziningi zinama-omnivorous.
Amadada anamasu amabili okudla: amanye abamba ukudla phezulu, amanye ayacwila. Amadada adla ngaphezulu awajuli, kepha avele agobe akhiphe ukudla ngaphansi kwamanzi ngezintamo zawo ezinde. Amadada okuntywila angena ngaphansi kwamanzi efuna ukudla!
Azalela kanjani amadada
Abesilisa banesitho sokuzala esikhishwa ku-cloaca ukuze silingane. Iningi lamadada ahlangana ngesizini eyodwa, ngamabhondi abhanqiwe ahlala kuphela kuze kube phakathi nokufukanyiselwa noma amadada.
Clutch amaqanda
Owesifazane wakha isidleke ngamaqabunga notshani, ubeka phansi ngentuthu ekhishwe esifubeni sakhe.
Amaqanda abekwa kusukela maphakathi noMashi kuya ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi. I-clutch ejwayelekile imayelana namaqanda ayi-12, abekwa ngezikhathi zosuku olulodwa kuya kwezimbili. Ngemuva kokuthi iqanda ngalinye selingeziwe, i-clutch imbozwa imfucumfucu ukulivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
Bamba amaqanda amadada ampunga
Idada lifukamela amaqanda cishe izinsuku ezingama-28. Inani lamaqanda azalelwa owesifazane lihlobene ngqo nenani lokukhanya kwemini okutholakalayo. Ukukhanya kwemini okuningi, amaqanda amaningi.
Isikhathi sokubeka sinengcindezi kowesifazane, ubeka ngaphezu kwesigamu sesisindo sakhe emaqandeni emasontweni ambalwa. Idada lidinga ukuphumula, futhi lincike kozakwethu-idrake, liyalivikela, amaqanda, amachwane, izindawo zokudlela nokuphumula.
Amadada omama asebenza kanzima ukugcina amazinyane ephila ngenkathi amadada esakhula. Abesilisa bahlala namanye amaduna, kepha bayayigada indawo, bajahe izilwane ezizingelayo. Amadada ahola amadada awo ngemuva nje kokuzalwa kwawo. Amadada ayakwazi ukundiza ngemuva kwamasonto ayisi-5-8 empilo.
Amadada nabantu
Amadada - njengeqembu lezilwane - asebenzela izinhloso eziningi zemvelo, ezomnotho, ezobuhle nezokungcebeleka. Ziyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lokudla lwezinto eziphilayo, ezikhuliswe ngabantu ngezimpaphe, amaqanda nenyama, eziswa ukwakheka kwazo, ukuziphatha kwazo nombala wazo, futhi zingumdlalo othandwayo wabazingeli.
Onke amadada afuywayo aqhamuka endle yasendle i-Anas platyrhynchos, ngaphandle kwamadada e-muscovy. Izinhlobo eziningi ezifuywayo zikhulu kakhulu kunokhokho basendle, zinobude bomzimba kusukela phansi entanyeni kuya emsileni ka-30 cm noma ngaphezulu, futhi ziyakwazi ukugwinya ukudla okukhulu kunezihlobo zazo zasendle.
Amadada ezindaweni zokuhlala ahlala emachibini omphakathi asendaweni noma emiseleni. Ukufuduka sekuguqukile, izinhlobo eziningi zihlala ebusika futhi azindizeli eningizimu.
Ahlala isikhathi esingakanani amadada?
Isikhathi sokuphila sincike ezintweni eziningi, njengokuthi hlobo luni lwenhlobo nokuthi luhlala emvelweni noma lukhuliswe epulazini. Ezimweni ezinhle, idada lasendle lingaphila iminyaka engafika kwengu-20. Amadada asekhaya ahlala ekuthunjweni iminyaka eyishumi kuya kwengu-15.
