Idolobha liyalala, kuvuke isidalwa esimangalisayo, sivuse ilukuluku nokwesaba kubantu abaningi - isicathulo sehhashi... Eqinisweni, lezi zidalwa ziqala imisebenzi yazo ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngokuqala kokuhwalala kokuqala. Futhi kumnyama, impilo yabo iba namandla ngokwengeziwe.
Iningi labantu linesimo sokuqapha nesinenge ngamalulwane. Imvamisa ziyesatshiswa yizindiza zazo zasebusuku, imisindo eziyenzayo, ukuhlasela kwazo okuphanga izilwane. Futhi-ke, kwakukhona izinganekwane mayelana nama-vampire lapha, ngoba amalulwane ayisibonelo sabo ezincwadini nakwezobuciko.
Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amalulwane adla igazi, ahlasela imfuyo, abukeka njengamagundane endizayo, futhi asakaze amarabi phakathi kwezilwane. Kwenzeka ukuthi into ebi kakhulu emfanekisweni wabo ukubukeka kwabo kuphela, futhi isibonelo esicacile salokhu isicathulo sehhashi... Kulula ukulihlukanisa ngokwakhiwa okukhethekile ebusweni balo. Kukhona izinganekwane eziningi ngabo, njengawo wonke amalulwane. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi ngabe likhona yini iqiniso kulezi zinganekwane.
Incazelo nezici
IHorseshoe kubhekwa njengamalulwane akudala kakhulu. Igama balinikwa ngohlobo lokwakheka kwesikhumba esivele emakhaleni, kufana nehhashi. Kubonakala sengathi kuzungeze amakhala.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi indima yalo "mhlobiso" akuyona neze yokuphefumula, kepha ingukuhamba ngendlela. Ukukhula kusiza ukwakha imishayo yezimpawu zokufunda, lezo izidalwa ezixhumana nazo ngamakhala lapho umlomo uvaliwe. Zinamaphiko abanzi, imvamisa asongwe njengoboya bekhodiyani. Ngesikhathi sendiza, zisuka ku-19 kuye ku-50 cm ngobubanzi, kuye ngohlobo lwazo.
Umsila ufakiwe kulwelwesi lwe-interfemoral, futhi ekuphumuleni kuqondiswe emuva. Izimbili ezimbili zemilenze. Imilenze yangemuva mide, inezinzipho ezigobile nezicijile kakhulu. Ngenxa yabo, amalulwane amahhashi abambelela ezindaweni "ezingezinhle" - izindonga nophahla lwezindawo zabo zokukhosela.
Okuphambili kubukeka kunesizotha kakhulu. Usayizi womzimba usuka ku-2.8 kuye ku-11 cm, isisindo siyahluka kusuka ku-6 kuye ku-150 g.Ingxenye yangaphakathi ye-sternum, amabhangqa amabili okuqala ezimbambo, umlomo wesibeletho wesikhombisa kanye ne-vertebrae yokuqala ye-thoracic yahlangana ndawonye, yakha indandatho eyodwa ezungeze i-diaphragm.
Umbala woboya uvame ukuba mpunga-nsundu, uyisidina, kwesinye isikhathi ukhanya kancane, useduze nokubomvu. Kukhona nama-albino. Amehlo mancane, nezindlebe, kunalokho, zinkulu, zimile, zimise okwedayimane futhi azinazo tragus (uqwanga oluncane oluhlanganisa i-auricle).
Amalulwane e-Horseshoe, njengezimpungushe nama-raccoon, angatheleleka ngama-rabies. Kodwa-ke, isifo sabo asizibonakalisi ekuvukeleni okwandayo, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho. Isilwane esinegciwane siba ndikindiki, kube sengathi sikhubazekile futhi asikwazi ukundiza. Uma uhlala kude namalulwane akhasayo, ayikho ingozi.
*Inganekwane yokuqala - amalulwane yizona zithwala eziyinhloko zamarabi.
Izinhlobo
Amagundane eHorseshoe faka imikhaya emi-2 - Izindebe zehhashi (iHipposiderini), zivame ukubizwa amaqabunga amaqabunga, futhi empeleni, amalulwane amahhashi (Rhinolophus).
Umndeni wokuqala unemikhakha eyi-9, uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-67. Abakafundwa kahle kakhulu ngenxa yemfihlo yabo, kepha kukhona esikwaziyo ngezinye zalezi zidalwa eziyimfihlakalo.
- Iqabunga leKaffra... Njengawo wonke amakhala ekhaleni, ukuphuma kwawo kontanga esifundeni sekhala kufana neqabunga. Ohlala eCentral naseNingizimu Afrika. Isifunda saso siyaphela, umuntu angakhuluma ngamakholoni ahlukene, kepha azinzile. Isilwane sincane, sifinyelela ku-9 cm ubude no-10 g ngesisindo. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane. Uboya bobabili bunezimpunga ezinothuli nombala wesihlabathi esishisayo, esinombala obomvu. Isitha semvelo somntwana yizinyoni ezidla inyama, ikakhulukazi ikhayithi elinomlomo obanzi.
- Ukuthwala okuvamile kwamaqabunga... Umhlali wase-Asia. Akakhethi ngendawo yokuhlala - umhlaba owomile, amahlathi anamanzi, izindawo zezolimo - uthanda konke. Imvamisa kutholakala emihumeni yama-limestone. Amantshontsho aqhubeka nokuhlala esondelene nonina noma ngabe ukuphela kokuncelisa sekuphelile.
- Kuthela amahlamvu ansundu... Uhlala e-Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia. Ikhetha amahlathi ashisayo.
- Ikhala leqabunga likaCommerson. Yethiwa ngusosayensi waseFrance uPhilibert Commerson. Uhlala eMadagascar. Idla kakhulu amabhungane.
- Ibhungane le-Ridley isatshalaliswa e-Southeast Asia. Igcina ngamaqembu abantu abangafika kwabangu-15 ngaphansi komqhele wezihlahla ezinde. Ibizwa ngegama lesazi semvelo saseBrithani uHenry Nicholas Ridley.
- Tridentus... Zombili lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zalesi sidalwa, i-ethiopian futhi ejwayelekilehlala eNyakatho Afrika. Incane kakhulu - ifinyelela ku-6 cm ubude, inesisindo esingaphansi kuka-10 g Kodwa imvuthuluka inezindlebe ezinkulu ezingenalutho, umlomo obanzi kanye noqwanga oluyisimo setrident ezungeze ikhala. Umbala uhlukahlukene, kepha uyasekelwa "ngesitayela" sezingwadule zase-Afrika, kusuka kokumpunga kuya koku nsundu, ngemithunzi ephuzi nebomvu.
Umndeni omncane waseRhinolophus uqukethe uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lokuqokwa kwamalulwane eHorseshoe anezinhlobo ezingama-63. Okudume kakhulu kuzo yizi:
- Isicathulo sehhashi esikhulu... Kubamele baseYurophu, kubhekwa njengabakhulu kunabo bonke. Ubukhulu bomzimba wayo bufinyelela ku-7.1 cm, isisindo - kufika ku-35 g.Le ndawo inweba ingene engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwekazi lonke lase-Eurasia, kufaka phakathi iSpain, iFrance, i-Asia Minor, iCaucasus, iTibet, iHimalaya, iChina neJapan. Kancane kuthunjiwe enyakatho ye-Afrika. Siyithola enyakatho yeCaucasus isuka eKrasnodar Territory iye eDagestan. Ngaphezu kwemihume ye-karst, izindawo ezahlukahlukene ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nemifula emifula, kuvame ukubonwa eduze kwezakhiwo zabantu, noma endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-3500 ezintabeni. AmaKoloni asukela emashumini amaningana aye kubantu abangamakhulu amaningana. Ezindaweni zokukhosela ebusika, izinga lokushisa lizinzile kusuka +1 kuya + 10 ° C. Abesifazane balala ngokwehlukana nabesilisa.
- Isicathulo sehhashi esincane... Ngokuphambene naleso esedlule, lo mmeleli uncane kunabo bonke abaseYurophu. Umzimba wayo mncane ngosayizi webhokisi likamentshisi - ongafika ku-4,5 cm ubude, nesisindo - kufika ku-9 g.Iphiko lifinyelela ku-25 cm.Mhlawumbe, ngenxa yobungako besizotha, baphila impilo eyedwa kakhulu. Kokubili ehlobo nasebusika bahlala bodwa, ngaphandle kwenkathi ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwendlalifa.
Bacasulwa yizilwane eziningi - ama-marten, amakati, izikhova, oklebe. Azijahi kakhulu indiza, futhi zizethemba kakhulu ekufundisweni kwe-echolocation kunasembonweni, ngoba umkhakha wazo wokubuka mncane. Bachitha amandla amaningi ekuzingeleni kunezinye izinhlobo. Imvamisa zindiza endaweni ephakeme engekho ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-5. Zizalela ehlobo.
- Isicathulo sehhashi eseningizimu... Kutholakala eningizimu yeYurophu, eMiddle East nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. I-Russia nayo esohlwini lwamazwe ahlala kuwo. Kubhekwa njengenhlobo engavamile. Ehlobo, amaqembu abalelwa ku-50 kuye ku-1500 abantu. Amakholoni asebusika akhula afinyelela kumakhophi angama-2 000. Kubhekwa njengokuhlala okuhlala phansi emigedeni, ezimayini kanye nasophahleni.
Inoboya obushubile ngethoni eyisisekelo empunga. Ngemuva - nsundu, esiswini - kuphuzi ngokukhanyayo.
- I-Spectacled noma iHorseshoe Megeli... Elinye igama isicathulo sehhashi saseRomania. Yaqanjwa ngesazi semvelo saseHungary uLajos Mecheli. Ngosayizi nangebala, ithatha indawo "yegolide" phakathi kwezihlobo ezinkulu nezincane. Isisindo sayo sifinyelela ku-17 g, kanti ubukhulu baso bufinyelela ku-6.4 cm. Uboya bukhulu. Imibuthano emnyama ezungeze amehlo ngokuma kwezingilazi iyisici esivelele. Uhlala eningizimu yeYurophu, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika nasenyakatho ne-Afrika.
- Isicathulo sehhashi saseNingizimu China... Kukho konke lokhu okungenhla, nguye yedwa ongazange ayihloniphe iRussia. Izwe lakubo yiNingizimu Asia: China, India, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Nepal. Le nhlobo ihlupheke kakhulu ngokuvakasha emhumeni nemisebenzi yabantu. Kuvikelwe kwezinye iziqiwi zemvelo.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Amalulwane aseHorseshoe akhethe kuphela i-Eastern Hemisphere yomhlaba wethu. Ngesizathu esithile, abakaze bahlangane eMelika kuze kube manje. Bahlala eningizimu ye-Eurasia, e-Afrika, e-Australia naseziqhingini eziningi zasePacific. Isimo sendawo asibalulekile kangako - bangahlala emahlathini, emathafeni, ezintabeni nasezingwadule.
Izindawo ezihlala abantu azifakwanga kulolu hlu. Usuku olujwayelekile abaluchitha ezindlini zokukhosela - emihumeni, emigodini, ezimayini noma ezakhiweni ezahlukahlukene. Ziyizidalwa eziqoqiwe, zihlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu kuze kube ngamakhulu amaningana.
Ngesikhathi sokulala, zizimboza ngamaphiko, njengengubo, zizisonga ngazo. Ngalesi sikhathi isicathulo sehhashi esithombeni ifana nomfece. Uma isimo sezulu sishisa kakhulu noma sibanda kakhulu kubo, bayalala. Isibonelo, ebusika ezindaweni ezipholile noma ezinyangeni ezishisayo eningizimu.
Ukulala kwasemini kuyinto encane kubo. Uma ziphazanyiswa, zenza imisindo engathandeki, enokhahlo, efana ne-creak. Kukhuliswe kaningi ngama-echoes emihumeni enanela, kuvame ukwethusa abahambi abangenanhlanhla.
Ezincwadini ze-adventure, sibonile izincazelo zamalulwane abambelela ezinweleni zabantu ngokushesha nje lapho bengena endaweni yabo. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukubasusa, bekukholelwa ukuthi bangakhetha umucu wezinwele njengesisekelo sesidleke esizayo.
*Inganekwane yesibili - amalulwane akha izidleke. Eqinisweni, ukwakha akuyona into abayithandayo. Bazitholela kalula indawo yokuhlala yemvelo noma yokufakelwa. Futhi abantu bangacwiliswa kuphela lapho emhumeni omnyama isinambuzane sikhasa phezu komuntu ngokungabonakali. Lokhu ukuphela kwento ebathandayo.
Konje, *inganekwane yesithathu - Amagundane ahlala elenga ebheke phansi. Kodwa ososayensi basikisela ukuthi sazi okuncane ngazo. Emifantwini eyimfihlo emincane bahlala njengezinyoni egatsheni.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Amazinyo abo, angama-32 ngesibalo, mancane kakhulu, acishe angabonakali ngezinsini. Kunzima ukuluma ngesikhumba sesinye isidalwa esinamathuluzi amancane kangaka. Ngakho-ke, banesithakazelo kuphela ezidalweni ezincane - izinambuzane. Bazibamba endizeni.
Ngendlela, ngokungafani namagundane namagundane ajwayelekile, awadli konke - awadli okusanhlamvu nokunye ukudla, kanye nophahla, i-plastic rein ngisho nensimbi. Amagundane omnivorous enza lokhu. Ngokuya kokudla okunempilo, amalulwane asondele kakhulu ezinyangeni kunamagundane. Futhi ukuziphatha kwabo akufani neze. Ubuqili, ubuqili, ubuqili nokungazethembi kwamagundane ajwayelekile akuyona imvelo kubo.
*Inganekwane yesine - zibukeka njengamagundane endizayo. Futhi ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho sizokwenza iphutha futhiinganekwane yesihlanuukuthi amalulwane ayizinambuzane. Leli qiniso alilona iqiniso. Ukondla izinambuzane, ezilimaza kakhulu izitshalo, lezi zindlela ezindizayo zizuzisa kuphela. Ngempela, ngobusuku obubodwa, umhlanzi onjalo angadla cishe izinkulungwane zezinambuzane.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwamalulwane amahhashi amabhu, kanye nomiyane, ama-millipedes, izimpukane zehhashi, abadla iziqu, ama-pusher, izimpukane, izimpukane nezinye iDiptera, iLepidoptera neRetina Pteras. Futhi nezicabucabu. Zizingela zodwa, indiza ithule futhi ayisheshisi kakhulu. Kepha iyalawuleka kakhulu.
Ezinye izinhlobo zibamba ukudla endizeni, kanti ezinye zilenga esihlahleni isikhathi eside, zilinde isisulu. Bebona, bagijimela ekuphishekeleni okudlula ngokushesha. Amalulwane oqobo wehhashi ngokuvamile andiza ezindaweni eziphansi phakathi kohlaza. Endizeni, zikhipha amasiginali, futhi lokhu akubavimbeli ekudleni.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene, ukukhwelana kwenzeka entwasahlobo noma ekwindla ngaphambi kobusika. Kodwa-ke iqanda le-embryonic liqala ukukhula kuphela emva kobusika, lapho isimo sezulu sesivele sisemngceleni. Imvamisa, insikazi ithwala kuphela iwundlu elilodwa cishe izinyanga ezintathu, isisindo salo liyikota yesisindo somama kuphela.
Ekuqaleni, ulenga emzimbeni womzali, abambelele kuwo ngezinzipho, amunce ingono. Ingane ivula amehlo ayo ngosuku lwesikhombisa, futhi ingandiza ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30, ingane isivele isizingela yodwa.
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwenzeka eminyakeni emibili ubudala. Kepha kwezinye izinhlobo, abesifazane abahlangani kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Kuyathakazelisa lokho igundane lehhashi ngobukhulu obuncane kangako, inobude besikhathi sokuphila - kuya ngohlobo lwazo, kusuka eminyakeni engama-20 kuye kwengu-30.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Inganekwane yesithupha - amalulwane e-vampire. Kumalulwane angu-1 200 aziwayo, mathathu kuphela angama-vampire. Abakaze bahlangane eRussia kuze kube manje. Kusuka ematheni abo, isidakamizwa "iDrakulin" senziwa, esivimbela ukujiya kwegazi. Le mfanelo eyingqayizivele ingabaluleka kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha.
- Inganekwane yesikhombisa - amalulwane, njengabazingeli abaningi basebusuku, abayizimpumputhe emini. Kepha babona kahle. Ezinye azimbi kakhulu, kepha zingcono kakhulu kunabantu, ngoba futhi "zinokubona okwesibili" - ukufundwa.
- Inganekwane yesishiyagalombili - Ezinhlotsheni ezingama-63 zamalulwane amahhashi, ezi-4 zithathwa njengezithwala ama-coronaviruses ahlobene ne-SARS (i-atypical pneumonia). Futhi enye yazo isicathulo esikhulu sehhashi, esaziwa eRussia. Ngeshwa, okwamanje le nganekwane ayikenziwa iphutha. Kepha akunakubizwa ngokuthi kuqinisekiswe ngokuthembekile.
