Incazelo nezici
Umhlaba ongaphansi kwamanzi ucebe kakhulu kubahlali. Kunezinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane zezinhlanzi kuphela. Kodwa kukhona abanye babo abathole isihloko esihlonishwayo esithi "sobukhosi". Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-sturgeon fish sterlet... Kepha kungani futhi wayefanele yini ukuthola isihloko esinjalo? Yilokhu okufanele sikuqonde.
Uma ukholelwa izinganekwane zabadobi besikhathi esedlule, izidalwa ezinjalo zangaphansi kwamanzi zazingezincane. Abanye babo, baba ukuziqhenya kwabanenhlanhla abababamba, bafinyelela cishe amamitha amabili ubude, futhi isidumbu sabo sasinesisindo esingaba ngu-16 kg. Kungenzeka ukuthi konke lokhu kuyinganekwane, noma mhlawumbe izikhathi zivele zashintsha.
Kodwa i-sterlet ejwayelekile yezinsuku zethu icwecwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi abesilisa, okuvame ukuba kuncane futhi kube mncane kunabamele abathandekayo bengxenye yabesifazane. Osayizi abajwayelekile bezinhlanzi manje sebengaba yingxenye yemitha, futhi ubukhulu abudluli ku-2 kg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abadala abangama-300 g nosayizi ongadluli u-20 cm kufanele kubhekwe njengokujwayelekile.
Izici zokubukeka kwalabahlali abangaphansi kwamanzi azijwayelekile futhi zehlukile ekubunjweni nasekwakhiweni kwezinhlanzi eziningi emininingwaneni eminingi ethokozisayo. I-sloping, side, ubuso obuyindilinga be-sterlet buphela ekhaleni eligoqele phezulu phezulu, elikhonjiwe, nelinabile. Ukuthinta ngasekupheleni, cishe kucishe kufane nenhloko yenhlanzi uqobo.
Kepha kwezinye izimo ayivelanga kakhulu, iyindilinga. Ngaphansi kwayo umuntu angabona amadevu awela okomphetho. Futhi ukuvezwa komlomo kufakwa ngamehlo amancane atholakala ezinhlangothini zombili.
Umlomo ubukeka njengokusikeka okusikiwe kusuka phansi empumulweni, udebe lwayo olungezansi lubhajwe, okuyisici esibalulekile sesici salezi zidalwa. Umsila wazo ubukeka njengonxantathu ohlukaniswe kabili, kuyilapho ingxenye ephezulu yemphetho wayo iphuma ngamandla kunaleyo engezansi.
Esinye isici esithokozisayo senhlanzi enjalo ukungabi bikho kwesikali emzimbeni omude onamaphiko empunga agudlukile, okungukuthi, ngomqondo ojwayelekile ngathi. Esikhundleni salo kuvikelwa amathambo. Ezinkulu kunazo zonke zitholakala emigqeni emide.
Ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ezihlonywe ngemigogodla futhi ezibonakala njengonqenqema oluqhubekayo oluhlehla, zithatha indawo yamaphiko emhlane walezi zidalwa ezinhle. Kungabonakala futhi kusuka ezinhlangothini zombili ngokulandelana kwezihlangu. Futhi eminye imingcele emibili isisu, indawo enkulu engavikelekile futhi esengozini.
Kulezo zindawo zomzimba wezinhlanzi, lapho kungekho khona imigqa yeziqu ezinkulu, amapuleti amancane kuphela amboza isikhumba, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuvela ukuthi ahamba ze ngokuphelele. Ngamafuphi, lezi zidalwa zibukeka zingavamile ngempela. Kepha noma ngabe uchaza kangakanani, akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ukubukeka kwabo uma ungabukeki sterlet esithombeni.
Ngokwengxenye enkulu, umbala ongemuva waleyo nhlanzi unombala onsundu ngombala ompunga noma omnyama, futhi isisu sikhanya ngokuphuzi. Kepha kuye ngezimpawu nendawo ezihlala kuyo, imibala iyahluka. Kunezibonelo zombala we-asphalt omanzi emvuleni noma ompunga ophuzi, kwesinye isikhathi ulula kancane.
Izinhlobo
Yebo, izinhlanzi ezinjalo, uma ukholwa ngamahemuhemu, esikhathini esithile esidlule zazizinkulu kakhulu kunalokho ezikhona manje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-sterlets abukeka engavamile kakhulu. Kepha okhokho bethu bababiza "ngobukhosi" hhayi ngalokhu. Kepha ngoba le nhlanzi ibilokhu ibhekwa njengokudla okulungile, ekhonzwa kuphela ezigodlweni, hhayi nsuku zonke, kepha ngamaholide kuphela.
Ukukubamba bekuhlale kunqunyelwe, futhi nabadobi ngokwabo bebengaphuphi ngokuzama okungenani ucezu lwalokho abakubambile. Lokhu kudla okumnandi kwaziswa kanye ne-sturgeon. Kodwa uyini umehluko phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezimbili ezinjalo, ngayinye evela ezikhathini zasendulo eyayingeyesigaba sezicukuthwane? Eqinisweni, bobabili bangabomndeni omkhulu wama-sturgeon, nawo ohlukaniswe waba yimikhaya emihlanu.
Zombili izinhlanzi zethu zingesinye sazo kanye nohlobo oluvamile olubizwa ngokuthi "ama-sturgeons" ngabachachthyologists. I-sterlet iyizinhlobonhlobo zalolu hlobo, futhi izihlobo zayo, ngokwezigaba ezamukelwe, yi-stellate sturgeon, i-beluga, iva nezinye izinhlanzi ezidumile.
Lesi yisilwane sasendulo esihlale emhlabeni ongaphansi kwamanzi weplanethi izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Lesi simo, ngaphezu kokutholwe kwemivubukulo, sikhonjiswa yizimpawu eziningi zakudala nezangaphakathi zabamele.
Ikakhulu, izidalwa ezinjalo azinawo umgogodla wamathambo, futhi kunalokho zine-notochord kuphela ye-cartilaginous, eyenza imisebenzi yokusekela. Futhi awanawo amathambo, futhi amathambo akhiwe ngezicubu zomzimba. Iningi lama-sturgeon belilokhu lidume ngosayizi walo omkhulu.
Imidondoshiya ekhethekile enobude obuyizinhlangothi eziyisithupha ingaba nesisindo esifinyelela ku-100 kg. Kepha, sterlet emndenini wayo kungokwezinhlobo ezincane. Ikhala le-sturgeon lifushane futhi ikhanda libanzi kunelamalungu ezinhlobo esizichazayo. Laba bantu abahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi nabo bayahluka ngenani lamahawu amathambo ezinhlangothini.
Ngokuqondene ne-sterlet, izinhlobo ezimbili ziyaziwa. Futhi umehluko omkhulu ukwakheka kwekhala. Njengoba sekushiwo, kungaba yindilinga noma yakudala ende. Ngokuya ngalokhu, izinhlanzi zethu zibizwa ngokuthi: ngekhala elibuthuntu noma ngekhala elibukhali. Zombili lezi zinhlobo ziyahlukahluka hhayi ekubukekeni kuphela, kodwa futhi nasemikhubeni.
Izimo zamuva zithambekele ekunyakazeni, okuphoqeleka ukuthi zenziwe yizimo zezulu ngisho nokushintsha kwesikhathi sosuku, kanye nokuba khona kwezinto ezingathandeki, okungukuthi, umsindo nokunye ukuphazamiseka.
I-Dull-nosed kunalokho ikhetha ukucasha ezinkingeni zomhlaba ezansi kwamachibi. Uyaqaphela, ngakho-ke mancane amathuba okuthi ama-anglers amthole. Kuyiqiniso, amanetha okuzingela ngokungemthetho angaba isicupho, kodwa lolu hlobo lokudoba lubhekwa njengolungamukeleki ngokomthetho.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Itholakala kuphi i-sterlet fish? Ikakhulu emifuleni emikhulu eminingi yezwekazi laseYurophu. Ekuboneni kokuqala, ububanzi bayo bubonakala bunwebeke kakhulu, kepha inani labantu liphansi kakhulu, ngoba namuhla lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengokungajwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, bekungekho eziningi kakhulu esikhathini esedlule, uma sibheka ukuthi abokhokho bethu babebaluleke kangakanani inyamazane enjalo.
Iningi lalezi zinhlanzi litholakala emifuleni egelezela olwandle iCaspian, Azov neBlack. Isibonelo, kukhona i-sterlet eVolga, kepha hhayi yonke indawo, kepha kaningi ezindaweni zamachibi amakhulu. Kutholakala nakwezinye izingxenye zemifula iYenisei, Vyatka, Kuban, Ob, Kama, Irtysh.
Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zalezi zidalwa zasemanzini ziye zarekhodwa eDon, eDnieper naseUrals. Bacishe banyamalala ngokuphelele, yize bake batholakala, eMfuleni iKuban, naseSura ngemuva kokudoba ngokweqile, kanti engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu elidlule kwakukhona inqwaba yamanzi emfuleni.
Ukwehla kwabantu nakho kuthinteka ukungcoliswa nokungcola kwemizimba yamanzi. Ama-Sterlets athanda ukugijima, amanzi ahlanzekile, apholile kancane. Ngokungafani nama-sturgeon, okuthi, ngaphezu kwemifula, avame ukuvela ezilwandle angena kuzo, izinhlanzi esizichazayo azivamile ukubhukuda emanzini anosawoti.
Bayizakhamuzi zemifula kuphela, futhi bahlala ezindaweni ezinaphansi kwesihlabathi noma ezigcwele amatshe amancane. Futhi-ke ulwandle sterlet ingekho emvelweni, kepha uma isikhashana iba njalo, kuthi ngengozi ethile, iwele ezilwandle ivela emilonyeni yemifula.
Ehlobo, abantu abavuthiwe bakhetha ukubhukuda emanzini angajulile, begcwala emihlambini emikhulu futhi behamba kamnandi kakhulu. Futhi ukukhula okuncane, okugcinwa ngamaqembu ahlukene, kubheka amatheku alula neziteshi ezincane emilonyeni yemifula. Ekwindla sekwedlule, inhlanzi ithola izindawo zemvelo ezansi, kulezo zindawo lapho iziphethu ezingaphansi komhlaba zigobhozela khona phansi.
Emigodini enjalo, uchitha izikhathi ezingezinhle, ehlangana lapho ngemihlambi emikhulu, inani labantu elingafinyelela kumakhulu amaningana. Ebusika, zihlala zicindezelwe, zinganyakazi ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala futhi azidli nokudla. Futhi zintanta ziye emanzini kuphela lapho ikhululeka emaketangeni eqhwa.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ikhala elengisiwe, okuyinto imvelo eyanikeza i-sterlet, lanikezwa lona ngesizathu. Lapho le nqubo yayikhona ukufuna inyamazane, etholwa okhokho babantu banamuhla, bemba phansi odakeni. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imikhuba yenhlanzi isishintshile, konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimo zangaphandle nobubanzi balezi zidalwa bushintshile.
Futhi umsebenzi wokusesha uthathwe yizimpondo ezinemiphetho, ezazivele zishiwo encazelweni ngaphambili. Zitholakala ngaphambi kwempumulo futhi zinikezwe ukuzwela okuphawuleka kangangoba zenza abanikazi bazo bakwazi ukuzwa ukuthi inyamazane yabo encane igcwele kanjani ngaphansi komfula.
Futhi lokhu kwenziwa yize inhlanzi ihamba ngokushesha emanzini. Yingakho manje ikhala labameleli abakhombe ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo seliphenduke into yokuhlobisa engenamsebenzi, isipho esingakhohlakali sokuvela. Kepha ama-blimp-nosed specimens phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, njengoba ubona, asalokhu enza ushintsho lwangaphandle.
Bonke abamele lezi zinhlobo esizichazayo yizilwane ezidla ezinye, kepha badla ngokwehlukile, futhi abahlukile ngokukhetha okuthile ekudleni. Abantu abakhulu bangadla ezinye, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezincane, yize ukuzingela nokuhlasela uhlobo lwazo akuvamile kulezi zidalwa.
Futhi-ke, ukudla kwabo ikakhulu kuqukethe izingwe, izimbungulu nama-mollusks. Futhi lezo ezincane zidla izibungu zezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene: izimpukane ze-caddis, omiyane nezinye. Imenyu yabamele isigamu sowesilisa nowesifazane nayo iyahluka ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Into ukuthi abesifazane nabesilisa bahlala emanzini ahlukile. Owangaphambili unamathela ezansi ngakho-ke udle izibungu nezinye izilwane ezincane ezitholakala odakeni. Laba bokugcina babhukuda phezulu, ngenxa yokuthi emanzini asheshayo babamba izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Imvamisa, izinhlanzi ezinjalo zithola ukudla kwazo emanzini angajulile ezihlahleni zotshani nasemhlangeni.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Inhlanzi eyi-Sterlet uphila kakhulu, cishe iminyaka engama-30. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kunezifo ezinde phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo, ezifinyelela eminyakeni yobudala engama-80. Kodwa iqiniso le-hypothesis enjalo kunzima ukuliqinisekisa. Abamele uhhafu wesilisa bavuthwa ukuzala beneminyaka engu-5, kepha abesifazane bakhiwa ngokuphelele ngokwesilinganiso eminyakeni emibili kamuva.
Ukuzalela ngokuvamile kwenzeka ezindaweni zokuqongelela amatshe asogwini ezindaweni ezingaphezulu futhi kuqala ngesikhathi lapho, ngemuva kokuncibilika kweqhwa, amanzi asesephakeme futhi afihle izinhlanzi kubantu ababengafuni, noma kunalokho, kwenzeka ndawo ngoMeyi. Amaqanda ageziwe mancane ngosayizi we-sturgeon, anesakhiwo esinamathelayo nombala ophuzi noma ompunga, ofana kakhulu ngombala nomzimba wezinhlanzi uqobo.
Kunezinkulungwane zazo ngasikhathi sinye, ezisukela ku-4,000 ziye enanini elirekhodiwe le-140,000. Ekupheleni kwamaqanda, akhiqizwa ngezingxenyana ezincane futhi ahlala amasonto amabili, ngemuva kokuvela kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa gazinga. Ekuqaleni, abaphuphi ukuhamba ibanga elide, kepha bahlala ezindaweni lapho bazalelwa khona.
Abakudingi ukudla. Futhi bathatha izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kube khona nokukhula kusuka koovimba babo bangaphakathi ngendlela yojusi be-gallbladder. Futhi sebekhule kancane nje, baqala ukuqonda indawo ezungezile yasemanzini befuna ukudla.
Intengo
ERussia yasendulo, i-sterlet yayibiza kakhulu. Futhi abantu abavamile babengenalo ithuba lokuthenga umkhiqizo onjalo. Kepha amadili asebukhosini awazange aqedwe ngaphandle kwesobho le-aspic evela kuleyo nhlanzi. I-Sterlet yalethwa emakhishini esigodlo isaphila, futhi yathuthwa isuka kude ezinkanjini noma emikhombeni ye-oki, lapho kwakugcinwa khona indawo emanzi ngendlela ekhethekile.
I-sterlet catch esikhathini sethu ihlala incipha ngakho-ke incane kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlanzi "zasebukhosini" azikwazanga nje ukuphendukela kokungabizi kakhulu kumthengi wanamuhla. Ungayithenga ezitolo zezinhlanzi nezamaketanga, emakethe nasezitolo zokudlela.
Intengo yeSterlet cishe ama-ruble angama-400 ngekhilogremu ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kumisiwe kuphela. Okubukhoma kubiza kakhulu kumthengi. I-caviar yale nhlanzi nayo iyaziswa, futhi hhayi wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukuyikhokhela. Ngemuva kwakho konke, umthengi ojwayelekile akakwazi ukukhokha ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezine ngembiza eyikhulu-gram. Futhi i-caviar yale nhlanzi ibiza cishe okungako.
Ukubamba i-sterlet
Lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi kudala lwaba semakhasini eRed Book futhi luqinile lapho. Futhi-ke ukubamba i-sterlet ivinjelwe kakhulu, futhi kwezinye izindawo kukhawulwe yimithetho eqinile. Lolu hlobo lokudoba ludinga ilayisense.
Ngasikhathi sinye, kuvunyelwe ukubamba kuphela izinhlanzi ezindala ezinkulu ngenani elingeqile kwayishumi. Futhi kuphela ngaphandle kwezintshisekelo zemidlalo, bese kuthi inyamazane ikhululwe. Kepha ukwephula umthetho akujwayelekile, njengoba kunjalo nangezinto zokuzingela ngokungemthetho.
Ubudlova obunjalo buba yigalelo elibi kakhulu futhi budale umonakalo ophathekayo kubantu asebevele bancane bama-sterlets. Kunemikhawulo emikhulu ebekiwe ekukhiqizeni kwayo ezentengiso. Futhi izinhlanzi ezigcina ezitolo futhi ezinikezwa abathandi bokudla "kwasebukhosini" ezindaweni zokudlela imvamisa azibanjwa ezimweni zemvelo, kepha zikhuliswa emapulazini akhethekile.
E-Amur, Neman, Oka esikhathini esithile esedlule, ngokwesinyathelo sezazi zezinto eziphilayo, kwenziwa imisebenzi ekhethekile. Ukuzala kwezinhlobo ezisengozini yokwenziwa kwenziwa ngendlela yokufakelwa, okungukuthi, ngokubeka i-sterlet gazinga etshalwe endaweni ehlukile emanzini ale mifula.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Okhokho bethu banikeza le nhlanzi isidlaliso "esibomvu". Kepha akunjalo ngenxa yombala, bekungukuthi ezinsukwini zakudala konke okuhle kwakubizwa ngaleli gama. Ngokusobala, izitsha ezenziwe nge-sterlet zinambitheke ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ukudla okunjalo kwakuwathanda kakhulu amandla alo mhlaba. I-sturgeon yadliwa ngoFaro kanye namakhosi, ama-tsars aseRussia, ikakhulukazi u-Ivan the Terrible, ayaziswa kakhulu, ngokusho kwemibhalo. Futhi uPeter I waze waphoqeleka ukuzala "izinhlanzi ezibomvu" ePeterhof ngesimemezelo esikhethekile.
Kulezi zinsuku, i-sterlet ithosiwe, iyabhenywa, ifakwa usawoti, isetshenziselwa i-shashlik nesobho lenhlanzi, igcwalisa ophaya abahle kakhulu. Bathi inyama yayo inambitheka kancane njengengulube. Kuhle kakhulu ngokhilimu omuncu, ohlotshiswe ngama-gherkins, iminqumo, izindilinga zikalamula namakhambi.
Kubuhlungu nje lokho angenasawoti izinhlanzi sterlet namuhla akusafani nakancane naphambilini. Umkhiqizo manje onikezwa ezitolo awumuhle kangako. Emva kwakho konke, lokhu akuyona inhlanzi ebanjiwe, kepha ikhulile ngokuzenzela. Futhi yize kungabizi kakhulu ngentengo, umhluzi ovela kuwo awucebile nakancane.
Futhi ukunambitheka akufani nakancane, nombala. Inyama yangempela "yezinhlanzi ezibomvu" inombala ophuzi, futhi yilokhu okwenza ikhuluphale, okuncane kwizibonelo zesimanje. Ngezikhathi ezithile, i-sterlet yangempela ingabonakala emakethe. Kepha bayithengisa ngasese, ngaphansi kwephansi, ngoba inhlanzi enjalo yatholwa ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni.
