Siyazi kusukela ebuntwaneni lokho inyoka hhayi ubuthi. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa kithi abazi ukuthi yilesi silwane esihuquzelayo esiyisibonakaliso sesayensi yezokwelapha. Kukhona indaba yokuthi isifo sahlasela eRoma isikhathi eside kakhulu. Abapristi bathola ezincwadini zikaSibyl, umprofethikazi owayedume kakhulu, ukuthi isifo esiwumshayabhuqe sizophela uma kulethwa unkulunkulu u-Aesculapius.
Inxusa elifika e-Epidaurus libone inyoka ikhasa iphuma ngaphansi kwesithombe sikankulunkulu. Ngokushesha wakhasa ebheke emikhunjini efikayo wagibela komunye wayo. Le mikhumbi yabuyela eRoma. Sama kaningana endleleni, kodwa inyoka ayizange ishiye umkhumbi.
Ekupheleni kohambo kuphela lapho waphinde waziphonsa emanzini ngokwakhe wabhukuda waya kwesinye seziqhingi eTiber, budebuduze nedolobha. Wafika lapho wasonga isihlahla sommmango wahlala kuso isikhathi eside. ERoma, lesi sifo saphela, futhi le nyoka yaqanjwa ngokuthi u-Aesculapius. Bekuyi vele... Izakhamizi zakhela u-Aesculapu ithempeli kulesi siqhingi, futhi inyoka isibe uphawu lukankulunkulu wezokwelapha nokwelapha.
Incazelo nezici
Esikhathini esiningi, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zinobukhulu obuphakathi nendawo, kuze kufike ku-1.2 m. Banezikali eziqoshwe ngezimbambo. Kakade esithombeni ibukeka njengeketanga elilukwe ngobuciko, ngakho-ke kufakwe izikali zalo ngokuqinile. Ekhanda kukhona izihlangu zangaphakathi. Abafundi bayindilinga, amakhala aqondiswe ezinhlangothini naphezulu. Isisu sinamabala. Ipuleti lendunu lihlukene phakathi.
Ake sengeze encazelweni ikhwalithi ehlukile yesinye sezinto esezivele zifana - inyoka ejwayelekile. Kuvame kakhulu ezweni lethu. Lawa amabala aphuzi adumile ekhanda, okwenza ngokushesha kubonakale. Umbala wamabala ungaba owolintshi, ophuzi ngokukhanyayo, o-beige omncane, noma acishe abe mhlophe. Yinye into esiyiqonda khona manjalo - la mabala akhombisa ukuthi asibhekene nenyoka enobuthi. Ezinye izinyoka azinawo amabala anjalo.
Umzimba wabo mncane futhi uyaguquguquka, ikhanda lincane, intamo ivezwe ngokusobala. Umsila ukhonjwe ekugcineni. Amazinyo amaningi ahlala emihlathini nasolwangeni. Amazinyo emihlathini engenhla anda lapho aya khona emlonyeni, lawa makhulu ikakhulukazi. Amathambo awanayo i-primordia yamathambo okhalo. Zinesimo somzimba esikahle esicabanga ukuthi siyinyoka ejwayelekile.
Kakade kungabizwa ngesidalwa esihlakaniphile, kwehlukile kwezinye ezihuquzelayo eziningi kwezobunhloli. Futhi ukuhamba, kunjalo. Kukhona isisho esizinzile: "Nimble, malini." Sivame ukuba nentshisekelo embuzweni wokuthi ngabe bukhona yini ubuthi inyoka ebukeka njengenyoka?
Yebo, iyinyoka eyingozi kubantu. Noma kunjalo, zingahlukaniswa ngezici ezithile:
- Okokuqala, kungukuma komzimba. Enciphile kakhulu, umuntu angathi, "umgijimi".
- Le nyoka inomugqa ocijile emhlane; inyoka ayinayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoka eziningi zinamabala aphuzi aziwayo emakhanda azo.
- Ukuma kwekhanda nakho nakho kwehlukile. Inyoka ine-oval, i-ovoid encane, inyoka engunxantathu, ekhumbuza umkhonto womkhonto.
- Abafundi bamehlo enyoka, njengawo wonke lawo anobuthi, basesimweni semifantu enqamulelayo; abafundi benyoka basondele kulabo bekati.
- Uma inyoka ivule umlomo wayo, futhi ubona ukuthi inamazinyo amabili, iyinyoka. Inyoka ayinayo amazinyo anobuthi, amazinyo mancane.
- Uma inyoka ihlaba isongela futhi ingajahi ukubaleka, nakanjani iyinyoka. Izinyoka zivame ukuthula.
- Izinyoka azithandi amaxoxo, zithanda amagundane, futhi kunalokho, zikhetha ama-amphibian.
Kusuka kukho konke lokhu okungenhla, udinga ukuqonda - uma ukhumbula kahle, inyoka ibukeka kanjani, ungayihlukanisa kalula kozakwabo abanobuthi.
Izinhlobo
Kakade - uhlobo lwezinyoka ezingenabuthi bomndeni osuvele umile. Lona kanye igama elithi "vele" livele ngolimi lwesiSlavic, kwezinye izilimi liphinyiselwa ngenye indlela. Kepha kuyo yonke indawo lisho inyoka ngomqondo ojwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi eside, i-herpetologists yababiza ngezinyoka, okwakunzima ukuzibeka phakathi kweminye imindeni. Ngakho-ke lo mndeni wakhula ngenxa yezinhlobo ezilahliwe.
Ezweni lethu, izinyoka ezivamile nezamanzi zivame kakhulu, kanti nenyoka yenyoka iyatholakala. Kuhlobo lwezinyoka zangempela, kunezinhlobo ezi-4 ezihlukile. Lawa amathathu angenhla ngisho nekhanda elikhulu. I-Aesculapius eshiwo ngaphambili manje isibizwa ngokuthi inyoka i-Aesculapius, futhi ingeyesivele simile.
1. Esikujwayele kakhulu ejwayelekile... Kungokwesilwane sasemanzini, ukubhukuda kahle nokuzingela endaweni yasemanzini. Itholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Asia, ngaphandle kwezifunda zeFar North. Ikhetha amahlathi aminyene osebeni lwemifula, emaxhaphozini noma emahlathini lapho inhlabathi inomswakama khona. Ingatholakala emadamini amadala.
Zivame ukuhlala eduze komuntu uma ehlala eduze kwamanzi. Ingakhasa ize ingene endlini, egumbini elingaphansi komhlaba, noma icashe egcekeni kunqwaba kadoti. Usayizi wayo ucishe ube imitha, kepha ungafika kumamitha ama-2. Abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa.
Ipendiwe ngombala ompunga, ubhuku noma kucishe kube nsundu, kwesinye isikhathi kunephethini efana nebhodi lokuhlola. Isisu simpunga ngokukhanyayo, sicishe sibe mhlophe, sinomugqa omnyama emzimbeni. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ama-albino nama-melanists (abamhlophe nabamnyama).
2. Amanzi vele ayinamabala aphuzi ekhanda. Kuleli qophelo, inendawo emnyama emise okwe-V enephoyinti eliya phambili. Ipendwe cishe njengenjwayelo, ngamathoni aluhlaza nansundu, anephethini lokuhlola emzimbeni. Kuhola impilo yasemanzini. Idla izinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni kuphela.
3. I-Viper isivele Akuyona inyoka enobuthi. Ibukeka njengenyoka ngaphezu kwakho konke, inephethini le-zigzag ngemuva kwayo, yize kwesinye isikhathi ingaba ngamabala amaningi ahlelwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Kepha incane kunenyoka, futhi ngokungafani nayo ine-satin sheen yesikhumba. Isikhumba senyoka sibukeka somile futhi silukhuni. Kutholakala eMedithera, entshonalanga naseningizimu yalesi sifunda.
4. Ikhanda elikhulu selivele (Colchian) uhlala eCaucasus. Ihlukile kokujwayelekile ngekhanda elibanzi. Kuphelele mnyama vele, ngamabala akhanyayo ngemuva kwekhanda kubantu abadala. Uncamela ama-rapids omfula, kanti ojwayelekile usevele uyawathanda amanzi apholile. Amaqanda makhulu kunokuqala.
Okwamanje, izinyoka, amakhophi, izinyoka zehlathi, izinyoka zezibankwa, izinyoka ezinamazinyo amade, izinyoka zekati, izinyoka ezikhuphukayo, ama-dynodon kanye ne-eirenis nazo zithathwa njengezivele zimile. Kodwa-ke, ukubekwa kwentela kwalezi zinyoka kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Muva nje, ososayensi basuka ekubalweni okujwayelekile kwezinyoka, ngokuya ngokuzihambisa kweminye imindeni, ikakhulukazi ama-aspids.
Futhi, ukuvala isihloko, sengeza ukuthi, kukhona izinyoka ezinobuthi, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinyoka, lezi yizinyoka zamanga noma izinyoka ezifakwe emuva. Amazinyo abo anobuthi atholakala ekujuleni komlomo, ngemuva kwawo wonke amanye. Ubuthi babo buyingozi ezilwaneni ezincane, abubulali kubantu, futhi bunomphumela wokukhubazeka. Yibo kuphela, futhi, okufanele kunikezwe ukuthi bachazwe kuma-aspids.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Izinyoka ziyabhukuda futhi zicwile kahle, ngakho-ke zihlala lapho kunamanzi khona. Yize itholakala ezifundeni ezomile. Ikheli labo yiplanethi enguMhlaba. Kunoma iyiphi ikhona, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo ungathola inyoka.
Iningi lazo yizilwane ezishintshayo, ziyashesha futhi ziyahamba. Ebusuku, bazama ukucasha ngokushesha. Kulokhu kuziphatha kuyacaca wesabani... Uma engafihli kuze kuhlwe, uzophola masinyane futhi ngeke akwazi ukuhamba ngokujwayelekile. Ngemuva kwalokho uzoba isisulu sezinye izilwane.
Futhi izilwane eziningi kakhulu, izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zilungele ukukhubekisa inyoka. Ngeke sikhulume ngezidalwa ezisobala ezifana ne-fox, i-raccoon noma i-hedgehog. Kakade izinhlobo ezingama-40 zezinyoni sezingaba yizisulu. Noma iyiphi inyoka enkulu, igundane, iselesele lingayidla, ngisho ne-trout ayinqikazi ukuhlasela inyoka encane. Futhi ezinye izinambuzane zingamlimaza. Amabhungane omhlaba nezintuthwane kubhubhisa amaqanda awo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukubuka isilwane esihuquzelayo esishesha ngasogwini lolwandle. Lapha ulele ucishe unganyakazi, uzithamele elangeni. Ngokuphazima kweso, umcibisholo omncane, onjengethonsi le-mercury, washelela emfuleni. Ukubhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi, ikhanda elilodwa kuphela eliphakanyiswe kancane ngaphezulu kobuso. Angakwazi ukucwilisa ngokuphelele emanzini, izinyoka zingaba ekujuleni isikhathi eside.
Imvamisa, izama ukubalekela isitha, ihalalisela, iflathele intamo yayo, isonge umzimba wayo nge-zigzag, itatazelise uvalo lwomsila wayo ukuze umenzi wobubi acabange, lokhu noma ngabe inyoka inobuthi noma cha... Mhlawumbe akufanele ungcole naye? Ukuzindla ngomzuzu kwanele ukuthi lesi silwanyane sigudluke ngokushesha.
Uma unepulazi eliseduze kwechibi, ungathola inyoka endlini yenkukhu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Zinethezekile futhi zifudumele phakathi kwezinyoni. Kuke kwaba nezimo zezinyoka ezibeka amaqanda azo kudada noma isidleke senkukhu esishiyiwe. Kwezinye izakhiwo - ezitebeleni noma ezibayeni, abakuthandi ukuhlala, kusobala ukuthi besaba ukuthi bazonyathelwa.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingatholakala epaki, ezindaweni ezingamadolobha ezisogwini. Bangabuye bakhase baphumele edolobheni, bese bevame ukufa ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto. Kwesinye isikhathi ungabamba inyoka, imnene, ithembekile futhi inelukuluku lokwazi.
Uma ucosha lesi silwane, lungela iphunga elibi esingalikhipha. Ubuye azenze sengathi ufile. Ekuthunjweni, othunjiwe usheshe akujwayele, acishe abe mbuna.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-vertebrate amancane, ama-amphibians kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ezinye izinyoka zithanda amagundane, izinyoni nezinhlanzi. Ukudla okuthandayo ngamaxoxo. Babamba bobabili ogwini nangakwesokudla emanzini. Mangisho ukuthi amaxoxo cishe akaboni ingozi kuye futhi ake asondele ngokwanele.
Ibamba inyamazane, umzingeli uzama ukuyigwinya iphila. Uyakwazi ukuvula umlomo wakhe kakhulu, njengezinye izinyoka. Kuyasiza kakhulu lapho kuzingelwa izinhlanzi. Ushesha angene emphinjeni wesilwane. Kepha ixoxo linzima kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi ixoxo elisheshayo nelikhulu kunawo wonke liyakwazi ukuphuma emlonyeni walo, lishiye enye yezidladla zalo lapho.
Kakade unenkani, uzuza ngempumelelo ngokujaha umbaleki. Udla amaxoxo amancane afika ku-5-6 ukuze athole okwanele. Uma ulambile kakhulu, ososhobishobi bayasetshenziswa, inyoka yabo isivele igwinye kakhulu ngasikhathi sinye, inani eliphelele lifinyelela izingcezu eziyi-100.
Uma uqamba ukudla kwalesi silwane, uthola lolu hlu olulandelayo: ama-newt, amasele, amaxoxo, izibankwa, amatshwele awele esidlekeni, amagundane amancane amanzi, izinambuzane kanye nezibungu zawo. Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo asikaze sidle isidumbu, kodwa sithanda ubisi kakhulu. Emaphandleni, bapholisa ubisi ezitsheni, bebeka inyoka lapho. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi ayiphenduki ibe muncu isikhathi eside ngemuva kwalokho.
Ukuzingela kwabo okukhulu kusekuseni nakusihlwa, kuze kube mnyama kakhulu. Emini, elangeni elikhanyayo, bakhetha ukuhola impilo yama-sybarites. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zilele phezu kweziqu, izigaxa, amatshe, iziqu eziwile, zishiswe yilanga. Bacasha ezindaweni zokukhosela ebusuku. Noma yimuphi umgodi noma ukucindezeleka kulungile ngale njongo. Uma unenyoka ekhaya, funda imithetho ethile yokugcina lesi silwane esihuquzelayo:
- Udinga i-terrarium enentambo eshisayo noma umugqa oshisayo ekhoneni. Izinga lokushisa alithandayo ngu-30-33 degrees Celsius.
- Faka amatshe, iphepha, noma ukhukhunathi esitsheni.
- Udinga ukumakhela izindawo zokukhosela ezi-2 ekhoneni elifudumele nelibandayo. I-cuvette ene-sphagnum emanzi ibekwa endaweni efudumele, ebandayo kufanele yomile.
- Udinga isiqukathi esikhulu samanzi, uphuza kakhulu, uthanda ukubhukuda.
- Faka ukukhanyisa okwengeziwe (isibani se-UV), uvule lapho kunelanga elincane.
- Uma ufuna, kunalokho, ukubeka isilwane sakho ukulala ebusika, zama ukunciphisa amahora emini.
- Yondle amahlandla ama-1-2 izikhathi ngesonto, izinhlanzi ezincane, okungcono ziphile. Ngeke adle abafileyo.
- Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoka zijwayele ukudla okonakele.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Izinyoka ziyi-oviparous. Ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-3-4 ubudala. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sithatha izinyanga ezimbili entwasahlobo, ngo-Ephreli nangoMeyi. Isikhathi esiqondile sihlukile yonke indawo, kepha i-algorithm iyafana ngazo zonke izinyoka. Zikhasa ngemuva kokulala ubusika, zibambe inyamazane yokuqala yasentwasahlobo, zikhiphe isikhumba sazo esidala bese ziqala ukukhwelana imidlalo.
Abesilisa abaningana nowesifazane oyedwa bayabandakanyeka kule nqubo. Kule tangle kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi yimuphi ubaba. Mhlawumbe kuneziningi zazo. Umphumela wale nyunyana yesithembu ukubeka amaqanda angaba yikhulu. Amaqanda enyoka ngesimo nangosayizi ziyefana namajuba, zimbozwe ngegobolondo elithambile lesikhumba.
Ziqukethe ikakhulu isikhupha, amaprotheni amancane, kuphela igobolondo elincanyana. Insikazi izalela amaqanda endaweni evikelekile kuphela, enqwabeni yamaqabunga noma ekungcwabeni emhlabathini omanzi. Uma zishiywa ngaphezulu, zizoma, futhi uma zifakwa emanzini, nazo zizofa. Yilapho ukunakekela kwakhe inzalo kugcina khona. Akamfukami.
Amaqanda aphuma ngamunye ngamunye, aboshwe yinto ekhiqizwayo. Konke lokhu kubukeka njengobuhlalu obungajwayelekile noma irosari. Amaqanda kwezinye izindawo nawo afakwa njengezici zemilingo. Kwezinye izindawo kuthiwa "amaqanda amaqhude". Bathi bayaphilisa futhi bayasiza ngokumelene neso elibi.
Cishe ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-21, amawundlu, ashiywe isiphetho sawo, agqobhoza uqobo lwawo, akhasa aphume aqale impilo ezimele. Amancane anciphile ubude obufinyelela ku-15 cm, asevele enamazinyo. Ziphila ngokudla izinambuzane, izikelemu neminenke. Izinyoka ziphila isikhathi eside kusuka eminyakeni engu-19 kuya kwengu-23. Futhi isimo esiyinhloko sokuhlala kwabo isikhathi eside ukusondela kwamanzi.
Kungani ngiphupha
Kakade emaphusheni kuvame ukuvela njengento enhle. Ukuzilibazisa akuthandayo - ukugcoba elangeni lapho elele kusho ukuthi izindaba ezinhle zikulindile. Uma wondla inyoka ephusheni, empeleni uzokwaziswa, uzothola inzuzo, umvuzo noma ukuqashelwa. Kwabesifazane, ukubona inyoka ephusheni kusho ushintsho lube ngcono empilweni yabo yangasese.
Kuphakathi kokuthi uyashada noma uhlangane nesethembiso sakho. Uma inyoka ilunywa, linda ukukhulelwa okufisayo. Kwabesilisa, le nyoka ayisekeli kangako, imvamisa ukuhlangana nenyoka ephusheni kusho ukukhohlisa nokukhohlisa empilweni. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhumbula zonke izimo zephupho ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani inyoka iphupha.
Izifiso zethu ezinganaki kwesinye isikhathi zikhipha iphazili ephusheni. Kepha imizwa yethu kunzima ukuyikhohlisa. Uma ngemuva kwephupho elinjalo elinesirhubuluzi ungenawo umbono ongathandeki, zizwe ukhululekile ukubingelela usuku. Leli phupho lihlala lihamba phambili njalo.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- E-Urals kunenganekwane mayelana "nesidlo senkosi". Bathi uma inyoka isivele yangena endlini, lokhu kwenzelwa ukuchuma. Awukwazi ukumxosha, udinga ukumfunza ngobisi. Uma isilwane esihuquzelayo sikhubekile, inkosi edla isidlo sakusihlwa izoletha inkinga kule ndlu.
- Izinyoka zithanda ukubhukuda isikhathi eside, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphandle kwegoli. Bathanda isiko uqobo. Imvamisa umzila wabo uhamba ngasogwini, kepha kwesinye isikhathi utholakala maphakathi nechibi elikhulu, nasolwandle oluvulekile.
- Ngemuva kokugcwaliswa okugcwele vele kungahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside, kwesinye isikhathi kungabi ngisho nezinsuku, kepha izinyanga. Kunzima ukuqonda ukuthi kungani, kepha esinye isazi semvelo saseJalimane sanquma ukwenza ucwaningo futhi sangayondla inyoka izinyanga eziyishumi. Ekugcineni, isiteleka "esesabekayo" sendlala saphela futhi isilwane esimpofu sathola ukudla. Kuyamangalisa ukuthi lokhu kuhlolwa kudlule ngaphandle kwemiphumela eminingi kuye.
- Uma ngesikhathi sokubeka insimu kunezindawo ezimbalwa ezifihlekile, futhi kunabazali abaningi, bahlela i- "nursery". Benza ukwakhiwa okuvamile. Ososayensi bake babona ukugcinwa okunjalo okuhlangene ehlathini, kwakukhona cishe amaqanda ayi-1200.
