Abantu abaningi bakhumbula umugqa wengoma ethandwayo evela kwifilimu edumile ethi "Amphibian Man": "Manje ngithanda usathane wasolwandle ...". Kepha ngabe wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi siyini isidalwa - udeveli wasolwandle, ngaphandle kwesikhulu, empeleni? Kodwa-ke, isilwane esinjalo sikhona, kunjalo manta ray... Usayizi walesi silo ufinyelela kumamitha ayi-9 ububanzi, futhi sinesisindo esifinyelela kumathani amathathu.
Uma sikhuluma iqiniso, umbono uyamangalisa. Into emangalisa kakhulu ukuthi ukhuluma ngenhlanzi. Ukunemba kakhudlwana - isigaba sezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous, ukuhleleka okwenziwe ngomsila, umndeni wemisebe yokhozi, uhlobo lwe-manty. Kulula kakhulu ukuchaza ukuthi kungani yabizwa nge- "manta". Vele, kusuka egameni lesiLatini "mantium", elisho ukuthi "ingubo, iveli." Ngempela, lesi silwane esingajwayelekile sibukeka njengengubo enkulu "ilenga" kukholamu lamanzi.
Incazelo nezici
Uma ungumtshuzi, futhi ubona i-stingray iphakama usuka ekujuleni kolwandle, kuzobonakala kuwe njengekhayithi elikhulu ngesimo sedayimane. Amaphiko aso we-pectoral, kanye nenhloko, akha uhlobo lwendiza yesimo esishiwo ngenhla, esingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ubude ngobude njengobude.
Ubukhulu be-Manta ray kunqunywa ubude besikhathi "samaphiko", okungukuthi, ngebanga ukusuka ezincwadini zamaphiko phakathi kwazo, kanye nangobuningi besilwane. Iqhawe lethu libhekwa njengelwandle elikhulu, liyi-stingray enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwa.
Imisebe yeManta yizinhlobo ezinkulu zemisebe, isisindo sayo singafinyelela kumathani amabili
Okuvame kakhulu yilabo okuthiwa abantu abaphakathi nendawo, lapho amaphiko afinyelela khona ku-4.5 m, futhi ubukhulu bungaba ngamathani ayi-1.5-2. Kepha kukhona nezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu, banebanga phakathi kwemikhawulo yamaphiko kanti isisindo somzimba wabo sikhulu ngokuphindwe kabili.
Ingxenye yekhanda lamaphiko wepectoral ibukeka njengezitho zomzimba ezizimele. Kunalokho, njengezimpiko ezihlukile. Zitholakala ngqo emlonyeni wesilwane, futhi zibukeka njengamapuleti amade acabalele, ubude bazo buphinda kabili ububanzi esisekelweni. Imvamisa imantana ibagoqa ngokuvunguza, yakhe uhlobo "lwezimpondo".
Mhlawumbe, yibo ababhebhethekise umqondo wokuthi lesi sidalwa sibizwe "ngodeveli". Noma kunjalo, akukho lutho olungalungile ngamaphiko ekhanda. Banomsebenzi othile - ukondla ukudla emlonyeni. Bacindezela ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye neplankton kuya emlonyeni ovulekile. Umlomo wemisebe ye-manta ubanzi kakhulu, cishe ububanzi bemitha, obubekwe ngaphambili kwekhanda, hhayi ngezansi.
Ama-stingray, njengezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasolwandle olujulile, anazo ingquza... Lokhu ukuvuleka kwegill ngemuva kwamehlo. Khonzela ukuncela nokuhlunga okuyingxenye yamanzi ahlinzekwe ngama-gill. Lapho umoya-mpilo odingekayo ekuphefumuleni “ukhishwa” kuwo. Uma amanzi emunca ngomlomo, ukungcola okuningi kakhulu kuzongena ohlelweni lokuphefumula.
Emisebeni yethu ye-manta, la ma-squid atholakala ndawonye ngamehlo ezinhlangothini zekhanda, ngokungafani neminye imisebe. Labo banabo emihlane yabo. I-gill slits enanini lamabhangqa amahlanu itholakala ngaphansi kwekhanda. Umhlathi owodwa kuphela ongezansi unamazinyo.
Ubude bomsila wesidalwa sasolwandle cishe bulingana nobude bomzimba. Inenye ifindo elincanyana ngaphansi komsila wayo. Kodwa umgogodla osemsileni, njengamanye ama-stingray, awukho emisebeni ye-manta. Umbala womzimba uvamile kubahlali basemanzini - ingxenye engenhla imnyama, icishe ibe mnyama, ingxenye engezansi imhlophe njengeqhwa ngokugoba okumpunga okuzungeze umjikelezo.
Lokhu kufihlwa okuthile, i-harlequin enamacala amabili. Ubheka ngaphezulu - ihlangana nekholamu lamanzi amnyama, lapho ubheka kusuka ngezansi ifiphalisiwe ngokwesizinda sokukhanya. Ngemuva kunephethini emhlophe enjengehhuku ephendukele ngasekhanda. Umgogodla womlomo uqokonyiselwa empunga emnyama noma emnyama.
Ngokwemvelo, kukhona omhlophe ngokuphelele (i-albino), futhi ngokuphelele umnyama manta ray (umculi we-melanist). Lesi sakamuva sinamabala amancane amhlophe njengeqhwa phansi (i-ventraluhlangothi lomzimba. Kuzo zombili izindawo zomzimba (kubizwa nangokuthi idiski) kukhona ama-tubercles amancane ngesimo se-cones noma ama-convex ridges.
Imisebe yeManta kubhekwe ukuthi isondele ekuqothulweni
Umbala womzimba wesifanekiso ngasinye uhlukile ngempela. ngakho-ke manta ray esithombeni - lolu uhlobo lokuhlonza, ipasipoti yezilwane. Izithombe zigcinwa isikhathi eside ezinqolobaneni, eziqukethe i-database yalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo.
Izinhlobo
Uhlu lozalo lwemisebe yama-manta yindaba edalulwe ngokuphelele futhi edida ngandlela thile. I-stingray yethu ibizwa ngokuthi iManta birostris futhi ingumsunguli walolu hlobo (ukhokho). Kuze kube muva nje, bekuvame ukwamukelwa ukuthi wayeyedwa ngendlela yakhe (monotypic). Kodwa-ke, ngo-2009 kwatholwa isihlobo sesibili esiseduze - i-stingray Manta alfredi. Wabalwa njengokuhlukahluka ngezizathu ezilandelayo:
- Okokuqala, ngokusho kombala wengxenye ephezulu yediski, amabala emzimbeni atholakala ngendlela ehlukile futhi anomumo ohlukile;
- Indiza engezansi nendawo ezungeze umlomo nayo inemibala ehlukile;
- Amazinyo anomumo ohlukile futhi abekwe ngendlela ehlukile;
- Ukuthomba kuvezwa ngamanye amasayizi womzimba;
- Futhi, ekugcineni, inani eliphelele lesilwane - imingcele yediski icishe iphindwe ka-1.5 kukhokho.
Kuvela ukuthi phakathi kwalezi zinkunzi kukhona imisebe emikhulu yemanta, kodwa kukhona ezincane. Kwesinye isikhathi imisebe ye-manta iyadideka nama-mobules.
Mobules, noma izinyamazane, ziyingxenye yomndeni ofanayo weMobulinae onemisebe ye-manta. Ngaphandle kufana kakhulu, futhi zinamabhangqa amathathu emilenze esebenzayo. Ngalo mqondo, bona, kanye nodeveli basolwandle, bamelela kuphela izidalwa ezinomgogodla ezinesici esinjalo.
Kodwa-ke, futhi banokuhluka. Okokuqala, abanazo iziphetho zekhanda - "izimpondo", umlomo utholakala engxenyeni engezansi yekhanda, awekho amabala amnyama ebusweni "besisu" bomzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsila maqondana nobubanzi bomzimba mude ezinhlotsheni eziningi kunemisebe emikhulu. Kunameva ekugcineni komsila.
Skat mobula "mfowethu omncane" manta
Ngithanda ukusho ngesihlobo esiyivelakancane seqhawe lethu, umhlali wasemanzini ongathandeki kangako - i-stingray enkulu yamanzi angenasawoti. Ihlala emifuleni eshisayo yaseThailand. Sekuyizigidi zeminyaka, ukubukeka kwayo kushintshe kancane. Okumpunga onsundu ngenhla nokukhanyayo ngezansi, umzimba ubukeka njengesitsha esikhulu esifinyelela ku-4.6 m ubude no-2 m ububanzi.
Inomsila ofana nesiswebhu namehlo amancane. Ngenxa yokuma komsila ngendlela yesigxobo, yathola igama lesibili elithi stingray stingray. Iyazingcwaba odakeni lomfula futhi iphefumule lapho ngokusebenzisa ama-sprite asohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba. Idla ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs nezinkalankala.
Kuyingozi, njengoba inesikhali esibulalayo - izipikha ezimbili ezibukhali emsileni waso. Omunye usebenza njenge-harpoon, ngosizo lwesibili ujova ubuthi obuyingozi. Yize engamhlaseli umuntu ngaphandle kwesizathu. Lesi sakhamuzi sasendulo semifula eshisayo asisafundwa kangako futhi sisitshekelwe yimfihlakalo.
Kuboniswe i-stingray enkulu yamanzi angenasawoti
Futhi ekuphetheni, ngomunye omele ama-stingray - emthambekeni kagesi... Lesi sidalwa sikwazi ukudala amandla kagesi ama-volts ayi-8 kuye kwangama-220, abulala ngawo inyamazane enkulu. Imvamisa, ukukhishwa kuhlala ingxenyana yesekhondi, kepha irempu uqobo ikhiqiza uchungechunge lokushaqeka.
Ama-stingray amaningi anezitho zikagesi ekugcineni komsila wazo, kepha amandla alawa madivayisi anamandla kakhulu. Izitho zikagesi zitholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda lakhe, futhi zakhiwa izicubu zemisipha eziguquliwe. Ihlala emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele zazo zonke izilwandle.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Isidalwa esithanda ukushisa manta ray uyaphila kuwo wonke amanzi ashisayo olwandle. Ulima ama-expanses, ubhukuda ngosizo lokushaya amaphiko amakhulu, sengathi "undiza ngamaphiko." Olwandle, ngokuhamba umugqa oqondile, zigcina ijubane elingaba ngu-10 km / h.
Ogwini, bavame ukubhukuda ngezindilinga, noma bamane "bazulazule" ebusweni bamanzi, baphumule futhi bajabhe. Zingabonakala ngamaqembu ezidalwa ezifika kwezingama-30, kepha kukhona nabantu ababhukuda abahlukene. Imvamisa ukunyakaza kwabo kuhambisana "nokuphelezelwa" kwezinhlanzi ezincane, kanye nezinyoni nezilwane zasolwandle.
Izinto ezahlukahlukene zasolwandle, ezinjengama-copepods, zikhubazeka ezindaweni ezinkulu ze-disc zomzimba we-stingray. Ukuziqeda, ama-manta abhukuda ezikoleni ezinkulu zezinhlanzi nezimfanzi. Labo bahlanza ngenkuthalo ubuso bemidondoshiya. Lezi zinqubo zivame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi samanzi amakhulu. AmaMana ngokuvamile ahlala emanzini kukholamu wamanzi noma ebusweni bolwandle. Izinto ezinjalo ziyabizwa i-pelagic.
Ziqinile, zenza amabanga amakhulu futhi amade aze afike ku-1100 km. Bangena ekujuleni kwe-1 km. Izinyanga ezimbalwa zasekwindla futhi entwasahlobo banamathela ogwini, ebusika baya olwandle. Emini baba ngaphezulu, ebusuku bacwila kukholamu lamanzi. Lezi stingray cishe akukho abaphikisi bemvelo emvelweni ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu. Kuphela oshaka abakhulu abadlayo nemikhomo ebulalayo abazama ukuziphanga.
Kwake kwaba nenganekwane ethi imisebe ye-manta iyingozi... Kusolwa ukuthi lezi zilwane "ziwola" abatshuzi bese zibahudulela phansi olwandle. Lapho bamchoboza aze afe futhi bamudle. Kepha lokhu kuyinganekwane nje. I-stingray ayinayo ingozi kubantu. Unobungane futhi unelukuluku lokwazi.
Ingozi kuphela engaba khona ngokusabalala kwamaphiko ayo amakhulu. Kubantu, akulona ilitshe lokudoba ngenjongo yokuhweba. Imvamisa kakhulu zigcina sezisemanethini njenge-by-catch. Muva nje, inani labo lehle kakhulu ngenxa "yokugqagqana" okunjalo kokudoba, kanye nangenxa yokonakala kwemvelo yezilwandle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlanzi zinomjikelezo wokuzalisa omude. Inyama yabo ibhekwa njengemnandi futhi enomsoco kubantu abaningi basogwini, futhi isibindi saziwa njengesibiliboco. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bayazibamba ngenxa yama-gill stamen, asetshenziswa emithini yamaShayina.
Konke lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi ezinye zezindawo zokuhlala zezidalwa eziyinqaba zamenyezelwa njengezindawo zasolwandle. Ezifundazweni eziningi ezisendaweni esendaweni eshisayo futhi ezinokufinyelela olwandle, kumenyezelwe ukuvinjelwa kokuzingelwa nokuthengiswa kwalezi zilwane.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ngendlela abadla ngayo, bangabizwa ngokuthi "izihlungi" ezinkulu. Banamapuleti we-beige-pinkish anesiponji phakathi kwamakhothamo e-gill, okuyithuluzi lokuhlunga. Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko ama-zooplankton namaqanda ezinhlanzi. Izinhlanzi ezincane nazo zingaba "ekubanjweni". Bahamba amabanga amade befuna indawo yeplankton elungele umsoco. Zithola lezi zindawo ngosizo lokubona nephunga.
Isonto ngalinye, i-manta ray eyodwa iyakwazi ukudla inani elithile lokudla, okucishe kube yi-13% yesisindo sayo. Uma inhlanzi yethu isisindo samathani ama-2, khona-ke imunca ukudla okungama-260 kg masonto onke. Izungeza into ekhethiwe, iyicobelele kancane kancane ibe yinhlama, bese isheshisa futhi yenze ukubhukuda kokugcina ngomlomo ovulekile.
Ngalesi sikhathi, amaphiko afanayo ekhanda ahlinzeka ngosizo olukhulu. Zivuleka khona manjalo kusuka ezimpondweni eziguqukayo zibe ngamabhande amade bese ziqala "ukuqoqa" ukudla emlonyeni womgcini. Kwesinye isikhathi zizingela njengeqembu lonke. Kulokhu, ngesikhathi sokuthola ukudla, banomzuzu ophawuleka kakhulu.
Imisebe yeManta idla ngeplankton futhi ingadla kuze kufike ku-17 kg ngosuku
Iqembu lama-stingray liklelana ngochungechunge, bese livala libe isiyingi bese liqala ukuzungeza ngokushesha i-carousel, lenze "isiphepho" sangempela emanzini. Lo funeli ukhipha iplankton emanzini uyigcine "ithunjiwe". Ngemuva kwalokho ama-stingray aqala idili, adonsela ukudla ngaphakathi kwe-funnel.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukukhiqizwa kwabo kuyathakazelisa kakhulu. I-Manta ray yi-ovoviviparous. Abesilisa baba namandla okuzala ngokusabalalisa "amaphiko" abo ngamamitha ayi-4. Abesifazane ngalesi sikhathi banesikhala esibanzi kancane, kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-5. Iminyaka yemisebe yama-manta ngesikhathi sokuthomba cishe iyiminyaka eyi-5-6.
"Imishado" iqala ngoNovemba futhi iqhubeke kuze kube ngu-Ephreli. Isikhathi esithandekayo sokuqomisana. Ekuqaleni, "intombazane" ilandelwa ngabesilisa, ngoba ithandwa ngabafakizicelo abaningana ngasikhathi sinye. Kwesinye isikhathi inani labo lingafinyelela kwabayishumi nambili.
Cishe imizuzu engama-20-30, bamzungeza ngenkuthalo, bephinda konke ukunyakaza kwakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho umkhongi ophikelela kakhulu uyambamba, abambe onqenqemeni lwe-fin bese eyiphendula. Inqubo yokufaka umquba ithatha imizuzwana engama-60-90. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kuqhamuka owesibili, kuthi emva kwakhe kuze kufike nomfakisicelo wesithathu, futhi bayakwazi ukwenza umkhuba wokukhwelana nowesifazane ofanayo.
Ama-stingray aphila ekujuleni futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuwabona nokutadisha.
Inqubo yokuzala amaqanda yenzeka ngaphakathi emzimbeni womama. Babuye bachamisele lapho. Ekuqaleni umbungu uzondla ngokuqongelela esikhwameni se-yolk, bese udlulisa ukondla nge-jelly yasebukhosini evela kumzali. Imibungu ikhula esibelethweni izinyanga eziyi-12.
Imvamisa kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa, kuyaqabukela kube mabili. Ububanzi bomzimba wezinsana ngu-110-130 cm, kanti isisindo sisuka ku-9 kuye ku-12 kg. Ukuzalwa kwenzeka emanzini angajulile. Udedela emanzini ingane igingqike ibe umqulu, esakaza amaphiko ayo bese ilandela unina. Ngemuva kwalokho amaphuphu akhula iminyaka eminingana endaweni efanayo, endaweni engajulile yolwandle.
Umama ukulungele ukukhipha ithole elilandelayo onyakeni noma emibili, lesi isikhathi esiningi esidingekayo ukubuyisa umzimba. Isikhathi sokuphila sale midondoshiya sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-20.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Kwesinye isikhathi indiza yamanzi ye-stingray ebabazekayo ingaphenduka ibe yomoya wangempela. Empeleni undizela ngaphezu kobuso bolwandle, enze into efana nokugxuma aye ekuphakameni okungamamitha ayi-1.5. Akucaci ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka, kodwa umbukwane ubabazeka ngempela. Kunokucabanga okuningana: yile ndlela azama ngayo ukususa ama-parasites emzimbeni wakhe, noma ukushintshanisa amasiginali nabanye abantu, noma uthuka izinhlanzi ngokushaya umzimba onamandla emanzini. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuyinto engathandeki ukuba seduze kwakhe, angasijikisa isikebhe.
- Uma i-manta ray ibifuna, ingagona kalula i-whale shark, inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enamaphiko ayo. Ngokwesilinganiso nosayizi wamaphiko, kubhekwa njenge-stingray enkulu kunazo zonke olwandle.
- Abatshuzi abachitha isikhathi oLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya bakhulume ngokuthi bangena kanjani esimweni esibabayo. I-stingray enkulu yabhukuda yaya kubo, inentshisekelo kumabhamuza amanzi avela egiyeni le-scuba, futhi yazama ukuyiphakamisela phezulu. Mhlawumbe wayefuna ukusindisa "ukuminza"? Futhi ubuye wamthinta kancane umuntu "ngamaphiko" akhe, sengathi umumema ukuthi aphulule umzimba wakhe ukuphendula. Mhlawumbe wayekuthanda ukukitazwa.
- Imisebe yeManta inezinhlanzi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezaziwa namuhla. Kungenzeka ukuthi bayizinhlanzi "ezihlakaniphe kakhulu" emhlabeni.
- Emhlabeni, ama-aquariums amahlanu kuphela angaziqhayisa ngokuba khona kwemisebe ye-manta njengengxenye yezilwane zasolwandle. Kukhulu kangangokuba kuthatha isikhala esiningi ukuyiqukethe. Kwesinye salezi zikhungo ezisebenza eJapan, kwaqoshwa icala lokuzalwa kwe-stingray encane ekuthunjweni.
- Maphakathi noMeyi 2019, i-manta ray enkulu yaphendukela kubantu isizo ngasogwini lwase-Australia. Abatshuzi babona i-stingray enkulu, eyayilokhu iheha ukunaka kwabo, ibhukuda ibazungezile. Ekugcineni, omunye wababhukudi wabona ingwegwe ibhajwe emzimbeni wesilwane. Abantu kwakudingeka ukuthi bagxumele kaningi kulowo ohlukunyeziwe, sonke lesi sikhathi leli kolosi lalilinde ngesineke ukuthi likhiphe ingwegwe. Ekugcineni yonke into yaphela ngokujabula, futhi isilwane esinokubonga sazivumela ukuthi siphululwe esiswini. I-video naye yathunyelwa kwi-Intanethi, iqhawe laqanjwa kwathiwa nguFreckle.
