Zifana ngani zonke izinyoni? Isazi semvelo esidumile, usosayensi kanye nesazi sezilwane u-Alfred Brehm wake wanikeza isici esiyinhloko ezinyonini - zinamaphiko futhi ziyakwazi ukundiza. Yini okufanele uyibize ngesidalwa esinamaphiko okuthi esikhundleni sokundiza emoyeni singene olwandle?
Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi zalezi zinyoni zizizwa zikhululekile ezimweni ze-Antarctica ezingavamile kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, azinandaba namakhaza amabi. Sihlangana - ama-penguin, izinyoni zasolwandle, azikwazi ukundiza. Kungani banikezwe igama elingajwayelekile futhi elihlekisayo, kunemibono eminingi.
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi amatilosi aseBrithani ayenenkani kakhulu, ephikelela futhi ephumelela. Ngakho-ke, babevame ukuphumelela ukuthola izindawo nezilwane ezingaziwa ezihlala lapho. Kukholelwa ukuthi umqondo we "penguin" uqhamuke ukukhipha , okusho ngolimi lwabakhileyo inkungu Albion okusho ukuthi "iphini iphiko".
Ngempela, amaphiko esidalwa esingajwayelekile abonakala ekhomba. Uhlobo lwesibili lwegama futhi lunezimpande zasendulo zaseBrithani, noma kunalokho zaseWales. Njengesisho ipeni gwyn (ikhanda elimhlophe), njengoba i-auk eyake yaphila engenamaphiko yabizwa kanjalo, kwagqugquzela ukwakhiwa kwegama lenyoni nayo engazisebenzisi izimpiko zayo ukundiza.
Inketho yesithathu futhi ibukeka inengqondo: igama livela kwabaguqukile pinguis, okwathi ngesiLatin kwasho "ukuqina". Iqhawe lethu linomzimba othobekile. Yiba noma kanjani, izinyoni ezinjalo ezijabulisayo zihlala eMhlabeni, futhi manje sizokwethula zesimanje izinhlobo zamaphengwini.
Namuhla, izinhlobo eziyi-17 zama-penguin zaziwa emndenini oyi-6, kanti enye i-subspecies e-1 ehlukile. Ake sikhulume ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nokuthandwa kakhulu kubo, okubonisa izimpawu ezijwayelekile. Futhi-ke sizofaka ngakunye kwezici zayo.
UGenus Emperor Penguins
I-Emperor penguin
Ngisho negama ngokushesha liyazisa: lesi yisibonelo esivelele. Ngempela, ukuphakama kwakhe kungafinyelela ku-1.2 m, yingakho enegama lesibili lesidlaliso - iBig Penguin, futhi ithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ukubukeka kwephengwini okuvame ukuchazwa ngesisekelo sesithombe salesi sidalwa sobukhosi.
Ngakho-ke, sibona phambi kwethu isilwane esinomzimba omkhulu, esifanele ukuhamba emanzini. Inomumo omboziwe onekhanda elincanyana entanyeni ewugqinsi, ecishe ingabonakali. Izimpiko ezicijile, zicindezelwe ezinhlangothini, zibukeka njengezimpiko.
Futhi izidladla ezihlukile zineminwe emine, yonke ebheke phambili. Ezintathu zazo zixhunywe ngolwelwesi. Isakhiwo esinjalo sifana namaphiko. Ngesikhathi sokubhukuda, ufana kakhulu nehlengethwa, futhi wenza isivinini esihle se-12-15 km / h.
Yize kuvame ukuthi kube lula ngabo ukuthi bahambe kancane - 5-7 km / h. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ngaphansi kwamanzi bazifunela ukudla, futhi abahleleli izinhlanga. Bayakwazi ukuhlala emanzini e-ice ekujuleni kwamamitha amathathu cishe ingxenye yesithathu yehora. Ama-Emperor penguin angabanikazi bamarekhodi okwehlela ekujuleni, imiphumela yawo ifinyelela ku-530 m ngaphansi kogu lolwandle.
Lokhu kwehluka akukaze kufundwe okwamanje. Kutholakale ukuthi lapho kudonswa phansi, ukushaya kwenyoni kwehla ngokuphindwe kahlanu uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo esizolile. Ukugxuma kwabo emanzini kubukeka kumangalisa kakhulu. Kubonakala sengathi izilwane ziphonswa ngamandla athile, futhi zinqoba kalula onqenqemeni lwasogwini kuze kufike ku-2 m ukuphakama.
Futhi phansi, zibukeka zingahambi kahle, zizulazula, zihamba kancane, cishe ngo-3-6 km / h. Kuyiqiniso, eqhweni, ukunyakaza kuyashesha ngokuslayida. Bangakwazi ukuwela izithwathwa ezineqhwa zilele ngezisu zabo.
Izimpaphe zephengwini zifana nezikali zezinhlanzi. Izimpaphe zipakishwe ngokuqinile ngezendlalelo ezincane, njengamathayili, phakathi kwazo kukhona igebe lomoya. Ngakho-ke, ukushuba okuphelele kwengubo enjalo kutholakala kusuka kumazinga amathathu.
Umbala ujwayelekile empilweni yasolwandle - ngemuva (nasemanzini phezulu) uhlangothi lomzimba cishe lungumthunzi wamalahle, ingaphambili limhlophe qhwa. Lo mbala ufihlekile futhi une-ergonomic - umbala omnyama ufudumala kangcono elangeni. Abamele inkosi, ngaphezu kwesiqu sabo esihle, bahlukaniswa "umhlobiso wentamo" wombala obomvu klebhu.
Bangabizwa ngamalungu omndeni amelana kakhulu nesithwathwa, kanye I-Antarctic, esizokhuluma ngayo kancane. Izici ze-thermoregulation ziyasiza. Okokuqala, ungqimba olukhulu lwamafutha (kufika ku-3 cm), ngaphansi kwezimpaphe ezingqimba ezintathu.
"Ukugcwaliswa" komoya engutsheni kuvikela kahle kakhulu emanzini nasemhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banokushintshaniswa okuhlukile kokushisa kwegazi. Ngezansi, kuma-paws, igazi elishisayo lemithambo yegazi lishisa igazi elipholile le-venous, elihamba liye phezulu emzimbeni wonke. Le yinqubo "yokubuyisela emuva".
Bangabona kahle emanzini, abafundi babo bayakwazi ukuvumelanisa nokwelula. Kepha emhlabeni kunokubona kufushane. Lo "muntu ohloniphekile" unesakhiwo esiphelele kakhulu sezindlebe "amagobolondo" phakathi kwabanye.
Kwezinye, azibonakali, futhi emanzini zimbozwe izimpaphe ezinde. Indlebe yakhe yangaphandle ikhulisiwe kancane, futhi ngesikhathi sokuntywila okujulile, iyagoba futhi ngokungeziwe ivale indlebe yangaphakathi naphakathi kumfutho ophakeme wamanzi.
Ukudla kwabo kuyizinhlanzi zasolwandle: izinhlanzi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, i-zooplankton, zonke izinhlobo zama-crustaceans, ama-mollusk amancane. Zitshuza zifuna ukudla ngokujwayelekile, kepha ngesikhathi sokuchamusela zingahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside. Baphuza amanzi anosawoti olwandle, abese elungiswa ngempumelelo ngosizo lwezindlala ezikhethekile zamehlo.
Usawoti oweqile uyasuswa ngomlomo noma ukuthimula. Onke amaphengwini yizilwane ezizalela amaqanda. Okucacile ngabantu abathile balolu hlobo lohlobo ukuthi azenzi nhlobo izidleke. Iqanda lichanyuselwa esibayeni esikhethekile samafutha esiswini. Amanye amaphengwini afukamela izidleke.
Izimpaphe zephengwini zivumelane ngokuqinile njengezikhawu zenhlanzi
King penguin
Ukubukeka kwayo kuphindaphinda umzalwane ogcotshwe umqhele, kungaphansi nje ngosayizi - kungaba ngamamitha ayi-1 ukuphakama. Isembozo sezimpaphe naso si-domino - omnyama nomhlophe. Izindawo ezivuthayo nazo zivele ezihlathini nasesifubeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabala afanayo atholakala ngaphansi komlomo wale nyoni nhlangothi zombili.
Uqhwaku uqobo lwalo, oludwetshiwe ngethoni yomsizi, lunwetshiwe futhi lugobile kancane ekugcineni, olusiza lapho udoba ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ubukhona babo bonke buphinda indlela yokuphila yezihlobo ezedlule, akulona ize ukuthi bangabohlobo olufanayo. Ekukhetheni umlingani, bakhombisa ukuba ne-monogamy eyodwa - bakha i-pair eyodwa futhi bathembekile kuyo.
Lapho eshela, ubaba wesikhathi esizayo uyaziqhenya ehamba phambi kwalowo okhethiwe, ekhombisa izindawo ezikhanyayo. Yibo abafakazela ukuthomba. Intsha inengubo yophaphe onsundu ngokuphelele futhi ayinamaki asawolintshi. Iqanda eliyindilinga, negobolondo lobisi kanye nesiphetho esicijile, linosayizi ka-12x9 cm.
Iya ngqo ezinqeni zesifazane. Le nqubo ihambisana nokuhalalisa okukhulu okuvela kubo bobabili abazali. Isikhathi eside, unina uyamfukamela yedwa esibayeni sesisu. Bese kuthi uyise angene esikhundleni sakhe, ngezikhathi ezithile athathe lo mthwalo oyigugu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amaphuphu avela emaqanda abekwa ngoNovemba noma ngoDisemba ayasinda.
Uma insikazi iqala ukufukamela kamuva, iphuphu liyafa. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uqala inqubo ekuqaleni. Inzalo ekhuliswe ngempumelelo iba nomphumela wokuphumula, futhi ngemuva konyaka, ukubekwa kwamaqanda sekwephuzile kuyaphindwa.
Ngakho-ke, akuyona inzalo yaminyaka yonke esindayo, kepha imvamisa ngenkathi yonke. Amakholoni abo, maningi impela, ahlala esidlekeni nasezindaweni eziqinile. Indawo yokuhlala yiziqhingi ezingaphansi komhlaba ne-Antarctica.
Ama-penguin aqhekekile
Iphengwini elibunjiwe
Amagama ezinhlobo zepenguin imvamisa bakhuluma ngesici esithile noma indawo yokuhlala. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalowo omele amashiya amancane ngamabhulashi ombala welanga, kanye nezimpaphe "ezihlikihliwe" ekhanda, okukhumbuza ikepisi elimnyama noma isiqaqa.
Inesisindo esingaba ngu-3 kg ngobude obungu-55-60 cm.Uqhwaku lwayo lufushane kakhulu kunolwabalingani balo bangaphambilini, futhi alumnyama-mnyama, kodwa lubomvu. Amehlo mancane, izidladla zivame ukukhanya ngombala. Abantu bayo batholakala kakhulu eTierra del Fuego, ogwini lwaseTasmania futhi ngokwengxenye eCape Horn eNingizimu Melika.
I-Macaroni penguin
Ngakho-ke kuyisiko ukuyikhetha kuphela ezincwadini zesayensi zaseRussia. Entshonalanga bambiza Maccaroni (dandy). Ngesinye isikhathi ngekhulu le-18, "ama-macaroni" abizwa ngokuthi ama-fashionistas aseNgilandi ababefaka i-hairstyle yokuqala emakhanda abo. Ukuphequlula kwakhe oku-golden-hued kubukeka njengezintambo ezinde ezakha uhlobo lwekhanda elicindezelwayo.
Umzimba ujiyile, imilenze ibomvana, kanjalo nongqimba olujiyile oluhlangene. Esikalini, i- "mod" idonsa ama-5 kg ngobude obungu-75 cm. Izindawo zazo zokubeka izidleke zimelwe kakhulu emanzini oLwandle i-Atlantic kanye nolwandle lwaseNdiya olusondele kakhulu eningizimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinkulu impela - kuze kube izinkulungwane ezingama-600. Bahlela izakhiwo zabo ezilula zokwakha khona kanye emhlabathini.
Imvamisa, kubekwa amaqanda ama-2, bese kuthi elilandelayo liphume ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-4 ngemuva kwelidlule. Inombolo yokuqala yeqanda ihlale incane kuneyesibili, futhi inyoni, njengoba kunjalo, iyiphenyo - ayiyichanyeli ngokuzimisela okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, iphuphu livela kakhulu eqandeni lesibili. Ukufukamela kuthatha amasonto ama-5 afanayo kunama-penguin amaningi, nangobuzali obufanayo obufanayo.
Penguin wasenyakatho
Mhlawumbe singangeza ngaye kuphela ukuthi ukhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinamadwala. Ngenxa yalokhu, uvame ukubizwa Rockhopper - umgibeli wedwala. Izala kakhulu emanzini abandayo aseningizimu ye-Atlantic, eziqhingini zaseGough, ezingenakufinyeleleka, e-Amsterdam naseTristan da Cunha. Izindawo zokuhlala zitholakala kokubili ogwini nasenkabeni yeziqhingi. Sekuyiminyaka engamashumi amathathu ithathwa njengengozi ngenxa yokwehla kwabantu.
Ukuze usinde ebusika obubandayo, ukuhlangana kwemihlambi emikhulu kusiza amaphengwini
I-Victoria penguin noma i-thick-billed
Igama layo laseBrithani "fjord land penguin" (I-Fiordland penguin) Mhlawumbe kungenxa yendawo yokuhlala phakathi kogu oluncane olunamadwala lwaseNew Zealand namachibi aminyene eStewart Island. Isibalo sabantu manje sinezibalo ezingaba ngu-2 500 kuphela, kepha kubhekwa njengokuzinza. Le penguin encane, efinyelela ku-55 cm, enezicucu zamashiya ajwayelekile kubantu bohlobo oluthile, kepha, umahluko, amabala amhlophe ezihlathini ngendlela yeziphambano.
Umnumzane penguin
Kuyinto yendawo (emele le ndawo kuphela) yeziqhingi ezincane zaseSnares, eningizimu yeNew Zealand. Kodwa-ke inani labantu lingamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30. Okuyingozi kakhulu kubo ingonyama yasolwandle (uphawu olukhulu lwendlebe lwesifunda se-subantarctic).
ISchlegel Penguin
Indawo ehlala kuyo isiqhingi iMacquarie, eduze naseTasmania. Ukuphakama kungama-70 cm, isisindo sifinyelela ku-6 kg. Isikhathi esiningi usichitha olwandle, kude nezindawo azalelwa kuzo. Idla izinhlanzi ezincane, i-krill ne-zooplankton. Futhi inamashiya akhanyayo, noma kungenjalo nje kunezinye izinhlobo. Iphinde ibeke amaqanda ama-2, okuyisikhukhukazi esisodwa esivame ukusinda kuwo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi igama layo lesiNgisi ngu Penguin wasebukhosini - ingaphonswa njengeNkosi Penguin, idideke neNkosi yangempela uPenguin (King penguin).
Penguin Omkhulu Opholile
Empeleni, ubheka ukuphakama okulingene - cishe amasentimitha angama-65. Okokuqala, ama-crest amabili aphuzi akhanyayo aphuma emakhaleni ngasikhathi sinye, awele amehlo abomvu amnyama abuyele emuva ngemuva komqhele. Okwesibili, ungomunye wezihlobo zakhe owaziyo ukuhambisa umqhele wakhe. Izidleke zazo eziseduze nezwekazi lase-Australia kanye nogu lwaseNew Zealand. Manje kunamabhangqa angaba ngu-200,000.
Amaphengwini ahamba kancane emhlabathini, kodwa ababhukudi abahle kakhulu nabatshuzi
I-Genus Lesser Penguin - i-monotypic
Iphengwini encane kunazo zonke ekhona namuhla. Ikhula kuphela ize ifinyelele kuma-33 cm (ngokwesilinganiso), ngesisindo esingu-1.5 kg. Kuvamise ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-penguin eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" ngenxa yomthunzi wenyanga wesiliva wezimpaphe ezimnyama ngemuva nezimpiko. Isendlalelo esijwayelekile "sejazi loboya" sinethoni ye-asphalt, esiswini - mpunga ophaphathekile noma omhlophe obisi. Umlomo unombala onsundu okanhlabathi. Izinzipho zibukeka zikhulu ikakhulukazi kwizidladla ezincane. Indawo yamasheya enephengwini enkulu enkulu.
Ama-penguin amahle aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka abhekwa njengabamele abancane kunabo bonke
I-Genus Gorgeous Penguin noma i-Eyed Ephuzi
Kutholakele ukuthi okhokho bezidalwa ezinjalo ezithakazelisayo basinda ekuqothulweni okukhulu kwama-dinosaurs. I-penguin enamehlo aphuzi iyinhlobo enjalo elondoloziwe yohlobo lwayo. Ngaphandle kwakhe, lokhu kwakuhlanganisa nezinhlobo zaseNew Zealand esezashabalala ezazingasasebenzi iMegaduptes waitaha.
Ikhanda limbozwe mnyama, bese kuba nezimpaphe ze-golden-lemon, intamo inombala wekhofi. Ngemuva kunombala onsundu onsundu, isifuba simhlophe, imilenze noqhwaku kubomvu. Lathola igama lalo kusukela emaphethelweni aphuzi azungeze amehlo. Ngakhetha ukuhlala esiqhingini esiseningizimu yeNew Zealand efanayo. Bahlala ikakhulu ngababili, kuyaqabukela babuthane ngamanani amakhulu. Lo mmeli nguyena kakhulu izinhlobo ezingavamile zamaphengwini... Ngaphandle kobubanzi bayo obubanzi, sekusele abantu abangaphezudlwana kuka-4,000.
Ama-penguin we-genus chinstrap
I-Chinstrap penguin
Ungowokuqala kubantu abathathu abamele eama-penguin e-antarctica... Isifanekiso esikhulile sinokuphakama kwama-70 cm no-4.5 kg wesisindo. Umugqa omnyama omncane ugijima entanyeni, usuka endlebeni uye endlebeni. Ama-clutches abekwa ngqo ematsheni, amaqanda ayi-1-2 akhiqizwa, afukanyelwe ngokulandelana. Konke kufana namanye amaphengwini. Ngabe indawo yakhe yokuhlala iyona ebanda kunazo zonke - lona kanye ugu lwase-Antarctica. Lezi zinyoni zingabhukuda kakhulu. Bayakwazi ukubhukuda kuze kufike ku-1000 km olwandle.
Adelie Penguin
Enye yezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu. Iqanjwe ngomfazi wesazi semvelo saseFrance owasichaza okokuqala ngemuva kohambo lwango-1840. Usayizi wayo ungafinyelela ku-80 cm, izimpaphe zinezici ezifanayo zokuzifihla - ingemuva limnyama ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isisu simhlophe.
Kuzala ogwini lwase-Antarctica naseziqhingini eziseduze. Inabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingama-4.5. Ngemikhuba nobunjalo bayo, ifana nomuntu. Unobungane kakhulu. Yilezi zidalwa ezithandekayo ezivame ukutholakala eduze nezindawo zokuhlala, zivame ukudwetshwa kumafilimu opopayi.
Sivame ukujabulela isithombe sabo, sibheke izinhlobo zamaphengwini esithombeni... Futhi muva nje babonwe eduze kwesonto lama-Orthodox e-Antarctica. Imibhangqwana eyishumi nambili yafika yamisa yonke inkonzo eduze kwesakhiwo. Lokhu kufakazela ilukuluku labo nokukholelwa.
I-Gentoo penguin noma i-subantarctic
Indadi esheshayo yabafowabo. Ijubane elikhulu elithuthukiswe nguye lifinyelela kuma-36 km / h. Ngemuva kwezihlobo "zasebukhosini" - ezinkulu kakhulu. Ikhula ize ifike ku-90 cm, isisindo - kufika ku-7.5 kg. Umbala ujwayelekile. Le ndawo inqunyelwe e-Antarctica naseziqhingini ezingaphansi komhlaba. Amakoloni ahlala ehamba ngezizathu ezingaziwa, esuka kude nesidleke sangaphambilini samakhulu amakhilomitha.
AmaPhengwini weGenus Spectacled
I-penguin ebonakalayo (noma i-Afrika, unyawo olumnyama noma imbongolo)
Embalweni wayo wepenguin omnyama nomhlophe, imibala ehlukahlukene iyabonakala. Imivimbo emhlophe ekhanda izungeza amehlo, njengezibuko, bese iya ngemuva kwekhanda. Futhi esifubeni kukhona umugqa omnyama omile okwehhashi owehlela ngezansi kwesisu.
Ibizwa ngokuthi imbongolo ngenxa yomsindo okhethekile ewenza lapho idlisa iphuphu. Futhi i-Afrika - kunjalo, ngenxa yendawo yokuhlala. Isatshalaliswa ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Afrika eziqhingini eziseduze. Amaqanda achamisela izinsuku ezingama-40 futhi ayamangalisa ngoba awakwazi ukubiliswa kanzima.
IGalapagos Penguin
Kuwo wonke umndeni, uthanda imfudumalo kunabanye. Indawo ehlala kuyo ihlukile - amashumi ambalwa wamakhilomitha ukusuka e-Equator eGalapagos Islands. Amanzi lapho afudumala kusuka ku-18 kuye ku-28 degrees Celsius. Sekukonke, kwabalwa abantu abadala ababalelwa ku-2000. Ngokungafani neyangaphambilini, alikho "isicathulo sehhashi" esimnyama esifubeni. Futhi umnsalo omhlophe eduze kwamehlo awubanzi futhi ubonakale njengalawo.
IHumboldt Penguin, noma iPeruvia
Kuzala ogwini olunamadwala ePeru naseChile. Inombolo iya ngokuya incipha. Sekusele cishe izinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili zamabhangqa. Inazo zonke izimfanelo ezitholakala kuma-penguin wombukwane - i-arches emhlophe kanye nehhashi elimnyama esifubeni.Incanyana kunezinhlobo eziqanjiwe.
IMagellanic Penguin
Khetha uPatagonian Coast, Tierra del Fuego kanye neFalkland Islands. Inani lihlaba umxhwele - cishe izigidi ezi-3.6. Izidleke zimbiwe enhlabathini evulekile. Isikhathi sokuphila singafinyelela eminyakeni engama-25-30 ekuthunjweni.
I-Subspecies penguin emhlophe enamaphiko
Izimpaphe ezincane, kufika ku-40 cm ukuphakama. Phambilini, ibibalwa phakathi kwamaphengwini amancane ngenxa yobukhulu bawo. Kodwa-ke, base bekhethwa njengama-subspecies ahlukile. Igama latholwa ukumakwa okumhlophe ekugcineni kwamaphiko. Kuzala kuphela e-Banks Peninsula naseMotunau Island (Isifunda sase-Tasmanian).
Isici esihlukanisayo esivela kwamanye ama-penguin indlela yokuphila yasebusuku. Emini, ulala endaweni yokukhosela, ukuze ngokufika kobusuku angene emanzini olwandle. Asuka kude nogu, aze afike kuma-25 km.
