I-Diatoms yinto ebalulekile enhlanganweni yohlelo lwamanzi, oluhlanganisa ngokuvumelanayo izakhiwo zezilwane nezitshalo. Ingxenye ebambekayo iyi-diatom, eyiseli embozwe ngegobolondo le-silicon. Njengomthetho, lolu hlobo lwe-algae lukhetha uhlobo lokuphila lwamakholoni.
E-aquarium, umsebenzi wabo obalulekile ubonakala ngesimo sokuqhakaza okuluhlaza okotshani, kwesinye isikhathi okumpunga noma onsundu. Ama-diatom asemanzini abaluleke kakhulu ekuhlelweni kwemvelo yomhlaba. I-algae ikhiqiza umthamo omkhulu wezinto eziphilayo, okwenze abakhiqizi be-biomaterials kanye nabalondolozi bemvelo babanake. I-Diatom algae e-aquarium yinto engemihle okufanele ilahlwe kusibonakaliso sokuqala sokwenzeka. Kepha ngalokhu udinga "ukwazi" lolu hlobo lwe-algae eduze kakhulu ukuze uqonde ukwakheka kwalo, imigomo nenhloso yalo.
Ama-Diatoms asondele
Izibonakhulu ezinamandla ze-electron, ezingakhulisa into izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane, zenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukufunda ukwakheka kwegobolondo lengqamuzana le-diatom. Ingxenye eyinhloko yegobolondo yi-silicon dioxide enezinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene ze-aluminium, i-iron, i-magnesium, izinto eziphilayo. Igobolondo elingaphandle, eliqukethe izingxenye ezimbili - ama-valve, kaningi adudulwa ngaphezulu komunye nomunye. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwenhlobo, ama-valve axhumene ngqo noma anesihlukanisi esenziwe ngamarimu anosilika avumela ama-valve ukuthi ahlukane ukukhuphula ivolumu yeseli.
Ungqimba oluncane lwezinto eziphilayo lungabonakala ngaphandle kwegobolondo. I-flap inendawo engalingani; lapha ungabona ukuvela, imiphetho, imivimbo namaseli ahlukahlukene. Lawa ikakhulukazi ama-pores noma amakamelo. Cishe yonke indawo yegobolondo (75%) imbozwe izimbobo. Usengabona ukukhula okuhlukahlukene, ekuqaleni inhloso yabo ibingacaci, kepha-ke ososayensi banqume ukuthi behloselwe ukuhlanganisa emakoloni.
Ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, kwakungatholakala izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zegobolondo:
- amadiski;
- tubules;
- amasilinda;
- amabhokisi;
- izigubhu;
- uthi lokuphotha;
- amabhola;
- amakilabhu.
AmaSashes nawo akhonjiswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Izakhi zokwakha zakha inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi, futhi leli seli elilodwa kuphela!
Isakhiwo seDiatom
I-cytoplasm yenza umsebenzi wokuvikela futhi yakhe ungqimba oluncane eceleni komngcele wezindonga. Kukhona ibhuloho elithile, liqukethe i-diploid nucleus ne-nucleoli. Isikhala se-intracellular sihlala ngokuphelele nge-vacuole. AmaChromatophores atholakala kulo lonke ubude bezindonga. Zingamadiski amancane namapuleti. Ubuncane besayizi yabo, kukhula inombolo. Ulwelwe i-Heterotrophic alunawo ama-pigment. Ama-diatom we-Autotrophic agcina ama-plastidi anemibala ehlukahlukene kuma-chromatophores awo.
Ngenxa ye-photosynthesis, akhiwa ama-carbohydrate ajwayelekile esitokisini, njengazo zonke izitshalo zomhlaba, kodwa i-lipids. Ngaphezu kwamafutha, adingekayo ekusebenzeni kahle, umzimba unezinto ezengeziwe futhi ubeka izinto, isibonelo, i-chrysolaminarin.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
Lezi zinambuzane zizala ngezindlela ezimbili:
- imifino;
- ezocansi.
Izinga lokukhiqiza liyashesha impela, imvamisa linciphisa uhhafu. Ijubane lincike ngqo ezimweni zemvelo. Ingqamuzana elilodwa lingakha izinto ezintsha ezingaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-35 ngosuku. Lolu hlobo lwe-algae luhlala cishe kunoma yimuphi umzimba wamanzi emhlabeni, luzizwa lukhulu emachibini, emifuleni, olwandle olunamazinga okushisa wamanzi alinganiselayo, yize bengesabi iziphethu ezishisayo namanzi aneqhwa. I-Diatoms yakha isisekelo se-phytoplankton yoLwandlekazi Lomhlaba wonke nezinye izitshalo ezifanayo ezincane.
Ziqukethe amavithamini, amafutha nomlotha. Ngakho-ke, zisebenza njengesibiliboco esihle kakhulu sezinto ezincane zasolwandle izinhlanzi ezidla kuzo.
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-diatoms ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo.
Izinhlobo
Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala ezansi, ezinye ziqondiswe ku-substrate, ngokwesibonelo, ezansi kwemikhumbi yolwandle. Imvamisa kakhulu bahlangana emakoloni amaningi, kuphuma iziqu ezikhethekile noma amafinyila ukuwaqinisa. Ukwakheka ekoloni akuyona ingozi, ngakho-ke ama-microorganisms azama ukumelana nokubonakaliswa okungalungile kwemvelo. Kunezinhlobo ze-diatom ezihlala ohlotsheni olulodwa lwe-substrate kuphela, ngokwesibonelo, esiswini kuphela somkhomo noma kuphela esitshalweni esithile.
Kunezinhlobo zama-diatom ahamba ngokukhululeka (endiza) emanzini ngenxa yobuningi bawo, igobolondo le-porous, kanye nokufakwa kukawoyela. Ngomphumela omkhulu, zinama-bristles amade emizimbeni yazo ezivumela ukuba zihlangane zibe amakoloni amakhulu antantayo. Kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa amafinyila ukuyihlanganisa, ilula kunamanzi.
Amaqembu amakhulu ahlelekile
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-10 000 emnyangweni weBacillariophyta. Izazi zebhayoloji ezihamba phambili emhlabeni zithi empeleni leli nani liphindwe izikhathi eziningana. Kuleli khulu leminyaka elidlule, i-taxonomy yama-diatoms ibe nezinguquko eziningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxabano nezingxoxo eziningi ziyaqhubeka, isihloko esikhulu yinani lamakilasi.
I-Centric diatoms
Ulwelwe lwalesi sigaba lunama-unicellular kanye namafomu amakoloni. Igobolondo liyindilinga, linesakhiwo se-radial. AmaChromatophores amelwe njengamapuleti amancane. I-Diatoms yekilasi le-centric ihola indlela yokuphila enganyakazi. Zala kabusha ngokobulili ngendlela eyodwa. Abamele i-centric diatoms batholakale ezinsaleleni zasendulo emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Coscinodiscales iyala. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlala bodwa, kepha ikakhulukazi ngesimo samakholoni afana nentambo. Isimo segobolondo asinamakhona, yingakho igama:
- cylindrical;
- eyindilinga;
- lenticular;
- ellipsoidal.
Ama-valve ahlanganisiwe; aqukethe ukuphuma okuhlukahlukene, izimbambo, nezinye izinto ezingaphezulu.
Uhlobo lwe-melosir. Bahlala emakoloni ayintambo, iningi labo lingamaseli angama-cylindrical. Zixhunywe ngezinsipho ebusweni begobolondo. Ama-valve anezimo eziyindilinga, ama-pores atholakala kuwo. Ama-Chromatophores akhona ngamanani amakhulu, anomumo wama-disc.- Uhlobo lwe-cyclotella. Ulwelwe lwethulwa ngesimo sebhokisi elincane. Kunemichilo ye-radial onqenqemeni lwe-sash. Ama-Chromatophores avezwa ngesimo samapuleti amancane, atholakala ku-cytoplasm. I-diatoms ye-genus cyclotella ixhunywe yimfucumfucu ekhiqizwa noma ngama-bristles, kanti amakoloni afana nemicu. Lawa ma-algae angatholakala emizimbeni yamanzi amile.
Uhlobo lwe-melosir. Bahlala emakoloni ayintambo, iningi labo lingamaseli angama-cylindrical. Zixhunywe ngezinsipho ebusweni begobolondo. Ama-valve anezimo eziyindilinga, ama-pores atholakala kuwo. Ama-Chromatophores akhona ngamanani amakhulu, anomumo wama-disc.I-oda leBiddulphiales. Amaseli ahlala wodwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ajoyina amakoloni amaningi, ngoba lokhu kusetshenziswa okungeziwe kusetshenziselwa igobolondo. Ngendlela, igobolondo lakhiwe njengesilinda noma i-prism. Amaqabunga ayindilinga, njengomthetho, i-elliptical, kwezinye izimo i-polygonal. Amaphayiphu anesakhiwo esixakile, ngenxa yobukhona bezinto ezincane ezincane nezimbobo.
Uhlobo lweChetoceros. Amaseli we-cylindrical, anama-setae amakhulu atholakala kuma-valve. Ama-bristles awavumela ukuthi ahlanganiswe ngamaketanga afana nentambo. AmaChromatophores abukeka njengamapuleti amakhulu.
AmaCirrus diatoms
I-algae ye-Unicellular, evame ukwakha amakoloni, inezimo ezahlukahlukene. I-carapace iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo (ama-valve), yize kunezinhlobo lapho kutholakala i-asymmetry ecacile. Njengomthetho, i-valve inesakhiwo sezimpaphe. AmaChromatophores afana namapuleti amakhulu. Leli fomu liyasebenza, linezinhlaka ezahlukahlukene ezinjengokusikwa kanye nohlobo lwe-canal. Ukuzala kwenzeka ngendlela ejwayelekile yezocansi, kepha ngendlela ethile efana nokuhlangana.
Umsuka
Ama-diatom ahluke kakhulu kwabanye abameleli bezitshalo zasemanzini. Ngemuva kokucwaningwa ngokucophelela kwamacwecwe e-pigment kanye nenqubo ye-photosynthesis eyenzeka kumaseli, kwaba lula ukuthola ukuthi lezi zinto eziphilayo zivela kubamele bama-flagellates. Le hypothesis ithole ubufakazi obucacile emandleni e-diatoms okucubungula nokukhiqiza izinto eziphilayo nezinto zombala zazo ezimibalabala.
Indima yama-diatoms ku-aquarium
Kwezemvelo zemvelo, badlala indima enkulu, ngoba bayingxenye enkulu yeplankton futhi babamba iqhaza ekwakheni izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, futhi ngemuva kokushona kwamagobolondo abo, babamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwamatshe. Ngaphandle kokubaluleka okukhulu kangaka emvelweni, ama-diatom awasizi ku-aquarium. I-algae ensundu eyakha uqweqwe ezindongeni, ikakhulukazi lapho kungena khona ukukhanya okuncane, ngama-diatom.
Ama-diatoms aqinisekile ukuthi "angahlala" ku-aquarium entsha, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ngemuva kokugcwaliswa ngamanzi. Kuma-aquariums amadala, ulwelwe luvela ngaphansi kokukhanyisa okungafanele, imvamisa alwanele noma liphansi kakhulu.
Ekhiqizweni kwama-diatom afaka isandla ku:
- i-pH ingaphezu kuka-7.5;
- izinga eliphezulu lobulukhuni bamanzi;
- ukuhlushwa ngokweqile kwama-nitrogen compounds.
Ukuqhamuka kokuthuthuka kwe-algae kungadalwa inani elikhulu likasawoti we-sodium emanzini, imvamisa ngemuva kokuphatha inhlanzi ngosawoti wetafula. Ama-diatom kufanele aphathwe ngokuhlelekile, ngaphandle kwalokho azomboza zonke izindonga zedamu lokufakelwa. Amatshe amancane namadivayisi kufanele ahlanzwe kusuka kwizigaxa nezinsundu, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvela. Ukuvimbela intuthuko, kuyadingeka ukulawula izinga lokukhanyisa, futhi uhlole ukwakheka kwamanzi. Ama-diatom azokhula kancane uma ukukhanya kulungiswa futhi ne-tank lihlanzwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
