Incazelo nezici
Ibhungane elimnyama Isinambuzane esikhulu esikhasa phansi esaziwa isintu iminyaka engama-350. Amanye amagama alezi zinhlobo amaphela asempumalanga, amanzi, amapayipi endle (ngenxa yezintandokazi zawo zezindawo ezine-microclimate enomswakama).
Izinhlobo
Ngokuhlukaniswa okuhlelekile iphela elikhulu elimnyama kungokwalabo Tarakanov umndeni. Izihlobo ezisondelene kakhulu zithathwa njengamaPrussia abomvu namaphela aseMelika, isakhiwo sawo esifana kakhulu.
Isakhiwo
Umzimba we-cockroach wawumbozwe ulwelwesi oluminyene lwe-chitinous (omnyama noma onsundu onsundu nge-sheen), olivikela ekulimaleni nasekuhlaselweni yizilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Le carapace inamandla kakhulu kuneyesihlobo esinamakhanda abomvu.
Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu ukuthola iphela elimhlophe, akuyona i-albino (njengoba abaningi becabanga kanjalo). Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo okude, abantu abadala bayancibilika kuze kube izikhathi eziyisithupha, bechitha igobolondo labo. Ngemuva kokuncibilika, iphela lihlala limhlophe, kepha kungakapheli amahora angu-4-6 liyagquma futhi libuyise umbala walo wangaphambilini.
Njengawo wonke amalungu omndeni ukwakheka kwephela elimnyama inezici zayo, okungukuthi:
- Usayizi wezinambuzane ezindala ungafinyelela kubude obuyi-3 cm, noma kunjalo, emvelweni kunamaphela amakhulu kakhulu anemizimba yobude obungu-5 cm.
- Ngemuva kwalolu hlobo kunezimpiko ezenza imisebenzi eyahlukene kubamele ubulili obuhlukile (abesilisa sebenamaphiko amade futhi bawasebenzisela ukundiza, kuyilapho abesifazane bewasebenzisela ukuheha abesilisa ngenkathi yokuzalanisa).
- Ekhanda lamaphela kunezimpondo ezizwelayo kakhulu ezibhekene nomuzwa wephunga. Ngosizo lwabo, izinambuzane zithola amanzi, ukudla nezihlobo zokukhwelana. Uma lesi sitho silahlekile noma silimele, lesi sinambuzane singafa.
- Amehlo amabili wamanje anesakhiwo esinezinhlangothi, kodwa-ke, kuye kwabonwa ukuthi umbono ungcono kwabesilisa kunabesifazane.
- Isiqu sinezingxenye eziyishumi futhi siphela ngezitho ezincishisiwe ezibizwa nge-cerci.
- Izitho zokuphefumula (ukucwaswa) zitholakala esiswini sezinambuzane. Lesi sici esakhiwayo sivumela ngisho iphela elinqunywe ikhanda ukuthi lihlale lisebenza izinsuku ezimbalwa.
- Isici samaphela amnyama yimilenze emifushane, ethinta ijubane lawo lokugijima (uma kuqhathaniswa namaPrussia, agijima ngokuhamba kancane, futhi uma kwenzeka ingozi ahlala eqa).
- Womabili la mapheya emilenze anezinzipho neVelcro, okuvumela ukunyakaza ezindaweni eziqondile ezingalingani namakhethini endwangu. Imvamisa, abantu abadala abakhuphi izindonga ezibushelelezi eziqondile, ngoba zisinda impela futhi zivame ukuwa. Abantu abasha banganqoba noma yiziphi iziqongo.
Le nhlobo ine-dimorphism yezocansi evezwe kahle, ebonakalayo iso lenyama (ikakhulukazi uma icubungula iphela elimnyama esithombeni noma bukhoma):
| Izinhlaka | Owesifazane | Owesilisa |
| Isifuba | aminyene, abanzi, afinyelela ku-3-5 cm | oblong, emincane, 3-5 cm |
| Izimpiko | mfushane, angafiki esiswini | zimboze iningi lesisu |
| Isisu | ububanzi futhi buhlukaniswe ngokuphawulekayo | mncane |
| Uthi | mfushane | ubude budlula ubukhulu bomzimba, obubavumela ukuthi basetshenziswe ekulweni kwabesifazane |
Izici zesakhiwo sangaphakathi:
- Ubuchopho bephela elimnyama liyifindo lezinzwa lapho izinqubo zanda kuwo wonke umzimba.
- Inhliziyo inamakamelo amaningana.
- Ezinsizeni zomlomo zohlobo oludlayo, kunezindlala ezikhiqiza ama-enzyme lapho zidla ukudla ukusheshisa ukugaya.
- Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla lunama-valve anamandla e-chitinous nama-bacteria akwazi ukugaya iphepha, insipho, izinwele nesikhumba semvelo.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Amaphela amnyama athanda amakamelo apholile, anomswakama futhi amnyama (amagumbi angaphansi, amasela, amapayipi endle eduze kwemigqomo kadoti), ngoba ikakhulu asebusuku futhi awakwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Ngeke kwenzeke ukuhlangana nabo ngezikhathi zasemini. Okuhlukile ukunqwabelana okukhulu kwezinambuzane ezisencane kanye nokuntuleka kwenani elidingekayo lokudla, okusenza sikufune emini eduze kwendle nezitsha ezinodoti nodoti wokudla.
Isakhiwo somzimba oyisicaba siyabavumela ukuba bacashe emifantwini yezindlu nasezindaweni okungangeneki kuzo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi emafulethini lolu hlobo lwezinambuzane luhlala ikakhulu egumbini elingaphansi nasesitezi sokuqala esingu-2-3. Amaphela amnyama efulethini imvamisa igxilwe ezindaweni ezifihliwe zamathoyilethi namakamelo okugeza, ngaphansi kwamayunithi ekhishi asendaweni yesinki noma kadoti.
Ngenxa yesici semetabolism, ama-longhorns awakwazi ukuhlala endle ngesimo sezulu esibandayo; kubo, izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kwama-degree ama-0 libhekwa njengelibucayi. Emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kweqhwa, amaphela afa ngokushesha.
Emkhakheni ozimele (ekhaya) amaphela amnyama bacasha ngamahlamvu amadala, amashedi, izindlu ezingaphansi komhlaba, kuthi lapho sekuhwalele baphume ezindlini zokukhosela bahambe bayofuna ukudla, bangene endlini ngezindlela ezifundwe phambilini.
Isici esithandekayo ukuthi abazalwane abamnyama nabomvu abakwazi ukuhlala ndawonye endaweni efanayo. Ezindaweni lapho amaPrussia azinzile khona, amaphela asempumalanga ngeke avele futhi okuphambene nalokho.
Izinambuzane zivame ukuvakashela izindawo ezingcolile futhi zithwale amabhaktheriya amaningi e-pathogenic emilenzeni yazo eqinile, yingakho zikhipha iphunga elibi futhi zingaba yingozi empilweni yabantu.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Amaphondo amade amnyama ayizidlakudla. Noma ikuphi ukudla kwemvelaphi yemvelo, kufaka phakathi imifino, kufanelekile ukuziphilisa. Imikhiqizo yamaphela eyintandokazi yimvuthuluka yesinkwa, izithelo nemifino esalile, udoti wobisi nenyama.
Ngesikhathi sendlala, izinambuzane ziyakwazi ukubonakalisa ukudla kwabantu (ukudla amaqanda abo nabafo abafile). Kodwa-ke, ngokungabikho okuphelele kokudla okufanelekile, abantu abadala bangamisa ukumiswa komzimba kwabo, okubavumela ukuthi baphile esimweni sokulala ngendlala izinsuku ezingafika kwezingama-60. Ngisho nezinto ezingadleki neze uma uzithi nhla nje zidliwa amaphela amnyama.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi amakhadibhodi aminyene, izinsipho zensipho, iphepha, imikhiqizo yesikhumba. Ukuziphatha okuxekethile okunjalo ekudleni kunqunywa yizimo zokuphila ze-barbel kanye nokuntuleka kokudla okufanelekile. Amanzi abalulekile kumaphela amnyama, bawaphuza kakhulu, yingakho bekhetha isiphephelo sabo eduze komthombo womswakama.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Amaphela amnyama angabizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi ayikhulu. Abantu abadala bavame ukuhlala iminyaka engu-2-3, bangaphila kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu. Zonke izinhlobo zamaphela zinama-dioecious, ukuze kuvele inzalo, kudingeka abantu ababili.
Isikhathi sonke sokuphila sowesifazane, kwanele ukuhlangana nowesilisa kanye ukuze uzalwe kaninginingi, usebenzisa okokuhlwanyela imbewu (ama-gametes) iminyaka eminingana. Izinga lokukhiqiza amaphela amnyama alishubile njengaleli lezihlobo eziseduze kakhulu (i-Prusaks), noma kunjalo, owesifazane uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda izikhathi ezi-5 kuye kwezingu-20 empilweni yakhe yonke.
Inqubo yokuzalanisa ibukeka kanjena:
- Owesifazane uyavuthwa ngokocansi futhi abe ngumlingani nendoda eneminyaka eyizinyanga eziyi-6-8.
- Bese kuthi, kungakapheli izinyanga eziyi-1-2.5, akhiqize amaqanda avundisiwe (amaqanda angafika kwangu-20), anamathelene ndawonye bese enza umfece okhethekile (ooteca), ophathwa ngowesifazane esiswini.
- Umfece uyalahlwa futhi ama-nymphs avela kuwo ngemuva kwenyanga (abantu abasha abayikhophi encane yabazali babo).
- Ama-nymphs akhula, ancibilika futhi abe mnyama izikhathi eziningana, achithe amagobolondo awo, aze afinyelele ebusheni. Kulesi sikhathi, owesifazane akasabambi iqhaza futhi akanandaba nenzalo.
Lolu hlobo lokukhiqiza lubizwa ngokuthi luhlobo lwe-ovoviviparous noma olungaphelele (lokhu kusho ukungabi bikho kwesigaba se-pupa noma se-larva).
Ungayisusa kanjani
Abantu abaqale bahlangana nezinambuzane emakhaya abo bahlala bebuza lo mbuzo: “Avelaphi amaphela amnyama?»Kungaba nezinketho eziningi:
- kukhasa kusuka komakhelwane noma egumbini elingaphansi, ikakhulukazi lapho kunamakhemikhali alwa nezinambuzane;
- ulethwe ngezinto ezivela kubangani, izihlobo noma ohambweni owesifazane ovuthiwe ocansini;
- okusele kubaqashi abangenanembeza esedlule;
- baletha i-ooteca enamaqanda ukusuka ekungeneni kwesicathulo.
Ungawasusa kanjani amaphela amnyama - izindlela ezinhlanu ezifakazelwe:
- Shayela ochwepheshe bokulawulwa kwezinambuzane zamakhemikhali ukuze belaphe zonke izindawo lapho kungahlala khona amaphela amnyama. Le ndlela iyashesha futhi isebenza kahle kakhulu, kepha idinga ukuhanjiswa kwesikhashana kwawo wonke amalungu omndeni iye kwezinye izindlu, kufaka phakathi nezilwane ezifuywayo.
- Pholisa igumbi ngokuqinile izinsuku ezimbalwa (le ndlela ivunyelwe ebusika emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-zero futhi izokhipha kuphela izinambuzane ezindala, kepha ngeke ivikele ekuchamuselweni okulandelayo kwezilwane ezisencane emigqonyeni ebekiwe). Ngokunjalo, ukuhamba komoya obandayo kufanele kube isikhathi eside, okuzodinga ushintsho endaweni yezindlu zawo wonke amakhaya nezitshalo zezindlu.
- Thenga isibulali zinambuzane esifanele ikhambi lamaphela amnyama (lapho uthenga, kufanele unake imiyalo, ukuphikisana futhi ufunde ngokuvunyelwa kokuyisebenzisa endlini enezilwane ezifuywayo nezingane ezincane).
Izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yezimboni:
- Izindlu zezicupho (zezinambuzane ezinkulu) ziqukethe isicupho esinoshevu emathunjini esibulala amaphela nezimpungushe ezindala.
- Ama-gel ayimikhiqizo ehambisanayo esebenza ngokungaguquguquki ewuketshezi eheha zonke izinhlobo zamaphela, ngoba aqukethe amanzi nokudla ngasikhathi sinye (okuxubene nezakhi ezinobuthi).
- Izifutho ziyithuluzi elilula lokwelapha amaqoqo ezinambuzane emakhoneni nasemigodini emincane, ngokushesha kubulala abantu abambalwa.
- Amakhrayoni kanye nama-powders (izintuli) zesenzo sokuxhumana (ushevu uthwalwa emilenzeni yamaphela futhi ubhubhise zonke izigaba zentuthuko.
- Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bwanamuhla:
- Isiphenduli se-ultrasonic sisebenza kumgomo wokuthinta izitho zemizwa yamaphela amnyama (amaza alula futhi anemvamisa ephezulu), ajabulisa uhlelo lwezinzwa, olubaphoqa ukuba bashiye leli khaya.
- Isicupho se-elekthronikhi sibhubhisa izinambuzane eziza ekubambeni ngokukhishwa kwamanje. Zidinga ukufakwa kwizicucu eziningana, kanye nokukhawulela ukufinyelela kuzo ezifuywayo (ikakhulukazi amagundane amancane).
- Sebenzisa izindlela zomzabalazo zabantu:
- Amabhola e-Boric acid (indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke edinga ukulungiswa). Lesi silingo senziwa ngemikhiqizo yamaphela eyintandokazi exutshwe nemithi ye-boric acid. Iresiphi eyaziwayo yamabhola: bilisa iqanda lezinkukhu eli-1 namazambane, uwahlanganise nofulawa namafutha emifino, engeza i-boric acid (konke ukulinganiswa kuthathwa ngamehlo). Kusuka kusisindo esivelile, bumba amabhola amancane alingana nohlamvu lwe-hazelnut bese uwahlela ezindaweni lapho izivakashi ezingafuneki zivame ukuvela khona. Amaphela awudla kahle umuthi, enganakile ingxenye yokwelapha ekuwo, futhi ekugcineni uyawabulala. Lo mkhiqizo uphephe ngokuphelele ezifuyweni.
- Ukuvula ama-bay amasha kushiya izinambuzane zingalithandi iphunga.
- Ukwenza izingibe kusuka ethepheni lephepha. Izindlu ezincane zinamathela amaphela futhi azikwazi ukuphuma, zibulawa indlala.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Ngenxa yokuthi amaphela amnyama aziwa isintu iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu, izinkolelo ezahlukahlukene namaqiniso angajwayelekile ahlobene nalezi zinambuzane avele ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ezinsukwini zakudala, amaphela ayevame ukufihla ngemuva kwesitofu esifudumele, yingakho aqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "izakhamuzi ezibhakiwe".
Kwakukhona nenganekwane yokuthi ukuvela kukabhakhari omnyama endlini kuthembisa abaninizo ingcebo, ngakho-ke babephakelwa baze bathathwe lapho beya ezindlini ezintsha. Izinyanga zasendulo zazilungisa umuthi wokuphulukisa ophele, osetshenziselwa ukuphazamiseka kokugaya ukudla. Kwakuqukethe ugarlic nezinambuzane ezithosiwe emafutheni.
Futhi kwezokwelapha, itiye elivela kumaphela awomile lalisetshenziswa njengesidakamizwa. Umuthi wanamuhla wamaphela ubika iphesenti eliphezulu lokungezwani nezinambuzane ezinganeni ezincane ezihlala emadolobheni amakhulu (cishe ama-45%).
Emazweni ase-Asia anjengeThailand, iSouth Korea, iCambodia neVietnam, amaphela asabhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yezidlo eziningi zikazwelonke. Ziyadliwa zithosiwe, ziyisitshulu futhi zomisiwe, futhi zinikezwa bonke abavakashi ukuzama. Ukulutha okunjalo kokudla kuchazwa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni asezingeni eliphezulu emzimbeni wezinambuzane.
Ososayensi bezinambuzane, phakathi neminyaka eminingi befunda izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, bathole iqiniso elithandekayo lokuthi amaphela awathintwa yimisebe, ngenxa yenqubo yawo ebambezelekile.
Ngokuya ngemivubukulo, amaphela avela ngesikhathi sama-dinosaurs futhi afinyelela osayizi obungu-50 cm ubude nokuningi. Imininingwane yanamuhla iqinisekisa elinye iqiniso - amaphela ayakwazi ukuzwa ukusondela kwemvula enkulu, yingakho ejaha ukucasha ngokuzikhandla ngisho nasebusuku.
Impilo yamaphela ixhumeke ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nempilo yomuntu, yingakho kunamacala amaningi okuvela kwamaphupho ngokubamba iqhaza kwalezi zinambuzane. Ukuqondisisa lokho amaphela amnyama aphupha ngakho bhekisa ezincwadini ezikhethekile zokuhumusha.
Ngokwengxenye enkulu, amaphupho anjalo abika imicimbi ejabulisayo, impumelelo ebhizinisini nasenhlalakahleni (noma ngabe bekukhona izinambuzane eziningi, futhi bahlasela umuntu).
Iphupho ngokubamba iqhaza kwamaphela amakhulu kungaba yisixwayiso sezingqinamba ezingaba khona ezivela ezihlotsheni noma kubantu obajwayele. Kepha uma iphela elimhlophe livela ephusheni, kufanele ulindele inkinga.
