Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoka, kukhona abantu abagqame ngombala wabo, usayizi noma ingozi eyengeziwe, kepha ngenxa yezinye izimfanelo ezinhle. Omunye wabo isifonyo - izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezinyoka ezinesihlungu zomndeni omncane we-shytomordnikov womndeni we-pit viper.
Kusuka egameni ungabona isici esiyinhloko esihlukanisa le nyoka - izihlangu phezulu kwekhanda. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukujwayelana nalesi silwane esihuquzelayo, kancane ngokutholakala kwaso. Kutholakale ezindaweni eziphezulu ze-Yenisei kolunye lwezinkambo zakhe zesayensi nguPeter Simon Pallas (1741-1811), isazi sezinto eziphilayo saseJalimane, isazi semvelo, esisenkonzweni eRussia.
Waba negalelo elikhulu ekutadisheni i-biology, i-geography, i-geology kanye ne-philology yaseSiberia naseningizimu yeRussia, efunda futhi ehlela izitshalo nezilwane zalezi zifunda. Naphezu kolwazi oluningi kangaka, wayengenalo ulwazi oluphakeme kakhulu kuyo yonke isayensi, kepha wayezicwilisa ngokuphelele endabeni.
Ngezindlela eziningi, wayephambi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe ngokujula kolwazi namandla okuhlaziya idatha etholakele. Ubhekwa njengomsunguli wesayensi efana ne-ecology kanye ne-biogeography. Wayengowokuqala ukukhomba futhi achaze izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingama-425, izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingama-240, izinhlobo eziyi-151 zezilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlobo ezingama-helminth ezingama-21, kanye nezilwane eziningi eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, izinambuzane nezitshalo.
Kubandakanya, ejwayelekile isifonyo endaweni yaseMpumalanga yeSiberia nayo yaqala yachazwa ngusosayensi omangalisayo ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Ngakho-ke, igama lesibili le-shitomordnik ejwayelekile ngu Umlomo wesihlangu kaPallas.
Incazelo nezici
Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sincane, size sifike ku-1.7 m ubude.Ikhanda elibanzi, umngcele wentamo obonakala kakhulu, ngaphezulu kwekhanda azikho izikali, kepha ama-scutes ayi-9 amakhulu, njengezikhali zempi. Ngaphansi kwamehlo, ngenhla nje kwamakhala, kunemigodi eshisayo. Ngosizo lwabo, bathwebula imisebe yokushisa.
Lesi isici esiyingqayizivele senyoka. Akagcini ngokubona, ukuzwa, ukuhogela esinye isidalwa, kodwa futhi ubamba nokushisa kwaso. Ukube izitho ezinjalo bezingabantu, bebezoba isitho semizwa yethu yesithupha. Lawa ngama-receptors okushisa. Zisebenza, njengamehlo. Kuphela abayibambi imisebe yelanga, kepha ukushisa kwe-infrared.
Inhlamvu yeso ime mpo, okuyisibonakaliso sezilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinesihlungu. Maphakathi nomzimba kunemigqa engama-23 yesikali emasongweni. Esiswini nangaphansi komsila kukhona nezihlangu, esimweni sokuqala u-155-187, kwesibili - ngazimbili ezingama-33-50.
Umzimba ongemuva nangaphezulu upendwe ngombala omnyama noma ompunga onsundu, kulo lonke ubude kunemivimbo yamabala amnyama enwetshiwe ezinhlangothini nge-ellipse, kwakheka umhlobiso oyinkimbinkimbi. Izindawo ezincane zitholakala ezinhlangothini. Ekhanda kunezindawo ezincane kakhulu kodwa ezicacile, futhi ezinhlangothini zekhanda kukhona umugqa omnyama obonakalayo kusuka emehlweni kuya emlonyeni.
Isisu asikhanyi, futhi sinezithoni ezimpunga noma ezinsundu, ezinamachashazi amancane noma amachashaza ombala okhanyayo noma omnyama. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezinyoka ezinemonochromatic, red-terracotta noma emnyama. UShitomordnik esithombeni kuvela ngempumelelo ngaphambili, lapho ikhanda likhona. Yizihlangu zakhe ezidumile ezenza isithombe sakhe sibonakale futhi sikhumbuleke.
Izinhlobo
Ngokuyinhloko, i-shitomordniki ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ngokuya kwendawo yazo. Kunezinhlobo ezi-3 eRussia: ezivamile, amatshe kanye ne-Ussuriysky. EMpumalanga, eHimalaya, maphakathi, entabeni, eStrauha (eTibetan) - lezi zinhlobo zihlala enyakatho ye-Iran, China, Mongolia nasenyakatho yeNdiya.
Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala eMelika, e-Indochina nase-Asia Minor
1. Inyoka yamanzi noma odla izinhlanzi, uhlala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States. Ifinyelela ku-1.5-1.85 m. Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane. Inombala onsundu ngokubomvu kanye nethiphu yomsila ophuzi ngokugqamile. Uyisebenzisa njengesicupho lapho ebamba inyamazane. Kunemivimbo emincane emincane emi-2 ekhanda, exhuma ekhaleni.
Ngokukhula, kuba mnyama, umbala uphenduka uluhlaza, amabala afiphele. Ubuthi bayo bune-hemotoxic, buqeda izicubu. Kwakunezimo lapho abantu belahlekelwa isitho ngenxa yokulunywa okunje. Ku-pharmacology, isetshenziselwa ukudala ama-hemostatic agents.
2. Ikhanda lethusi noma intambo ye-moccasin etholakala empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Umbala wesikhumba sakhe usukela kobomvu kuya konsundu ngokubomvu. Eduze kwekhanda, umbala uba mnyama bese uthatha umbala wobhedu. Imivimbo engu-126 enqamulelayo yamabala anokuhleleka okumnyama, njengama-arcs ezinhlangothini, welula umzimba.
Lo mdwebo uvunyelwe ukuwunikeza igama lesibili - i-moccasin. Le yinyoka enobudlova, ngokungafani nenyoka ejwayelekile. Ingaluma ngaphandle kwesixwayiso. Izingela emini. Ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, umzimba uthatha ukwakheka kohlamvu uS.
3. Ubushelelezi noma inyoka emalay, "Umbulali omncane", ungumuntu oyingozi kakhulu. Uhlala e-Southeast Asia (China, Vietnam, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia) naseziqhingini zaseJava, Sumatra naseLaos. Ikhetha amahlumela oqalo, amasimu ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene kanye namahlathi emvula.
Ubude bayo bucishe bube imitha, kepha amazinyo amasentimitha ama-2 afihliwe emlonyeni, kanti ubuthi bunobuthi obukhulu. Kubhubhisa amaseli futhi kudle izicubu. Izisebenzi zokutshala zivame ukulunywa yile nyoka. Umbala obomvana ngokukhanyayo noma obomvu ngokunsundu ngombala, ungawubuka kalula bese uyaqhubeka.
Ayikho ikhambi lobuthi bayo, ungafaka i-serum kuphela kusuka kobunye ubuthi, nethemba lokuthuthuka. Usizo kumele lunikezwe kungakapheli isigamu sehora. Futhi ungakhohliswa ngosayizi wayo omncane - iyagoqeka ibe ngumthombo, idubule, ilume bese ibuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala.
Kwesinye isikhathi ingaphinde itholakale endaweni efanayo nangaphambi kokuhlaselwa. Akanyukeli emuva kokuhlaselwa. Kungabizwa futhi inyoka ebomvu, yize leli gama labiwa yisihlobo salo esinekhanda lethusi laseMelika.
Kodwa-ke, umbala okhanyayo, ocishe ube ngama-coral ezinyokeni zalolu hlobo wabonwa e-Asia Ephakathi. I-shitomordnik ejwayelekile yombala osebenzayo onjalo yangena endaweni yokuphuza amanzi. Ulume lo mlisa osondela kophuzayo ngaphandle kwesixwayiso. Kungenzeka ukuthi zonke izinyoka ezibomvu ezibomvu zinolaka. Kuhlala kucatshangwa ukuthi umlingiswa uthonywe umbala okhanyayo.
Umbono omncane kakhulu Ussuri shitomordnik... Usayizi kuyaqabukela weqa amasentimitha angama-70. Ayinayo imigqa engama-23 yesikali eceleni kwesinqe somzimba, njengokujwayelekile, kepha ama-21, ama-scutes esiswini - i-144-166, i-sub-caudal - ngazimbili ezingama-37-51. Inhloko inkulu, isifonyo siyindilinga. Ingemuva inombala omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi icishe ibe mnyama, isisu sikhanya, mpunga.
Ezinhlangothini kukhona izindawo ezinomngcele omnyama ngesimo se-oval. Ikhanda ngaphezulu nalo linephethini nomugqa eduze kwamehlo. Uhlala ePrimorsky Territory, eningizimu yeKhabarovsk Territory kanye ne-Amur Region, enyakatho yeKorea naseManchuria. Igama layo lesibili ngu I-Far Eastern shtomordnik. Ngokuvamile ihlanganyela indawo yokuhlala nenundu elinamadwala.
Zonke izinhlobo zinobuthi, ukuhlangana nazo kungaba yingozi. Ukulunywa kubuhlungu kakhulu, akuvamile ukuholela ekufeni, kepha kubangela izinkinga ezanele.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Okuvamile shitomordnik uyaphila eRussia eCaucasus naseMpumalanga Ekude, emazweni ase-Asia Ephakathi - iTurkmenistan, iTajikistan, i-Uzbekistan, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina, eMongolia. ERussia, i-shitomord yahlala ngokukhululeka ikakhulukazi - kusukela ezindaweni eziphansi zeDon neVolga kuya ePrimorye empumalanga. Ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala enyakatho ye-Iran.
Ngendlela yokuphila, akaziphathi kahle. Ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukahlukene - amathafa, izintaba, izintaba, ama-steppes, izingwadule kanye nezingwadule. Izimfunda eziluhlaza, inhlabathi enamadwala, amaxhaphozi, amadlelo, amabhange emifula, amagquma - ukhululekile kuyo yonke indawo.
Ukube nje bekukhona ukudla. Uze akhuphuke izintaba aze afike kumamitha ayi-3000 ukuphakama. Izinyoka eziningi azikwazi ukukhuphukela phezulu kangako, kuyabanda, futhi izinyoka azikwazi ukulawula izinga lokushisa komzimba wazo. Futhi i-shitomordnik inezindawo zayo zokushisa.
Zizwela kakhulu kunesikhumba somuntu futhi ziyakwazi ukubamba ukushisa ezintweni ezikhanyisiwe ezishiswe yilanga emini. Ufisa lapho efuna indawo yokuhlala yesikhashana. Kutholakala kaningi kakhulu emaphethelweni amadolobha amancane nemizana yokufuna amagundane namagundane. Kwesinye isikhathi bakhasa bayodoba ezindaweni zokulahla inqwaba yedolobha.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala zentwasahlobo, kucatshangelwa indawo yokuhlala, ziphuma ebusika. Iningi lazo liyabonakala kusukela ngoMashi kuya ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ngezinye izikhathi, okuncane kakhulu kubo kuyabonakala ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala. Esifundeni seBaikal kuphela isibalo sihlala sikhulu.
Ngesikhathi somsebenzi, bangazingela emini, kuthi kamuva bashintshele embusweni wokuzingela kusihlwa ebusuku. Maphakathi nehlobo, izinyoka zihlala "emakamu ehlobo" - zifuna izindawo zokuzingela ezicebe kakhulu.
Imvamisa kakhulu phansi kwemithambeka, emifantwini yamawa, emifantwini yamatshe. Lapha bacasha bazingela. Imvamisa, bakhetha izindawo eziseduze nokuthi yimaphi amakoloni amagundane ahlala. Ziya ebusika ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamawundlu. Ngokwemvelo, banezitha eziningi - izinyoni ezidla inyama, izimbila, izinja ze-raccoon nabantu.
Ngenxa yokuthi le nyoka ihlala ezifundeni zaseMpumalanga Ekude, ezidume ngokudla okungajwayelekile, bekungeyona inhlanhla, abantu base-Asiya abaqhamukayo baqhamuka nezitsha eziningi ezivela kuyo. Bayayizingela, bayipheke yomibili futhi isomile. Kukholelwa ukuthi inyama yenyoka ithuthukisa ukuzivikela. Ubuthi be-Shtomordnik nenyama eyomisiwe kusetshenziswa ekhemisi.
Ukulunywa yisibungu somlomo kubuhlungu kepha akuvamile ukubulala. Endaweni yokuluma, kuvela ama-hematomas abukhali kanye nokopha kwangaphakathi. Izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka, kepha emva kwezinsuku ezingama-5-7 konke kuhamba. Ama-Neurotoxin asebenza ezinhlelweni zokuphefumula nezinzwa.
Usizo olufike ngesikhathi lusebenza cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kuyingozi kakhulu ezinganeni ezincane, ezigulayo nasebekhulile. Ukulaliswa okuphuthumayo kuyadingeka. Kumahhashi nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo, inyoka iyinyoka ebulalayo. Ukuluma kwakhe kubulala isisulu.
Ngokwemvelo, akanalo ulaka, uma ungamhambisi esimweni sokuphelelwa yithemba. Imvamisa, zonke izehlakalo zokulunywa zenzeka ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwabavakashi abaneshwa ngeso lokhozi ngenxa yokunganaki kwabo. Banganyathela umsila wenyoka, bese iyahlasela. Lapho lesi silwanyane esilungele ukuhlasela, sithatha indawo esongelayo bese siqala ukudlidliza ngesihloko somsila waso.
Abantu kudingeka bakhumbule ukuthi abekho ensimini yabo, futhi baziphathe kahle. Imvamisa, lapho ibona ingozi, isihuquzeli sizama ukufihla futhi sigweme umhlangano ongadingekile. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi inyoka yenyoka kuyavumelana.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Emini, isirhubuluzi sithanda ukugcotshwa yilanga, ukubhukuda emanzini. Ukuzingela kuqala ntambama. Inyoka akudingeki ilwe nezisulu zayo isikhathi eside. Ukuqonda ngokuphelele amandla alumayo, uyanyonyoba kuwo unganakile bese eluma isisulu ngokungazelelwe. Ngemuva kokulunywa, cishe ngokushesha akakwazi ukunyakaza.
Ukufuna inyamazane kusizwa isitho esizwela izinga lokushisa, esivulela indlela isilwane esihuquzelayo, njenge-navigator. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulokhu "kuhamba" inyoka ifinyelele ekupheleleni. Uyakwazi ukucosha umehluko wezinga lokushisa okungu-2 okweshumi kweziqu.
Njengoba isithole inyamazane, ihlose izifutho zayo ezizwela ukushisa kuyo, izohambisa ikhanda layo ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene isikhashana ize ifinyelele ukuhlangana ngophawu kuzo zombili izidumbu. Ekugcineni, ubukhulu buyabanjwa, isilwane esihuquzelayo ngisho cishe "sibona" ubukhulu besisulu futhi singanquma ibanga laso. Lokhu kuhlasela kwenzeka cishe ngaphandle kokuphuthelwa.
I-shitomordnik ejwayelekile ifaka ama-vertebrate amancane, ikakhulukazi amagundane, ama-shrews, izinyoni kanye nezibankwa ezincane ekudleni. Badla labo abangabamba. Kwenzeka ukuthi bahlanze imenyu ngamaqanda ezinyoni noma ezinyoka.
Izilwane ezisencane zidla izinambuzane ezingenamqolo nezinambuzane. Amabhungane, amacimbi, izicabucabu athandwa yibo. Ukudla okuvamile kwezinyoka zamanzi ngamaxoxo, izibankwa, amasele, inhlanzi. Njengezinyoka eziningi, zivame ukuba ngamazimuzimu. Abantu abakhulu badla amancane.
Kwesinye isikhathi emvelweni kungenzeka ukubona isithombe: i-shitomordnik izingela isibankwa, esihlahleni esifanayo esizingela izinambuzane noma esidla amajikijolo amnandi. Uyakuthanda ukubamba isisulu ngesikhathi sokugxila kwakhe ngokugcwele enkingeni yakhe.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukukhwelana kuyisikhathi sonyaka, kuqala ngo-Ephreli nasekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Imvamisa, emavikini ama-2 ngemuva kokuphuma ebusika. Futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kuqale ihlobo. Imvamisa abesilisa balwela ukunakwa kwabesifazane. Ulinda ngokubekezela ngalesi sikhathi, angakhasi ndawo. Ekugcineni, le nqubo iphela ngokuphepha, bese izinyoka zikhasa ngezindlela ezihlukile.
Umama uzama ukukhetha isayithi elinokuzingela okusebenzayo nezindawo zokucasha ezingaba khona emigodini nasemifantwini. Isifiso sokuba ngumama wesikhathi esizayo simenza ahole indlela yokuphila ebheke kakhulu. Ama-Vipers wonke a-viviparous. Izici ezikhethekile zalezi zinyoka zokungazaleli amaqanda, kodwa ukuziphatha emzimbeni wazo zize zivuthwe ngokuphelele, kuzivumela ukuthi zihlale ezintabeni eziphakeme.
Akunabungozi bokuthi amaqanda abekwe elangeni azothoswa futhi, kunalokho, azomisa ebusuku. Ngo-Agasti nasekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, kusukela ku-3 kuye ku-14 izinyoka ezincane zizalwa, ngayinye yazo isuka ku-16 kuye ku-19 cm ngosayizi futhi ayinesisindo esingeqile ku-6 g.
Ukukhula okuncane okuvelayo kufana ngokuphelele ngombala nabazali. Sebevele benoshevu, kepha namanje abazi ukuthi bangaluma kanjani. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili noma wesithathu. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubude bomzimba bufinyelela uhhafu wemitha. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zihlala ikakhulukazi eminyakeni eyi-9-15 emvelweni. E-terrarium, isikhathi sempilo side kancane.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Izinhlobo ezithakazelisayo ze-shitomordnik zitholakala eChina. Impumulo yayo ekugcineni iphakanyiswe kancane, yakha iqhubu eliphakanyisiwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, wabizwa ngokuthi yi-snub-nosed shield-muzzle.
- I-Shitomordniki, ingena ezindaweni zokuhlala, njengokubheka amathini kadoti. Ngakho-ke, uviniga wenyoka ungaba yingozi hhayi kuphela ngenxa yobuthi, kepha futhi nangenxa yokutheleleka okulethwa yinyoka enxebeni. Kunoma ikuphi, udokotela kuphela okufanele anqume ukuthi iyiphi imishanguzo azoyisebenzisa.
- I-Shitomordnik ingabizwa ngokuthi i-master of disguise. Umbala wayo, ukubekezela nokunganyakazi ngenkathi izingela noma iphumula ingayishiya ingabonakali kubahlaseli noma inyamazane oyifunayo. Omunye umfundi waseMelika uthumele isithombe esinesifonyo esinekhanda lethusi futhi wasikisela ukusithola kulesi sithombe. Akekho umuntu oye wabhekana nalo msebenzi. Inyoka yazifihla ngobuciko phakathi kwamaqabunga kangangokuba nangaleso sikhathi yamakwa ngomaka esithombeni, yahlala ingabonakali.
- Kunolwazi oluningi kwi-Intanethi mayelana "nokwesabeka" kokuqala kwasekhaya - ifilimu eyethusayo "Iphrojekthi: iPanacea". Iqale ukuqoshwa ePrimorye kusuka kuvidiyo ye-amateur emuva ngonyaka we-2010, futhi manje isiyanda ngokushesha. Kwesinye sezigcawu zokuqala zefilimu, intambo yasogwini iyabandakanyeka. Ungene ngephutha esethini, abenzi bamafilimu bamuqaphela futhi banquma "ukungafi" kuhlaka. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi akekho olimalile, ngenxa yokuthi inyoka enobuthi uqobo yakhasa ibhekisa kubantu.
- Inyoka enamakhanda amabili engajwayelekile, inyoka enekhanda lethusi, yabanjwa edolobheni laseMelika iLeslie, eKentucky, yafundelwa eFrankfurt, eJalimane. Womabili la makhanda akhule kahle futhi axhumene nomgudu wamathumbu.
