Inyoni yePeregine kusuka emndenini we-falcon, uhlobo lwe-falcon, ukuhleleka kwabahlaseli bezikhathi zasemini. Umzingeli oshesha kakhulu, oqinile, ohlakaniphe kakhulu futhi onobuqili kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni. Ijubane lokuhamba lingu-100 km / h, ukungena esiqongweni ngesikhathi sokuzingela kuthuthukisa isivinini somlwi, cishe ama-300 km / h. Isikhali sokubulala esiphelele esidalwe yimvelo.
UFalcon ungowomhlaba wonke, usinda ngempumelelo cishe yonke indawo ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Izinhlobo ezihlala ezindaweni ezibandayo ziyafuduka, ezinye zihlala endaweni eyodwa.
AmaPeregine Falcons ahlakaniphe kakhulu futhi kulula ukuwaqeqesha, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo abesetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ukujabulisa izikhulu (i-falconry). Inyoni eqeqeshwe kahle iyindlala futhi akuwona wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukuyikhokhela.
Ukugcina umzingeli ekuthunjweni kuyinkinga impela nasesikhathini sethu, udinga i-aviary evulekile enezihlahla, kanye niche noma ishalofu lokuhlala. Ukudla kwemvelo, ngaphandle kwamathambo nezimpaphe, ukusebenza kwamathumbu kuzohlupheka.
Incazelo nezici
IPeregine Falcon iyisilwane esidla ezinye esivela emndenini waso. Ubude bomzimba busuka kumasentimitha angama-34 kuye kwangama-50, kanti amaphiko asuka kumasentimitha angama-80 kuye kwayi-120. Abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu kunamagremu angama-900-1500. Abesilisa banesisindo esingu-440-750 amagremu. Umehluko wangaphandle phakathi kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile awukhulunywa.
Umzimba ufana nowezidlamlilo ezisebenzayo: isifuba sinamandla ngokuqhuma nemisipha eqinile; imilenze mifushane, iyajiya, iqinile, uqhwaku luyisikela eligobile; umlomo uqeda ngamazinyo abukhali okwazi ukuluma amathambo omlomo wesibeletho wesisulu. Amehlo makhulu, afana nawenyoni, aqhamukayo, ansundu, isikhumba esiseduze kwamehlo sishintshiwe, azikho izimpaphe.
Umbala wezimpaphe. Kuma-specimens avuthiwe ngokobulili, ingemuva, izimpiko nomsila ongaphezulu kune-slate-grey; kungenzeka kungabi khona imicu ecace bha egqamile yombala omnyama. Izeluleko zamaphiko zimnyama. Isisu sivame ukubalabala ngemibala ekhanyayo noma nge-ocher, konke kuncike esifundeni sokuhlala. Isifuba nezinhlangothi kuhlotshiswe ngemichilo engajwayelekile efana namaconsi.
Umsila, oyindilinga ukuya ezansi, unombala omnyama nomugqa omncane omnyama ekugcineni. Ikhanda limnyama phezulu, lilula ngezansi. Izitho ezinamandla ezingezansi nomlomo omile okwekhwela kumnyama, isisekelo salo mlomo siphuzi.
Izinyoni zonyaka wokuqala wokuphila zibonakala ngokugqama okukhulu ngombala: emuva kunsundu, i-ocher; isisu sikhanya kakhulu, sinemigqa emide; imilenze iphuzi; isisekelo somlomo sinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Umbala wezimpaphe ze-peregrine falcon uncike ekutheni ungowaluphi uhlobo, kanye nasendaweni ehlala kuyo unomphela.
Izinhlobo
Ososayensi bama-ornithologists bafunde futhi bachaza ama-subspecies ayi-19 e-peregrine falcon, ngalinye linendawo yalo yokuhlala:
- UFalco peregrinus peregrinus Tunstall, ama-subspecies aphakanyisiwe. Indawo yokuhlala e-Eurasia. Kuboshwe endaweni yokuhlala unomphela.
- I-Falco peregrinus calidus Latham, i-tundra noma i-barnacle. Uhlala eziqhingini zoLwandle i-Arctic, ugu lwe-Arctic. Ebusika, iguqula indawo ehlala kuyo izifunda ezifudumele zaseMediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas.
- UFalco peregrinus japonensis Gmelin (kufaka phakathi i-kleinschmidti, i-pleskei ne-harterti). Uhlala unomphela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia, eKamchatka naseziqhingini zaseJapan.
- Ukhozi lwaseMalta, u-Falco peregrinus brookeiSharpe. Izindawo zokuhlala unomphela: iMedithera, iNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, iNyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, iCaucasus kanye nogu oluseningizimu yeCrimea.
- UFalco peregrinus pelegrinoides Temminck uyinkozi evela eziqhingini zaseCanary, eNyakatho Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
- UFalco peregrinus peregrinator uSundevall, uheshe okancane kakhulu, uhlala endaweni ehlala unomphela eSouth Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, mpumalanga neChina.
- IFalco peregrinus madens iRipley & Watson iyinhlobo ecishe iphele evela eziQhingini zaseCape Verde, lapho ababheki bezinyoni bethola kuphela amapheya aphilayo ayi-6-8. I-dimorphism yezocansi yombala ikhona, engeyona into eyehlukile kwamanye ama-subspecies.
- UFalco peregrinus uBonaparte omncane, ongaphansi kokuhlala eNingizimu Afrika.
- UFalco peregrinus radama uHartlaub —imikhakha emincane yase-Afrika, ukhetha iMadagascar kanye neComoros.
- UFalco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, inyoni engavamile kakhulu ehlala endaweni eyodwa unomphela. Kutholakala eRocky Mountains engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwekazi laseMelika.
- UFalco peregrinus macropus Swainson 1837 noFalco peregrinus submelanogenys Mathews 1912, bahlala kuphela ezwekazini lase-Australia.
- I-Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway (i-black falcon), i-subspecies enkulu kunazo zonke. Indawo: ogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika, iBritish Columbia, iQueen Charlotte Islands, ugu lweBering Sea, iKamchatka, iziQhingi zaseKuril.
- I-Arctic Falco peregrinus tundrius White, lapho kubanda, iya ezindaweni ezifudumele enkabeni naseningizimu yeMelika.
- U-Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe othanda ukushisa. Umhlali unomphela wase-Ecuador, eBolivia, ePeru, e-Argentina.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ukhozi lwe-peregrine luyisidlakela esinobuqili nesingazethembi esimila ngempumelelo emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica naseNew Zealand. Akesabi amakhaza aphezulu ase-arctic nokushisa okukhulu kwezindawo ezishisayo zase-Afrika.
Igwema izindawo ezibandayo kakhulu ezibandayo, izintaba eziphakeme ngaphezu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezine, izingwadule, izindawo ezishisayo ezinomswakama owedlulele namathafa amakhulu. ERussia, izindawo zokwakha izidleke azikho kuphela emaqeleni aseVolga naseWestern Siberia.
Uthanda ugu olunamadwala lwamachibi ahlukahlukene. Ukhetha indawo yokwakha isidleke okunzima ukuyifinyelela ezitheni zemvelo (kufaka phakathi abantu), njalo ngokubonakala okuhle nezindawo zokufinyelela mahhala.
Izimo ezifanele kakhulu zokwakha izidleke zitholakala ezigodini zemifula esezintabeni, osebeni olunamadwala kanye nokuba khona kwedamu kunikeza inani eliphakeme kakhulu labantu. Ezintabeni ihlala ezinqeni ezinamadwala, ehlathini ikhetha izihlahla ezinde kakhulu, ezinhlangothini zamawa omfula, emigodini yobulembu, ngenjabulo ihlala ezidlekeni zezinye izinyoni.
Kwesinye isikhathi peregrine falcon isidleke kungabonakala emadolobheni amakhulu, ophahleni lwezakhiwo zamatshe eziphakeme kakhulu. Futhi, amapayipi ezimboni ezahlukahlukene, amabhuloho, imibhoshongo ephakeme yensimbi, izingcezu zezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu, ngokujwayelekile, konke okungenani ngandlela thile okufana nodedange lwemvelo olunamadwala, kuba yindawo enhle yokwakha izidleke.
Iningi lezinyoni lihola impilo yokuhlala phansi, okuhlukile kuphela ngabantu abahlala ezimeni ezinzima zeFar North, bandizela ezindaweni ezifudumele ngesikhathi sasebusika. Kwesinye isikhathi, kaningi esimweni sezulu esibandayo, zingahamba amakhilomitha amaningi, zifuna isisekelo sokudla esingcono.
Ubude bendawo yesidleke esisodwa busuka kumakhilomitha ama-2 kuye kwayi-6. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngenani elidingekayo lokuphakelayo, isidingo esiphuthumayo sokwanda kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhulisa. Umbhangqwana ngamunye unezindawo ezi-6-7 ezifanele ukubeka amaqanda, zisetshenziselwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa.
Izinyoni ziqapha kakhulu izindawo zazo zokuzingela, lapho zihlasela impahla yazo, zihlasela abantu abakhulu kakhulu (izinkozi, amagwababa). Indlela umuntu azizwa ngayo ibanga elingamamitha ayi-200-300 bese kunikezwa i-alamu.
Uma umhlaseli eqhubeka nokuya esidlekeni, owesilisa uqala ukuzulazula phezu kwekhanda lakhe ngokukhala okukhulu, ngezikhathi ezithile ehleli ezihlahleni ezikhula eduze, insikazi iyamjoyina. I-peregrine falcon evikela isidleke ngamaphuphu iba nolaka impela, ingaxosha izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu endaweni yayo: izinja, izimpungushe, izimpungushe ezibandayo.
Ukhozi lwe-peregrine ludla kakhulu izinyoni ezincane kakhulu: ondlunkulu, izinyoni ezimnyama, izinkanyezi, amadada, amajuba. Kwesinye isikhathi izisulu zayo: amalulwane, izingwejeje, izinyoni, izinyoni zamanzi. Njengesidlakela sangempela, uzibandakanya nokonakalisa izidleke zabanye abantu.
Izinhlobonhlobo zokudla kuncike endaweni yokuhlala, isibonelo, i-barnacle falcon izingela ikakhulukazi ama-gopher, ama-lemmings nama-voles asakazeke kakhulu endaweni yawo yezimvu. Babala okungenani ama-30% womkhiqizo ophelele.
Ukuzingela kwenzeka ekuseni noma kusihlwa. I-Peregrine falcon imvamisa ihlala icamele phezulu onqenqemeni olulindele ukuthi kuvele inyamazane. Ingandiza eduze kwenhlabathi izama ukwethusa futhi ixoshe inyamazane yokuqamekela endaweni yokukhosela.
Ibona inyamazane, le nyoni inyukela phezulu esibhakabhakeni, igoqa amaphiko ayo, yehle ngokucijile yehle, icishe nge-engeli elifanele, ishiye i-dive eweni, izama ukushaya isisulu ngezidladla eziqinile. Kwesinye isikhathi oheshe bama-peregrine bazingela ngababili. Ukuzama ukubamba inyamazane emoyeni ngendiza noma ekusondeleni kuyo, ngokushona ngokushonela isisulu.
Zizungeza amasimu zifuna inyamazane, izinyoni zindiza ngesivinini esiphansi, ngisho nejubane liyakwazi ukudlula umzingeli odumile. Kepha kuphela iso elibukhali elibambe ukunyakaza kwesisulu, indlela aziphatha ngayo ishintsha kakhulu, ukuntywila okusheshayo, okubulalayo, ikhadi eliphambili lomzingeli ongesabi.
Lapho udilika emanzini isivinini sikakhokho we-peregrine kwesinye isikhathi inyuka iye kuma-322 km / h, iyinyoni eshesha kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ukushaywa kwezidladla kunamandla kangangokuba isisulu sivame ukulahlekelwa ikhanda. Impango esinda ngengozi ngemuva kokuhlaselwa okunamandla kangaka izophela ngoqhwaku olunamandla olufakelwe ingwegwe. Badla ezindaweni eziphakeme ngombono omuhle.
Zidla inyamazane yazo ngokukhetha, zishiya zingaphelele: ikhanda, izimpiko, imilenze, okwenza zihluke kwezinye izidalwa ezinamaphiko. Eduze kwendawo yokwakha izidleke ungathola imfucumfucu yokudla, lapho ososayensi bezinyoni banquma ukudla kwenyoni. Futhi, ngokutholakala kwezinsalela zesici, kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ngokusobala ukuthi isidleke esokukhohlakala se-peregrine noma esinye isilwane esidlayo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Bayakwazi ukuzala benonyaka owodwa, kepha imidlalo yokuqhamuka nokubeka amaqanda imvamisa kuqala lapho ineminyaka emibili noma emithathu. Ukhozi lwe-peregrine lukhombisa umuntu oyedwa, owake wakha isidleke ngababili kukho konke ukuphila kwabo.
Indoda efika endaweni yokwakha isidleke iqala ukuyenga eyensikazi, ikhombise ukundiza kokundiza: iyaphenduka futhi yenzeke, yenze ama-pirouettes ayinkimbinkimbi, ingene ekujuleni okukhulu, bese ivele ngokuzumayo. Le ntokazi eyaphendula yabuye yahlala phansi eduze.
Lo mbhangqwana wakhekile, izinyoni zihlola umuntu ohlukile, zihlanza izimpaphe ngemilomo yazo, zidla izinzipho. Owesilisa ozilungiselelayo unikeza le ntokazi isipho, umlingani anikele ngesibiliboco, uyayamukela epheshaneni, ngoba lokhu kufanele abhekise phansi impukane.
Ukhozi lowesifazane i-peregrine luqala ukubeka amaqanda ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli nasekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Esikhathini esiningi kunamaqanda ama-3 esidlekeni, kwesinye isikhathi inani lazo likhuphuka libe izingcezu ezi-5. I-clutch enkulu kunazo zonke yatholwa ososayensi bama-ornithologists eYurophu, yayiqukethe amaqanda ayisithupha. Insikazi ibekela ngaphezu kweqanda elilodwa njalo emahoreni angama-48.
Amaqanda alinganisa u-51-52 ngamamilimitha angu-41-42. Igobolondo linombala ophuzi ngokumhlophe noma ukhilimu, kwesinye isikhathi libomvu futhi libe nsundu ngokubomvu, i-matte enama-tubercles we-calcareous. Ebusweni kukhona ichashaza elicinene ngokubomvu noma ngonsundu.
Isikhathi sokuchanyuselwa kwenzalo siyizinsuku ezingama-33-35. Bobabili abazali babamba iqhaza ekufukameleni, kepha owesifazane uchitha isikhathi esiningi kule nqubo. Uma i-clutch yokuqala ibhujiswa, insikazi izalela amaqanda kwesinye isidleke. Lo mbhangqwana ukhiqiza izinyane elilodwa kuphela ngonyaka.
Amantshontsho okhozi asePeregine zizalwa zimbozwe ukufudlana okumhlophe okumnyama futhi azinakuzisiza ngokuphelele, zinemilenze emikhulu kakhulu maqondana nomzimba. Insikazi ihlala njalo esidlekeni, iphakela futhi ifudumeze amawundlu ayo. Umsebenzi wesilisa ukuthola nokuletha ukudla komndeni.
Amachwane enza indiza yawo yokuqala ezimele lapho efika eminyakeni yobudala engama-35-45. Kepha ngenkathi bahlala bencike kubazali babo, kuzothatha amanye amasonto ambalwa baze bafunde ukuzingela ngaphandle kosizo. Ensimini yendawo emaphakathi yezwe lethu, ukuvela kwamachwane kuwela eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaJuni.
I-Peregrine Falcon iyinyoni engavamile - inani labantu lehla kakhulu ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Ochwepheshe abenza ucwaningo bahlobanisa ukufa kwenqwaba nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organochlorine kulinywa umhlaba wezolimo. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kokuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa komanyolo oyingozi, inani labantu selikhule kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe.
AmaPeregine Falcons anyamalala ngokuphelele ekupheleni kwamashumi ayisithupha ngeminyaka ezindaweni: empumalanga ye-United States nase-boreal Canada. Ohulumeni bamazwe bathathe izinyathelo zokubuyisa inani labantu. Ukuvinjelwa okuhlukanisiwe kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezithile kwaqalwa. Izinhlelo zokuzala nokuzala kabusha seziqalisiwe emazweni.
Umphumela weminyaka engamashumi amathathu yomsebenzi wathweswa umqhele ngokukhululwa kwezinyoni eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha endaweni yokuhlala yemvelo. Kusukela ngo-1999, inani labantu baseMelika seliluleme ngokuphelele futhi alisasongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
ERussia, inani le-peregrine falcon aliningi kakhulu, cishe ngamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2-3. Kuzo zonke izifunda, ukunyamalala kwesilwane esidlangalaleni ezindaweni zaso zokwakha izidleke kwaqashelwa. Ochwepheshe bathole izizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwenombolo:
- Ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke ngezilwane ezincelisayo nezinye izinyoni.
- Ukuqothulwa komuntu ngamabomu ngumuntu, isibonelo, ngabazalisi bamajuba.
- Ubuthi be-pesticide obuvela kumagundane abondla okusanhlamvu okuvela emasimini anobuthi.
- Ukucekelwa phansi kwezidleke ngabantu, okuqeqeshwe kahle ekuzingeleni uheshe, akuvamile futhi kuyabiza impela.
Isikhathi sokuphila sokhokho be-peregrine endaweni yabo yemvelo yiminyaka eyi-15-17. I-Peregrine Falcon iyisizwe sendawo yonke, iphumelela futhi ikhula kuwo wonke amazwekazi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ibhekwa njengenyoni engajwayelekile. Umbuzo uvela ngokungathandi peregrine falcon eNcwadini Ebomvu noma cha?
Ngenxa yesibalo esincane sabantu kanye nokwesatshiswa njalo kokuqothulwa kweminye iminonjana, le nyoni ibhalwe ohlwini lweRed Book yaseRussia, futhi ivikelwe njengezilwane eziyivelakancane nezisengozini, ngokwesigaba sesibili.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
E-USA, kunamakhamera wewebhu kuvulandi wesakhiwo esisezingeni eliphakeme, ngosizo lwabo labo abafisayo abangabuka impilo yamaphakethe ama-peregrine afukamela ngaphezu kwesitezi sama-50. IMoscow nayo ihlala, yize kuze kube manje yiziqwenga ezimbili kuphela zokhokho be-peregrine, bahlala esakhiweni esikhulu seMoscow State University.
IPeregrine Falcon - isiphenduke uphawu lombuso waseMelika i-Idaho, futhi isithombe sakhe sithwetshulwe kuhlamvu lwemali oluyisikhumbuzo lwama-25-cent, olunyatheliswe yi-Mint ngo-2007. Kumafulege aseRussia namajazi ezikhali kukhona isithombe sefreyili likaparegrine: uSuzdal, uSokol, uKumertau, wayeyisibonakaliso esijwayelekile sezikhulu zasendulo zaseRussia.
Zizungeza amasimu zifuna inyamazane, izinyoni zindiza ngesivinini esiphansi, ngisho nejubane liyakwazi ukudlula umzingeli odumile. Kodwa iso elibukhali kuphela elibambe ukunyakaza kwesisulu, indlela aziphatha ngayo iguquka kakhulu, ukuntywila okusheshayo, okubulalayo, ikhadi eliphambili lecilongo lomzingeli ongesabi.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, njengoba ikhula ngaphezu kwesivinini somsindo, le nyoni ayikutholi ukuntuleka komoya, lokhu kusizwa isakhiwo esikhethekile septum yamakhala. Ukuhamba komoya kuhamba kancane futhi inyoni iyaqhubeka nokuphefumula njengenjwayelo.
Ngo-1530, isiqhingi saseMalta sanikezwa i-5th Knightly Order ngu-Emperor Charles. Isimo esidingekayo sombusi: i-peregrine falcon eyodwa, minyaka yonke njengesipho. Ngemuva kwale ndaba, kwavela ama-subspecies amasha - iMalta.
