Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinambuzane ze-arthropod, abantu abathandekayo bavame ukutholakala. Ngokwesibonelo, ufezela intombazane noma i-scorpion fly (Mecoptera). Kungani lesi sidalwa sinikezwa igama elisabekayo? Ngabe uhlangana ngani nofezela?
Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi isidalwa esincane kangaka sisuke enkathini kaMesozoic siye esikhathini sethu ngaphandle kokunyamalala ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo ezazizamazamisa umhlaba ngezikhathi ezithile? Futhi kungani anikezwa umboko omude kangaka ohlobisa ikhanda lakhe? Ake sizame ukuphendula le mibuzo ngokwazi i-heroine yethu kancane.
Incazelo nezici
Scorpionfish ejwayelekile (IPanorpa communis) ungummeli wesiteleka wozungu. IPanorpas, iqembu okulo, adla izinambuzane. Zinomzimba ohlangothini ophuzi ozacile onamabala amnyama noma imivimbo ngemuva nangaphansi kwesisu. Usayizi womzimba ufinyelela ku-13-15 mm.
Imilenze mide, iqukethe izingxenye ezi-5, nezinzipho ezi-2 kutarsus. Isisu siyindilinga futhi sinezingxenye eziyishumi. Abesifazane nabesilisa bangahlukaniswa ngokuma kokuphela kwesisu. Kwabesifazane, kukhonjiswa kalula. Futhi ukubonakala kwesici kokuphela kwesisu sesilisa kwanikeza igama kulo lonke iqembu.
Isiphetho sayo sangemuva, esinezingxenye ezintathu, sigobile njengomsila okhuphukayo wofezela futhi sinombala obomvu. Ingxenye yokugcina ivuvukele kakhulu, izitho zayo zangasese zitholakala lapho. Uma ubheka kahle, abesilisa bafana nenhlanganisela yomnyovu nofezela. Kepha lokhu kungaphandle kuphela. Lezi zinambuzane azihlangene nakancane neminyovu noma ofezela.
Abesifazane bescorpion abanamsila owesabekayo
Esinye sezici zesici seqembu lonke ubukhona irostamu (i-proboscis phambi kwekhanda). Imvamisa iba bomvu ngombala. Isimo salo sisiza isinambuzane ukukhipha ukudla ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo. Angithi impukane ayizingeli impukane, kodwa ayikwazi ukubhoboza amagxolo, irostrum ithambe kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, wakhula ukuze akwazi ngobuciko futhi ngaphandle kwesithiyo ukumba phakathi kotshani, ubulembu namaqabunga.
Ngemuva kwalezi zitho kukhona okokusebenza komlomo okugedlayo. Ingxenye ende kunazo zonke ithi I-maxilla (imihlathi emibili yesibili, eyenza umsebenzi wokudwengula, ukubhoboza inyamazane nokugaya ukudla). UStipe noma isiqu - ingxenye emaphakathi yomhlathi wonke ongezansi, iyisisekelo sazo zonke izakhi ze-maxilla, okuthiwa induku yokusekela.
Kulezi zimpukane, ibamba udonga lwasemuva lwe-proboscis, oluhlangana eduze. Ukubukeka nefomu okuphathekayo (ngendlela ehlukile yokugunyazwa, imihlathi ephezulu ebhangqiwe yezinsimbi zomlomo) incike kuzici zokudla. Uma sinesinambuzane esidla imifino - okugunyaziwe kukhulu futhi kufushane, kuqukethe amazinyo amabili, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu.
Ezidliwayo, lezi zinto ziyisicaba, zisikwe kulayini oblique, zinezinyo elilodwa lokusika. Zisebenza njengesikele. Kuma-scavenger, ama-mandibles ayisiphambano phakathi kwalokhu okubili. Intevu-intshebe iqukethe izingxenye, inani lakhona lisukela ku-16-20 liye ku-60. Zincane kakhulu, zinemicu emide, noma zivezwe kahle.
I-Antennae ibaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni ukudla, kanye nasekutholakaleni umuntu ozohlanganyela naye ocansini. Futhi izitho ezibalulekile futhi ezizwela kakhulu ezivumela isinambuzane ukuthi sikwazi ukubona ngokwanele imvelo, izinqubo zamakhemikhali ngaphandle nangaphakathi kwalesi sidalwa.
Bazibona ngokucacile izinguquko zamazinga okushisa, ushintsho entweni ene-asidi, nokuba khona kwamagesi. Basabela esimweni somzimba uqobo, esivumela ukuthi ushiye indawo engakhululekile ngesikhathi. Ibizwa ukwelashwa.
Mhlawumbe, amadivayisi amaningi wesikhathi esizayo angahlonyiswa ngamadivayisi abucayi kangaka, angenza kube lula kakhulu ukuthi abantu baphile futhi basebenze ezimweni ezahlukahlukene ezingenabungani. Isifuba esinenhloko nesisu sisekuhlanganyeleni okuhambayo.
Izimpiko ezinenani lamabhangqa amabili zinephethini elihle lemeshi futhi zibonakala ngokusobala umabhebhana (ukuqina emaphethelweni aphambili ephiko, eduze nesiqongo). Izicubu zephiko (ulwelwesi) lubonakala ngokuphelele noma lube namabala amancane, kaningi lumbozwe izinwele ezimfishane.
Swing kuze kufinyelele 30 mm. Insikazi inombala omnyama wezimpiko, kowesilisa zicishe zibe mhlophe namabala amnyama. Izimpiko azenzelwanga izindiza ezinde, kepha imilenze isetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi ukugijima. Ngenxa yemilenze emide, izinhlobo eziningi zalesi sinambuzane zididekile ngomiyane.
Emazansi amaphiko atholakala i-faceted (okunezinhlobonhlobo) zamehlo. Banombono wombala, futhi bathwebula nemisebe ye-UV. Isici ngasinye seso elinjalo - ommatidium - Kubukeka njengesigaxa esithinta maphakathi nenhlamvu yeso. Lapho zixhunywe ngama-vertices. Futhi ngezisekelo zazo, zakha indawo enezikhala.
I-ommatidium ngayinye ibamba indawo encane elinganiselwe, kepha ngokuhlangene bahlanganisa yonke indaba isiyonke. Scorpion esithombeni ibukeka inhle futhi isongela. Ubuhle bunikezwa ngamaphiko amahle avulekile afana nengilazi enamabala. Futhi ingozi ivela kumsila ogobolondo "wofezela", kanye nomlomo ohlanganisiwe we-rostrum, Fezela impukane futhi ubulala inyamazane yakhe.
Izinhlobo
Lezi zinambuzane zibhekwa njengefomu lasendulo nelasendulo, elalivele lisakazekile ezinkathini zePaleozoic neMesozoic. Scorpion squad kubalwa imindeni engama-23 ngaphakathi kwayo, okwamanje engu-14 engathathwa njengokushabalala. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-770 manje sezaziwa, kufaka nezinsalela ezingama-369.
Imindeni edume kakhulu kusuka kuleli oda omiyane, izinguzunga zeqhwa kanye ne-scorpionfish yangempela.
1. Komarovka (bittaki) - umndeni wezinambuzane ovela esikwatini se-scorpion. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-270 zazo, zitholakala yonke indawo. Umzimba mncane, imilenze ihlukaniswe ngokungalingani. Bona, njengabamele abezilwane be-oda, banemiyalo emide, enezinyo elilodwa, elisikwe kulayini we-oblique. Zivame ukubonakala zilenga ezitshalweni ngomlenze owodwa noma emibili emide yangaphambili eboshwe.
Bacathamela izinyamazane, abazibamba kalula ngezitho zabo zangemuva, ezifana nezidladla zemantis yokuthandaza. Le milenze inozipho olukhulu, izinhlayiya ezimbili ezinhlangothini, futhi zikulungele kahle ukubamba isisulu. Kunjalo ufezela ufika esithombeni ingaphanjaniswa kalula ngomiyane onemilenze emide, ikakhulukazi lapho umile.
2. Izinguzunga zeqhwa (boreids) wumndeni omncane, obalelwa ezinhlotsheni ezingaba ngu-30. Zonke izinhlobo ziyizidina, i.e. kuhlobene nezimo zemvelo eNyakatho Nenkabazwe phakathi kuka-40 no-60ยบ i-latitude, enamahlobo amafushane ashisayo nobusika obude obubandayo. Igama livela egameni likankulunkulu womoya wasenyakatho kusuka ezinganekwaneni zamaGrikhi - iBoreas.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisile ukuthi izinguzunga zeqhwa zihlobene kakhulu namazeze kunamanye ama-scorpion abesifazane. Akunzima ukuwabona, abesilisa babonakala ngamaphiko okuqala, kepha awandizi, kepha gxuma, ngoba amaphiko awakhuli. Futhi abesifazane abanayo ngisho ne-primordia, kepha bane-ovipositor ende. Usayizi wezinambuzane mncane kakhulu, u-2-4 mm.
Banenhloko emise okomlomo evulekile, enezinsimbi zomlomo eziququdayo. Zihamba zibhampa kuhle kwezintethe, imilenze yangemuva iyagxuma. Ngokugxuma okukodwa, bangakwazi ukumboza ibanga eliphindwe ka-50 ubude bomzimba wabo. Zibonakala zincibilika eqhweni eduze kwezindawo ezikhule ngobulembu, amahlumela amancane adla kuwo.
Lokhu ngumehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama bore bore nabanye ofezela - bangabantu abadla inyama. Izibungu zazo zivame ukuba mhlophe, zikhule ngaphansi kongqimba lwama-moss, futhi zidle izimpande zalezi zitshalo. Izibungu zihlala iminyaka emi-2. Zifela endaweni efudumele, elungele ezinye izinhlobo.
3. Amantombazane afezela ngempela (panorp) ngobude obungu-9-25 mm. Izinsimbi zomlomo ziyaluma futhi zitholakala ekhanda le-coracoid, eligobele phansi. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-420. Izinhlobo eziyi-16 ziyaziwa eYurophu, ezinye izinhlobo eziyi-12 zihlala eSumatra naseJava, izinhlobo eziyi-136 sezizinze eNingizimu ye-Asia, izinhlobo ezingama-269, ezibandakanya i-scorpionfish ejwayelekile, zitholakala eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo ezi-3 ezingafundiswanga kahle.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Isinambuzane se-Scorpion ithanda izindawo ezimanzi, ikhetha izihlahla ezinomthunzi eduze kwamanzi, izingilazi ezimanzi, izimfunda ezinomswakama. Itholakala eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika (Canada, Mexico nase-USA). ERussia, kunezinhlobo ezi-5 ze-scorpionfish ezivamile, ezintathu zazo ezifakwe kwiRed Book yesifunda saseLeningrad.
Lezi zinambuzane zindiza kancane futhi zingathandi, zihamba amabanga amafushane. Womabili lamaphiko amaphiko abamba iqhaza ekundizeni, ukushintshana kwamaphiko okusiza lesi sinambuzane ukuba sihlale emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, bazama ukuhlala otshanini ngethuba lokuqala bese belahleka. Babuye bacashe ezitheni phakathi kotshani nangaphansi kwamahlamvu abolile.
Ukulunywa kwe-Scorpion iphephile kubantu, ngoba ayinabo ubuthi, futhi ayinalo udosi oluhlala ngemuva kokulunywa enxebeni. Kuliqiniso, kungabonakala kubuhlungu, ikakhulukazi lapho kunesikhumba esincanyana khona. Abantu abanenkinga yokungezwani komzimba kufanele baqaphele ezindaweni zalezi zinambuzane.
Umqondo "ubufezela besifazane"- kunalokho igama elimibalabala labadlali bekhompyutha abathanda izimfuno zesimanje. I-proboscis yale mpukane, ezihlinzeka ngayo ngokudla, kunalokho "iyimpumulo" kunodosi, yize inokubukeka okwesabekayo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Zonke lezi zimpukane, ngaphandle kwezinguzunga zeqhwa, ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye. Kepha, ngokungafani nenkolelo evamile, azihlaseli izinambuzane eziphilayo, kepha ngokuzithandela zondla izitshalo ezifile nezilimele, nezinsalela ezibolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abayideleli inyama yesilwane esinezilwane ezinomgogodla ongasekho kanye nobulongwe bezinyoni.
Izibungu ikakhulu zinokudla okufanayo. Kubantu abadala, kunezelwa umpe nezimbali zezimbali, kanye nejusi lamajikijolo. Isibonelo, eningizimu neWestern Siberia, kwesinye isikhathi zidala ukulimala okukhulu esitshalweni esenziwe nge-currant esiliva. Izimpukane zimane zonakalise amajikijolo avuthiwe, zimunce ujusi kuwo.
"I-proboscis" yabo edumile ifaneleka kakhulu lapha, nguyena osiza ukudonsa uginindela onamanzi omnandi. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokuphazamiseka okuthile, lezi zinambuzane azinabungozi ngaphezu kokulimaza. Ziwusizo kakhulu njengezikhwabanisi ezincane ezisusa izindawo zezinambuzane ezifile.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
I-Scorpionfish iyinhlangano yezinambuzane ezinenguquko ephelele (i-metamorphosis). Eqinisweni, le nqubo ingukuhlelwa kabusha kwangaphakathi nangaphandle komzimba impilo yonke. Qedela uguquko noma I-holometamorphosis - lezi yizigaba ezine kuya kweziyisihlanu kusukela ekuzalweni kuye ekubeni ngumuntu omdala: amaqanda, izibungu, iziphungumangathi, kwesinye isikhathi ama-prepupae, ne-imago (umuntu omdala).
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi komjikelezo ogcwele nokungaphelele ukuhamba kwesigaba se-pupa. Imvamisa, izibungu ze-scorpion azifani nhlobo nabantu abadala, yingakho zibizwa ngokuthi izibungu zeqiniso. Akungabazeki ukuthi i-holometamorphosis ingabhekwa njengesiqalo sokuvela kokuthuthuka kwezinambuzane ezinjalo, ngoba ekuqaleni imvelaphi nokuthuthuka cishe kwazo zonke izinambuzane kwakususelwa ekuguqulweni okungaphelele.
Intuthuko yokuguqulwa kwesigaba esiphakathi se-pupa ifakazela ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kwezinambuzane eziningi ezimeni zangaphandle. Ngokusobala, isibungu besingahlali sikulungele ukuhlala ezimweni ezinzima. Mhlawumbe bekulesi sigaba esingeziwe esisize i-heroine yethu ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu esishintshayo nezinye izimo zangaphandle ezinzima.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, abesilisa baheha abalingani ngokusabalalisa ama-pheromones nxazonke. Lezi zinambuzane zinohlobo lomkhuba wokuqomisana. Owesilisa uletha isinambuzane esifile entombini yakhe njengesipho. Umlingani wesifazane udla umuthi ngenkathi ehlangana. Ukudla kukhulu, inqubo ithatha isikhathi eside.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kunenqwaba yezimpukane, futhi kunokukhetha, abesifazane bavunyelwe ukukhwelana nabafakizicelo kuphela ngesipho esikhulu. Abahluliwe ngentela encane badingeka kuphela uma kukhona abanye "abakhongi" abambalwa abaseduze. Lokhu mhlawumbe ukukhetha kwemvelo. Abesilisa abakhulu ngokuvamile baletha isipho esikhulu, ngakho-ke abesifazane bakhetha ubaba wenzalo enkulu kunenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo enikezayo.
Insikazi izalela amaqanda ngezinqwaba emhlabathini omanzi nangaphansi kwamaqabunga awile. Uzibeka phansi nge-proboscis, azingcwabe enhlabathini ephezulu. Banesimo se-oval, ubukhulu bungaba ngu-2,5 mm, inani licishe libe izingcezu eziyi-100. Empeleni, lona ngumsebenzi wawo oyinhloko wabazali - ukubeka amaqanda ezimweni ezifanele kakhulu zokuthuthukisa izibungu.
Yilapho kuphela khona konke ukunakekelwa kwenzalo yesikhathi esizayo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-8, izibungu ziyaqhekeka, ezifinyelela ekukhuleni okugcwele kungakapheli inyanga. Iziphungumangathi ziyefana kakhulu nezibungu, zijiyile, azisebenzi, kepha zivame ukukhasa ekukhanyeni zithole ukudla. Zondla, njengezimpukane ezindala, ezinsaleleni zezitshalo nezilwane, kanye nobulembu nezimpande.
Inhloko yesibungu iyaqina, izimpondo ezi-2 sezivele zibonakala kuso. Amehlo aphawuleka kakhulu, inani lawo elikhulu kunalezo zonke ezinye izibungu zezinambuzane. Cishe zingama-30 zazo ohlangothini ngalunye, zakha iqoqo esivele lifana neso elihlangene. Izinsimbi zomlomo zakhiwe kahle. Ubude besibungu bungamamilimitha angama-20. Iqukethe izingxenye ze-convex.
Izitho zomzimba we-thoracic zitholakala ezigabeni ezintathu zokuqala. Umzimba wesibungu umbozwe izinsumpa. Izibungu zihlala emigodini emise okwamahhashi embiwa ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zenhlabathi. Ukufunda, isibungu simba singene sijule emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kube yisiphungumangathi kwenzeka endaweni ethokomele yobumba. Kodwa-ke, isiphungumangathi ngaso sonke isikhathi asiqali ngokushesha ukuguqulwa kwaso sibe sesigabeni sabantu abadala; ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle, singena ekushoneni.
Lokhu ukuhlakanipha okukhulu kwalesi sigaba. Umshuwalense owengeziwe wokusinda. Uma konke kwenzeka ngokujwayelekile, ngemuva kwamasonto amabili iziphungumangathi ziphenduka imago - isinambuzane esidala. Ehlobo, kungakhula izizukulwane ezimbili, okugcina kuzo ukulala ebusika. Izinambuzane ezindala zihlala isikhathi esisodwa, kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- IScorpion inesici esibalulekile nesithakazelisayo sokusinda emvelweni - ukulingisa. Akanabo ubuthi futhi akanazo izivikelo zempi, ngakho-ke kufanele angabonakali, alingise igatsha noma iqabunga, noma enze sengathi unobuthi futhi uyingozi. Umbala womzimba, "umsila ufezela" ogobile kanye nesiqu eside kuyamsiza kulokhu.
- Abanye ofezela besilisa banikeza iconsi lamathe abo njengesipho sokuqomisana. Umngane uyisebenzisa ngenjabulo. Uma umnikelo kuvela ukuthi mncane, ubungozi besilisa abunaso isikhathi sokuqedela inqubo yokukhwelana, ngoba intombi enenkani ayihlali endaweni eyodwa umzuzwana ngemuva kokudla okwamanje. Ngokushoda kokunye, ubuyisa amathe kaninginingi ukwelula inqubo.
- Isithombe lesi sinambuzane esisibonayo ngenxa yesakhiwo esinezinhlangothi seso sinemibala futhi siqondile, ngokungafani nesithombe esitholwe ngumuntu. Siphendukezelwe.
- Mhlawumbe, abaningi babekwazi ukubona izikrini ezinkulu ezisezitolo, emigwaqweni nasezigcawini zamadolobha, emaphethelweni ezakhiwo. Basakaza isikhangiso noma omunye umbukwane, futhi isenzo sabo sincike ekubonisweni okunezinhlangothi, lapho isikrini ngasinye sikhombisa into yaso encane, futhi ngokubambisana bathola isithombe esiphelele. Izitho ezibabazekayo zokubona izinambuzane ezifana ne-scorpion fly zisifundise le ndlela yokukhombisa isithombe esikhulu.
- Kuyathakazelisa ukubuka indiza yalesi sinambuzane. Kusukela ohlangothini kubukeka kungalingani futhi "kucwebezela" ngenxa yamathiphu amnyama abenyezelayo amaphiko.
- Ukutadisha amafosili aseduze nezimpukane ze-scorpion, lapho kuhlolisiswa amadiphozithi ePermian enkathi yePaleozoic, kanye nokuqhathanisa nabamele banamuhla, kwavumela ososayensi ukuthi bacabange ukuthi lezi zimpukane ziyinzalo eseduze yezimpukane zeDiptera, iLepidoptera kanye neCaddis.
