Igama lenja lihlotshaniswa nezifundazwe ezimbili zase-Italy: iMaremma ne-Abruzzo, ngemuva kwalokho yaba negama layo - maremma abruzza umalusi. Kulezi zifunda ithuthuke njengohlobo lokufuya oluqinile. E-Apennines nasogwini lwe-Adriatic, ukufuya izimvu kuyancipha, kepha izinja ezingabelusi zisindile, lolu hlobo luyachuma.
Incazelo nezici
Izinga lokuqala lokuchaza ngokunembile isimo sohlobo lwazo lakhiwa ngo-1924. Ngo-1958, kwavunyelwana futhi kwaphrintwa indinganiso, kuhlanganiswa izinhlobo ezimbili zenja: iMarem ne-Abruz. Uhlobo lwakamuva lweleveli lwakhishwa yi-FCI ngo-2015. Ichaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi, empeleni, umalusi wase-Italy kufanele abe yini.
- Incazelo ejwayelekile. Izinkomo, umalusi kanye nenja yokuqapha yesayizi enkulu impela. Isilwane siqinile. Isebenza kahle ezindaweni ezinezintaba nasemathafeni.
- Ubukhulu obuyisisekelo. Umzimba uvulekile. Umzimba ubude obungu-20% kunokuphakama okubunayo. Inhloko imfishane ngetulu kwa-2.5 kunebuphakama lobubunile. Usayizi oguqukayo womzimba uhhafu wokuphakama lapho ubuna.
- Inhloko. Enkulu, isicabalele, ifana nekhanda lebhere.
- Ukhakhayi. Kubanzi nge-sagittal crest engabonakali ekhanda.
- Ima. Smooth, ibunzi liphansi, isiphongo sidlula nge-engeuse yokufinyela kufinywa ngomlomo.
- Lobe yekhala. Kuyabonakala, kumnyama, kukhulu, kepha akuphuli izici ezijwayelekile. Ilokhu imanzi njalo. Amakhala avuleke ngokuphelele.
- Muzzle. Kubanzi ezansi, kuncishiswe kubheke ekugcineni kwempumu. Kuthatha cishe 1/2 wobukhulu balo lonke ikhanda ngobude. Ubukhulu obunqamulelayo besifonyo, obulinganiswa emakhoneni ezindebe, buyingxenye yobude besifonyo.
- Izindebe. Yomile, incane, imboza amazinyo nezinsini ezingenhla nangaphansi. Umbala wezindebe umnyama.
- Amehlo. Chestnut noma hazel.
- Amazinyo. Isethi iqediwe. Ukuluma kulungile, isikele sikaluma.
- Intamo. Imisipha. 20% ngaphansi kobude bekhanda. Uboya obujiyile obukhula entanyeni benza ikhola.
- Isifuba. UMaremma — inja ngomzimba ohlangane kancane. Ubukhulu obulinganayo besifuba bubhekisela ekuphakameni ukusuka phansi kuya ekubuneni, njenge-5 kuye ku-4.
- Ukudlondlobala. Iqonde, imile uma ibukwa ohlangothini nangaphambili.
- Izinyawo zisekelwa yizinzwane ezine, ezicindezelwe ndawonye. Amapheshana ezinzwane ahlukile. Yonke indawo yezidladla, ngaphandle kwamaphakethe, imbozwe ngoboya obufushane, obukhulu. Umbala wezinzipho umnyama, umbala onsundu kungenzeka.
- Umsila. I-pubescent kahle. Enjeni ezolile, yehliselwa emgodini nangaphansi. Inja ekhathazekile iphakamisa umsila wayo iye emugqeni wesinqe ngemuva.
- Ithrafikhi. Inja ihamba ngezindlela ezimbili: ngokuhamba noma ngokugijima ngamandla.
- Ikhava yoboya. Izinwele zokuqapha ziqonde kakhulu.Ijazi langaphansi liminyene, ikakhulukazi ebusika. Imicu enzima kungenzeka. Ekhanda, ezindlebeni, engxenyeni ye-ventral, uboya bufushane kunomzimba wonke. I-molt ayeluliwe, yenzeka kanye ngonyaka.
- Umbala. Okumhlophe okuqinile. Amacebo okukhanya ophuzi, ukhilimu kanye nezinyo lendlovu kungenzeka.
- Ubukhulu. Ukukhula kwabesilisa kusuka ku-65 kuye ku-76 cm, abesifazane bahlangana ngokwengeziwe: kusuka ku-60 kuye ku-67 cm (ekubuneni). Ubunzima besilisa busuka kuma-36 kuye kuma-45 kg, ama-bitches angama-5 kg alula.
Ukusebenza ngobungcweti kwabelusi base-Italy kwaqinisa imisipha yabo futhi kwaqinisa amathambo abo. Lokhu kufakazelwa ngu isithombe se-maremma abruzza... Ngokusobala, laba belusi abasheshi kakhulu - ngeke bakwazi ukubamba inyamazane noma unogwaja. Kepha bangaphoqa kalula ongenayo, kungaba yimpisi noma umuntu, ukuthi ashiye izinhloso zabo.
Izazi zamaCynologists zichaza umbala omhlophe woboya bezinja ngomsebenzi womalusi. Umalusi ubona izinja ezimhlophe kude, enkungwini nasebusuku. Ungabahlukanisa nokuhlasela izisulu ezimpunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uboya obumhlophe banciphisa ukuvezwa yilanga elikhanyayo eliphakeme kakhulu.
Izinja zivame ukusebenza njengeqembu. Umsebenzi wabo akukhona ukulwa ngqo nezimpisi. Ngokukhonkotha nangokubambisana, kufanele baxoshe abahlaseli, kungaba yizimpisi, izinja zasendle noma amabhere. Ezinsukwini zakudala, imishini yezinja yayihlanganisa ikhola enezipikisi - i-roccalo. Izindlebe zezilwane zanqunywa futhi zanqunywa kuze kube manje emazweni lapho lo msebenzi uvunyelwe khona.
Izinhlobo
Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, lolu hlobo lwaluhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-2. Kwakucatshangelwa uhlobo oluhlukile umelusi maremma. Uhlobo oluzimele lwaluyinja yokwalusa evela e-Abruzzo. Kwake kwalungisiswa. Izinja zaseMaremmo zazidla izimvu emathafeni nasezixhaphozini. Okunye ukuhlukahluka (okuvela ku-Abruzzo) kwachitha sonke isikhathi ezintabeni. Izilwane ezingenalutho zazihlukile ngandlela thile kulezo ezisentabeni.
Ngo-1860, i-Italy yahlanganiswa. Imingcele isinyamalele. Umehluko phakathi kwezinja waqala ukulinganiswa. Ngo-1958, ubumbano lohlobo lwenziwa lwaba semthethweni, izinja zokwalusa zaqala ukuchazwa ngezinga elilodwa. Esikhathini sethu, umehluko wakudala ukhunjulwa ngokuzumayo e-Abruzzo. Abafuyi bezinja bakulesi sifunda bafuna ukuhlukanisa izinja zabo zenze uhlobo oluhlukile - i-Abruzzo Mastiff.
AmaCynologists avela kwezinye izifundazwe ahambisana nabantu base-Abruzzo. Kuneziphakamiso zokuhlukanisa uhlobo lube ngama-subtypes ngokususelwa kokwehluka okuncane nendawo evela kuyo. Ngemuva kokuqaliswa kwemibono enjalo, izinja ezingabelusi ezivela e-Apullio, ePascocostanzo, eMayello njalonjalo zingavela.
Umlando wozalo
Ezingcezwini zesihloko esithi "De Agri Cultura", esukela ngekhulu lesi-2 BC, isikhulu saseRoma uMarcus Porcius Cato sichaza izinhlobo ezintathu zezinja:
- izinja ezelusayo (canis pastoralis) - ezimhlophe, shaggy, izilwane ezinkulu;
- Molossus (canis epiroticus) - izinwele ezibushelelezi, ezimnyama, izinja ezinkulu;
- Izinja zaseSpartan (canis laconicus) ziyizinyawo ezisheshayo, ezinsundu, nezinwele ezibushelelezi, ezizingelayo.
Mhlawumbe ukuchazwa kwe-canis pastoralis nguMark Cato kungukuqala kokusho kokhokho bezinja zesimanje zase-Italy. Ubudala bemvelaphi yalolu hlobo buqinisekiswa ngumsebenzi wesazi-mlando saseRoma uJunius Moderat Columella "De Re Rustica", osukela ekhulwini lokuqala BC
Ku-opus yakhe, uhlala ekubalulekeni kwengubo emhlophe yokwelusa izinja. Yilo mbala owenza ukuthi umalusi akwazi ukuhlukanisa inja nempisi kusihlwa nokuqondisa isikhali esilwaneni ngaphandle kokulimaza inja.
I-maremma yomalusi wase-Italiya ichazwa njalo, ipendiwe, ayifakwa emifanekisweni, ibekwe ngengilazi enemibala kwimidwebo yobuciko. Emisebenzini yobuciko, ukuhamba kancane, ukuzola kanye nokuzinikela kokuphila kwasemakhaya kwakufanekiswa izimvu ezithobekile. Babegadwa ama-maremmas aqinile. Ngokuncenga, izinja zazinamakhola ahlikihliwe.
Ngo-1731, kwavela incazelo eningiliziwe nge-maremma. Umsebenzi "Umthetho Wokwelusa" washicilelwa, lapho ummeli uStefano Di Stefano acaphune khona imininingwane yokwelusa izinja. Ngaphezu kokuchaza amapharamitha womzimba, ikhulume ngalokho uhlamvu lwe-maremma... Ukuzimela kwakhe kwagcizelelwa, kwahlanganiswa nokuzinikela.
Umbhali uqinisekise ukuthi inja ayifuni igazi, kodwa iyakwazi ukudwengula noma ngubani ngokuyalelwa ngumnikazi. I-maremma yenza umsebenzi wayo onzima futhi oyingozi womalusi ngokudla okuncane. Kwakuqukethe isinkwa noma ufulawa webhali oxutshwe nobisi amasondo atholakala enqubeni yokwenza ushizi.
Ekubunjweni kohlobo, indlela yokudla kwezimvu idlale indima ebalulekile. Ehlobo, imihlambi yezimvu yayondla emadlelweni asezintabeni e-Abruzzo. Ngekwindla kwaba kubanda kakhulu, imihlambi yaqhutshelwa endaweni enamachibi asezindaweni eziphansi eziseMaremma. Izinja zihamba kanye nemihlambi. Bahlangana nezilwane zasendaweni. Umehluko phakathi kwezinja eziphangalele nezintaba usuphelile.
EGenoa, ngo-1922, kwasungulwa iklabhu yokuqala yezinja zase-Italy. Kuthathe iminyaka emibili ukuhlanganisa nokuhlela izinga lokufuya, lapho libizwa khona ngokuthi yiMaremma Sheepdog futhi kushiwo ukuthi lingabizwa nangokuthi yi-Abruzian. AmaCynologists isikhathi eside ngemuva kwalokho awakwazanga ukunquma ngegama lohlobo.
Uhlamvu
Izinga lichaza ubunjalo be-maremma kanjena. Uhlobo lwamaMarema yenzelwe umsebenzi kamalusi. Ubamba iqhaza ekushayeleni, ekwaluseni nasekuvikeleni umhlambi wezimvu. Uphatha izilwane nabelusi njengomndeni wakhe. Lapho esebenza nezilwane, yena ngokwakhe uthatha izinqumo ngokuqhubeka kwezenzo. Uyayifeza ngentshiseko imiyalo yabanikazi.
Lapho ehlasela izimvu azilawulayo, akafuni ukuqeda isilo. Ubheka umsebenzi wakhe uphothulwe lapho umhlaseli exoshwa kude. Le ndlela yokusebenza inyusa ukusebenza kahle kwezenzo zikamalusi: i-maremma ayishiyi umhlambi isikhathi eside.
UMaremma uphatha abantu angabazi ngaphandle kobudlova, kepha ngokuqapha, amalungu omndeni womnikazi amukelwa ngenjabulo. Unakekela izingane, ngomoya ophansi uthatha inkululeko yazo. Isimo senja sivumela, ngaphezu komsebenzi wabalimi nezilwane, ukuba ngumngane, umkhululi kanye nomhlahlandlela.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Emlandweni wabo omningi, izinja zihlala eceleni kwabelusi nezimvu. Ukudla kwabo kwakuphansi. Lokho, kuthobekile futhi akuhlukile kakhulu, kepha kungokwemvelo ngokuphelele. Imithombo ebhaliwe iqinisekisa ukuthi izinja zondliwe isinkwa, ufulawa oxutshwe ne-milk whey. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla bekubandakanya konke abelusi abakudlayo, noma-ke, okusele ekudleni kwabalimi.
Esikhathini sethu, ukuzincisha ukudla sekuphelile ngasemuva. Izinja zithola ukudla okulungiselelwe ngokukhethekile. Ukunqunywa ngqo kwenani lokudla nokwakheka kwalo kuncike eminyakeni yobudala besilwane, umsebenzi, izimo zokuphila, njalonjalo. Inani lokudla liphakathi kuka-2-7% wesisindo sesilwane.
Imenyu kufanele ibe namaprotheni ezilwane, izingxenye zemifino nezobisi. Cishe ama-35% abalwa yimikhiqizo yenyama kanye ne-offal. Omunye u-25% uyisitshulu noma imifino eluhlaza. Ama-40% asele okusanhlamvu okubilisiwe kuhlangene nemikhiqizo yobisi.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Abelusi baseMarema kulezi zinsuku bawela ezigabeni ezimbili. Owokuqala, njengoba kufanele inja engumalusi, uchitha impilo yakhe yonke phakathi kwezimvu. Ihola impilo ekhululekile. Njengoba izimvu zingagadiwe yinja eyodwa, kodwa yinkampani yonke, imidlwane yama-maremma zizalwa nokungenelela komuntu okuncane.
Lapho uhlala ngaphansi kokunakekelwa okungapheli komuntu, umnikazi kufanele axazulule izinkinga zokuzala. Okokuqala, lapho umdlwane uvela endlini, udinga ukunquma: ukunikeza isilwane nomnikazi impilo enokuthula noma ukuyigcina ivundile. Ukuthena noma inzalo kuvame ukuba yisixazululo esifanele esisusa izinkinga eziningi.
Inja esebenza ngokugcwele iba isilungele ukuzala cishe eminyakeni engu-1. Kepha kufanelekile ukulinda isikhashana: ama-bitches ahlanganisiwe, aqala ngokushisa kwesibili. Okusho ukuthi, lapho ehlanganisa okungenani iminyaka engu-1.5 ubudala. Kwabesilisa, iminyaka eyi-1.5 yobudala futhi yisikhathi esihle se-debut kababa.
Abazalisi bajwayele ukuhlela nokuqhuba imihlangano yenja yezinselelo zokuzala. Ukukhwelana kwezilwane eziphelele kuhlelwe isikhathi eside ngaphambili. Abanikazi bezinja abangenalwazi kufanele bathole izeluleko eziphelele eqenjini. Izinkinga ezixazululwe kahle zokuzala zizogcina impilo yenja kuyo yonke iminyaka eyi-11, ngokwesilinganiso ehlala kuma-maremma.
Ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa
Ebusheni bokuqala, ngezimvume ezisemthethweni, ukunqunywa kwezindlebe kwenzelwa ama-maremmas. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukugcina i-Italian Shepherd Dogs akunzima. Ikakhulukazi uma izinja zingahlali efulethini ledolobha, kodwa endlini yangasese enendawo enkulu ehlanganayo. Ukunyakaza okuphezulu kuyinto esemqoka umnikazi okufanele ayinikeze inja yakhe.
Into eyinkinga kakhulu ukulungisa ingubo. Njengazo zonke izinja eziphakathi nezinwele ezinde, i-maremma idinga ukuxubha njalo. Yini eyenza uboya bube ngcono futhi buthembele kakhulu ebudlelwaneni obuphakathi komuntu nesilwane.
Izinja ezizalisayo, ingxenye yempilo yayo ebamba iqhaza emincintiswaneni, izindandatho zompetha, ukuzilungisa kunzima kakhulu. Akusetshenziswa amabhulashi kuphela noma ama-combs; izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwendandatho, inja iyagezwa ngama-shampoo akhethekile, izinzipho ziyagundwa.
Intengo
UMaremma muva nje ube uhlobo olungajwayelekile ezweni lethu. Manje, ngenxa yezimfanelo zayo, sekuvame kakhulu. Amanani emidlwane yalolu hlobo ahlala ephezulu. Abafuyi kanye nezinkulisa bacela ama-ruble angama-50 000 ngesilwane. Lokhu kumaphakathi intengo maremma.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Kunamaqiniso amaningana aqaphelekayo ahlobene nenja yaseMaremma-Abruzzi. Omunye wabo udabukile.
- Ngemuva kokuwela umkhawulo cishe eminyakeni eyi-11 ubudala, uma ucabanga ukuthi umkhawulo wempilo usufikile, izinja ziyayeka ukudla, bese ziyayeka ukuphuza. Ekugcineni afe. Lapho ziphilile, izilwane ziyafa. Abanikazi nodokotela bezilwane bayahluleka ukukhipha uMaremma Shepherds ekuqothulweni ngokuzithandela.
- Isithombe sokuqala esaziwayo senja yokwelusa emhlophe sihlehlela emuva eNkathini Ephakathi. Edolobheni lase-Amatrice, eSontweni LaseSt. Francis, ifresco yekhulu le-14 ibonisa inja emhlophe ekhola enezipikili eziqaphe izimvu. Inja efresco ibukeka njengeyesimanjemanje maremma esithombeni.
- Ngawo-1930, abaseBrithani basusa izinja eziningana zokwalusa e-Italy. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwaba nempikiswano phakathi kwabathandi bezilwane mayelana nokuthi iziphi izifundazwe ezaba negalelo elibonakalayo ekwakhiweni kohlobo. AbaseBrithani babengenakuthintwa ukukhathazeka kwendawo kwabaphethe izinja base-Italy futhi babiza inja ngokuthi maremma. Kamuva, lo mhlobo wathola igama elide futhi elinembile: UMaremmo-Abruzzo Sheepdog.
- Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, ngeminyaka yama-70s, abafuyi bezimvu baseMelika babenenkinga: izimpisi zedlelo (ama-coyotes) zaqala ukudala umonakalo omkhulu emihlambini yezimvu. Imithetho yokongiwa kwemvelo inciphisa ukuthi izidlo zingaphathwa kanjani. Kwakudingeka izindlela zokulwa ezanele. Atholakale esesimweni sezinja zokwalusa.
- Izinhlobo ezi-5 zilethwe eMelika. Emsebenzini wokuncintisana, abakwaMaremmas bazibonakalise bengabelusi abahamba phambili. Emhlambini wezimvu owawugadwe yizinja zase-Italy Abelusi, ukulahleka kwakuncane noma kwakungekho.
- Ku-2006, iphrojekthi ethokozisayo yaqala e-Australia. Inani labantu bohlobo olulodwa lwama-penguin omdabu asondele kumkhawulo wezinombolo, lapho inqubo engaphenduki yokuqothulwa yaqala khona.
- Uhulumeni wezwe uhehe izinja ezelusa uMaremma ukuvikela izinyoni ezimpungwini nakwezinye izilwane ezincane ezidla ezinye. Babhekwa njengesizathu sokuncipha kwenani lezinyoni. Ukuhlolwa kuphumelele. Manje ama-maremmas awagcini kuphela izimvu, kodwa futhi nama-penguin.
