Izinhlanzi ezinemigqa imackerel yaziswa inyama enamafutha nokunambitheka okunothile, kepha-ke, okokuqala, kufanele kuthathwe njengommeleli ogqamile wezilwane zasemanzini. Ngokuphathelene nokuhleleka kwama-perchiformes, le nhlanzi inezici eziningi ezihlukile nezinhlobo zayo, okwenza ingafani nozakwabo. Ine-mackerel nelinye igama elingajwayelekile kakhulu, i-mackerel.
Incazelo nezici
I-Mackerel – inhlanzi, ngaphandle ifana nentambo yokuphotha: ikhanda nomsila wayo mncane futhi uhlelisiwe, nomzimba wayo ujiyile ngangokunokwenzeka, uyisicaba ezinhlangothini. Imbozwe ngezikali ezincane ezifana nesikhumba, lokhu kusiza kakhulu inqubo yokuvuna - asikho isidingo sokuhlanza inhlanzi.
Ngaphezu kwamaphiko amakhulu, i-mackerel ineziningi eziningi ezincane, okuthi, kanye nokwakheka komzimba, zikuvumela ukuthi uhambe ngokushesha ngisho nangomsinga osebenzayo; ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, izinhlanzi zikwazi ukusheshisa zifike ku-80 km / h.
Okubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo kukhona imigqa emi-5 yamaphiko amancane, eseduze nomsila futhi ephinda ngokuphelele ukunyakaza kwawo - asebenza njengohlobo lwesondo lokuqondisa futhi asize ukuhambisa. Imvamisa imackerel iba nobude obucishe bube ngamasentimitha angama-30 nesisindo esingeqile kumagremu angama-300, kepha kunezimo lapho abadobi bekwazi ukubamba umuntu onesisindo esingu-1.6 kg no-60 cm ubude.
Ekhanda lezinhlanzi ezinde, kunamehlo, njengawo wonke amalungu omndeni we-mackerel, azungezwe yindandatho yamathambo. Amazinyo i-mackerel akwazi ukudabula ngawo inyamazane ngemizuzwana nje mincane futhi iyindilinga, kanti impumulo ibukhali.
Umbala we-mackerel awusoze wadidaniswa nanoma yimuphi omunye: isisu esiluhlaza okotshani noma esiphundu futhi emuva sinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, sihlotshiswe ngephethini ye-wavy senza inhlanzi ibonakale.
Izinhlobo
Konke izinhlobo ze-mackerel unombala ofanayo ngemivimbo yesici ngemuva, kepha kunezinhlobo ezi-4 zale nhlanzi:
- amaJapane, ummeleli omncane kunabo bonke we-mackerel: isisindo esiphezulu esirekhodiwe singu-550 g, ubude bomzimba - 44 cm;
- umAfrikainesisindo esikhulu kunazo zonke emndenini (kufika ku-1.6 kg) futhi sifinyelela kuma-63 cm ubude;
- atlantic, kaningi lolu hlobo lubizwa ngokuthi luvamile. Kuhlukile ngokungabikho kwesibhuku sokubhukuda, isici sezinye izinhlobo ze-mackerel: kukholakala ukuthi ilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo ngenxa yezici ezithile zokuphila emvelweni yolwandle, lapho kudingeka khona ukuntywila ngokushesha ubuyele ebusweni ngesikhathi sokuzingela. I-Atlantic mackerel inesicubu somzimba esithuthuke kakhulu, esivumelana nemvamisa ephezulu futhi esivumela inhlanzi ukuba ibe ekujuleni okudingekayo endaweni eqondile eqondile;
- O-Australia, inyama yayo ehlukile kwezinye: inamafutha amancane futhi iqine ngokwengeziwe, ngakho-ke i-mackerel enjalo ayithandwa kangako, yize imbiwa kakhulu.
Abanye ososayensi bahlukanisa i-mackerel njengohlobo olukhethekile lwe-mackerel, bebhekisa kokungafani kombala: abanye abantu bane-tints eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nemivimbo engasho lutho ngemuva. Ubungako benhlanzi enjalo bungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5 ubude, okwathiwa ngayo ngeyasebukhosini. Kodwa-ke, kwezentengiselwano, lolu hlobo alugqamile: kukholakala ukuthi izimo zendawo yokuhlala zithinta umthunzi nosayizi we-mackerel.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
UMackerel uhlala emanzini aseMelika, eNyakatho Yurophu, olwandle olumnyama nolweMedithera. Izinhlanzi zine-thermophilic, izinga lokushisa likhululekile kulo - ama-degree angama-8-20, ngesikhathi sokubanda okubandayo, abantu abaningi babuthana emhlambini ukuze bathuthele ezindaweni ezinamanzi afudumele.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi nokunyakaza, izikole ngazinye ze-mackerel azivumi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi futhi zivikela ngenkuthalo isikole sazo kubantu ezingabazi. Indawo ehlala ama-mackerel ihlukaniswe yaba izindawo ezihlukene, lapho olunye lwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi luba lukhulu khona.
Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zase-Australia zivame ukutholakala oLwandlekazi iPacific, eduze kwaseChina naseziqhingini zaseJapane, futhi zisakazekela ogwini lwase-Australia naseNew Zealand. Ama-mackerel ase-Afrika azinze olwandle i-Atlantic Ocean futhi ancamela ukuhlala eduze neziQhingi zaseCanary nase-Azores, lapho ukujula kwamanzi asogwini kungehli ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-300.
AmaJapane, njenge-thermophilic kakhulu, ahlala oLwandle lwaseJapan eziQhingini zaseKuril, izinga lokushisa lamanzi lapho lingafinyelela kuma-degree angama-27, ngakho-ke inhlanzi inweba imingcele yendawo yazo yokuhlala, futhi ngesikhathi sokuzala, iya phambili ukusuka ogwini.
I-Atlantic mackerel ihlala emanzini ase-Iceland naseziQhingini zaseCanary, futhi iyatholakala naseNyakatho Yolwandle. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, ingahamba ngezicucu ezixubekile iye oLwandle lwaseMarmara, into esemqoka ukuthi ukujula akujulile - njengoba sekushiwo, lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi alunaso isinye sokubhukuda.
Kuphela ngesikhathi sasebusika lapho i-mackerel icwila khona amamitha ayi-200 kukholamu lamanzi futhi inganyakaziseki, futhi ukudla okwamanje kuyindlala, ngakho-ke izinhlanzi ezibanjwe ekwindla zinamafutha amaningi kakhulu.
Ngasogwini lwaseMelika naseGulf of Mexico, imihlambi emikhulu ye-mackerel futhi yakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yizinhlobo zasebukhosini, kulula ukubamba, ngoba inhlanzi ayiwi ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-100 futhi ibanjwa kalula emanetheni.
IMackerel iyinhlanzi efudukayo, ikhetha amanzi anokushisa okunethezekile njengendawo yayo yokuhlala, ngakho-ke, izimbadada ngazinye zingatholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle, ngaphandle kwe-Arctic. Ngenkathi efudumele, amanzi ezwekazini nawo alungele umsebenzi obalulekile wezinhlanzi, ngakho-ke abanjwa yonke indawo: kusukela ogwini lwase-Great Britain kuya e-Far East.
Amanzi aseduze kwamazwekazi ayingozi kuma-mackerel ngokuba khona kwezitha zemvelo: amabhubesi asolwandle, ama-pelican kanye nezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezizingelayo zizingela ama-mackerel futhi ziyakwazi ukubhubhisa kuze kube yingxenye yomhlambi ngesikhathi sokuzingela.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Isixhumanisi esibalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla, i-mackerel isebenza njengokudla kwezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle nezinhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlanzi, kepha uqobo kuyisilwane esidla ezinye. Ekudleni kwe-mackerel zooplankton, izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nezinkalankala ezincane, i-caviar nezibungu zempilo yasolwandle.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-mackerel azingela kanjani: ahlangana ezikoleni ezincane futhi aqhube izikole zezinhlanzi ezincane (i-sprat, i-anchovy, i-gerbils) ebusweni bamanzi, lapho yakha khona uhlobo lwe-cauldron. Ngenkathi yokuzingela ama-mackerel, ezinye izidalwa ezijwayele ukugxambukela zivamise ukugxambukela, ngisho nama-gulls kanye nama-pelican, angaphikisani nokuzitika ngokudla okuphilayo okubanjwe ogibeni.
Abantu abadala abakhulu bama-mackerel bazingela ama-squid nezinkalankala, behlasela ngomzuzwana ohlukanisiwe futhi bedwengula inyamazane ngamazinyo abukhali. Ngokuvamile, inhlanzi inamandla kakhulu futhi umdobi onolwazi angayibamba ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isicupho: ibona ingwegwe njengokudla okungaba khona.
Inqubo yezimayini zokudla i-mackerel esithombenieyenziwe ngabathandi bezimfundamakhwela, ibukeka ihlaba umxhwele: isikole sezinhlanzi esikhazimulayo, sihambisana nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, kufaka phakathi amahlengethwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho zihamba eduze kwamanzi, izikole ze-mackerel zenza umsindo ongazwakala ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ambalwa.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukuvuthwa kwenhlanzi kuqala ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, kusukela kulowo mzuzu i-mackerel izala njalo ngonyaka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kuze kube sekufeni. Ukuzalela kukaMackerel, Ukuhlala emihlambini, kwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana: ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, abantu abadala bavela ukuzala, bese kuba yintsha ethe xaxa, futhi, ekugcineni, ekupheleni kukaJuni, kuyithuba lamazibulo.
Ngokuzala, ama-mackerel athanda izindawo ezingasogwini. Inhlanzi evundile icwila ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-200, lapho izalela khona amaqanda ezingxenyeni zezindawo eziningana. Sekukonke, ngesikhathi sokuzala, umuntu omdala uyakwazi ukukhiqiza amaqanda angaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-500, ngalinye lawo elingadluli ku-1 mm ngosayizi futhi liqukethe amafutha akhethekile akhonza ukondla inzalo engenakuzivikela.
Ukukhula kahle kwamaqanda kwenzeka ezingeni lokushisa lamanzi okungenani ama-degree ayi-13, kuphakama kakhulu, lapho izibungu zizovela ngokushesha, ubukhulu bazo obungu-2-3 mm kuphela. Imvamisa isikhathi esisukela ekuzaleni kuya enzalweni siyizinsuku eziyi-16 - 21.
Ukukhula okusebenzayo kwefry kuvumela ukuthi bafinyelele usayizi ka-3-6 cm ekupheleni kwesikhathi sasehlobo, ngo-Okthoba ubude babo sebuvele bufinyelela kuma-cm 18. Izinga lokukhula kwe-mackerel lincike ebudaleni bayo: umuntu omncane, uyakhula ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenzeka kuze kufike ubude bomzimba obungu-30 cm, ngemuva kwalokho ukukhula kuyehla kakhulu, kepha akuyeki ngokuphelele.
IMackerel izala kukho konke ukuphila kwayo, isikhathi esivame ukuba yiminyaka eyi-18-20, noma kunjalo, ezimeni ezikahle futhi lapho kungekho songo kwezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, abanye abantu baphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Imisipha eyakhiwe ye-mackerel iyivumela ukuthi ifinyelele ngokushesha ngejubane elikhulu: ngesikhathi sokujikijela, ngemuva kwemizuzwana emi-2, inhlanzi ihlelela ezansi nomfutho ngejubane elingafika ku-80 km / h, ibhekane - kuze kufike ku-50 km / h. Ngaso leso sikhathi imoto yesimanje yomjaho ishesha iye ku-100 km / h, ithatha imizuzwana engu-4-5.
Kodwa i-mackerel incamela ukufuduka ngesigqi esizolile ngejubane elifinyelela ku-30 ​​km / h, lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uhambe amabanga amade futhi ugcine ukwakheka kwesikole. UMackerel ungomunye wabantu abambalwa abahlala olwandle abavuma ezinye izinhlanzi ezikoleni zabo, imvamisa ama-herring noma ama-sardine ajoyina izikole ezifudukayo.
Ukubamba ama-mackerel
Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-mackerel ngolwe-Japan, amathani wezinhlanzi afinyelela kuma-65 abanjwa minyaka yonke, kuyilapho inani lawo lihlala lisezingeni elijwayelekile ngenxa yokuzala kwalo. Indlela yokuphila yobudlelwano be-mackerel yenza kube nokwenzeka ukubamba amathani ama-2-3 wezinhlanzi ku-dive eyodwa, okwenza ukuthi kube uhlobo lwezinhlobo zezentengiselwano oludume kakhulu.
Ngemuva kokubamba, i-mackerel ivunwa ngezindlela ezihlukile: iqandisiwe, iyabhema noma ifakwe usawoti. Inyama yeMackerel it has a ukunambitheka obucayi nohlu olukhulu lwezakhi.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka okuqukethwe kwamafutha ezinhlanzi kuhlukile: ehlobo kuyigremu ejwayelekile engu-18-20, ebusika isibalo sikhuphukela kuma-gramu angama-30, okwenza sikwazi ukucubungula lolu hlobo lwamafutha. Ngasikhathi sinye, okuqukethwe kwekhalori le-mackerel kungama-kcal angama-200 kuphela, futhi kumunca izikhathi eziphindwe kabili kunenkomo, hhayi ngaphansi kunalokho okugcina ngokuya ngokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni.
Bafunda ukufuya izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi ezibalulekile ezimweni zokufakelwa: eJapane, kudalwe amabhizinisi ezentengiselwano asebenza ekulimeni nasekuvuneni okwalandela kwe-mackerel. Kodwa-ke, ama-mackerel athunjiwe ngokuvamile awabi nesisindo esingaphezu kwama-250-300 amagremu, okuthinta kabi izinzuzo zokuhweba zabaninimabhizinisi.
Ukubamba ama-mackerel ngokuvamile akunzima: kubalulekile kuphela ukukhetha okwakho ukubhekana nendawo ngayinye, imvamisa kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zolwandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abazingeli bezinhlanzi abangochwepheshe baphinde bafunde ukujula lapho kuhlala khona ama-mackerel, lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kubanjwe kahle, ngoba i-mackerel, ngokuya ngamazinga okushisa kwamanzi, ibanga lolwandle nokusondela kwezinye izimpilo zasolwandle, ingaba ngaphezulu kwamanzi noma iye ekujuleni okungama-200 m.
Abathandi bezokudoba kwezemidlalo bayayithokozela i-mackerel ngethuba lokuzilibazisa ngokugembula - naphezu kokuminza nokubonakala kulula kokudoba, inhlanzi iba nesivinini esikhulu emanzini futhi iyakwazi ukunqamula i-hook ngemizuzwana embalwa.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ngeke kukwazi ukuhlala ogwini - i-mackerel ayisondeli ezweni, ngakho-ke isikebhe sizofika silungele ukusibamba. Ukudoba i-mackerel esikebheni semikhumbi kubhekwa njengokuzijabulisa okukhethekile - kude nolwandle, izinhlanzi eziningi.
Abadobi abanolwazi bakhetha ukubamba i-mackerel nomashiqela - leli yigama ledivayisi equkethe ulayini omude onamagwegwe amaningana angadingi lutho. IMackerel ibuye idonswe ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ezikhanyayo - ingaba ucwecwe olucwebezelayo noma izinhlanzi zepulasitiki ezikhethekile, ezingathengwa esitolo sokudoba.
Ngokuphathelene i-mackerel caviar, lapho-ke ungavami ukukuthola ezinhlanzini ezibandisiwe noma ezibhemayo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukudoba ezindaweni zokuzalela, njengomthetho, akwenziwa. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ulondoloze inani lezinhlanzi, ngoba linesikhathi sokubeka amaqanda ngaphambi kokubanjwa enetheni.
Kodwa-ke, i-mackerel caviar iyisibiliboco sabase-East Asia abakhetha ukwenza i-pasta ngayo. Emakethe yaseRussia ungathola usawoti we-mackerel caviar, opakishwe emathinini, ulungele ukudla, kepha unokuhambisana koketshezi nokunambitheka okumunyu.
Intengo
IMackerel iyathengiswa ngentengo ephansi uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Amanani entengo abhekela isimo lapho inhlanzi inikezwa khona (iqandisiwe, usawoti, ubhenywe noma uhlobo lokudla okusemathinini), ubukhulu bayo nenani lokudla okunomsoco - inhlanzi enkulu futhi ekhuluphele, kubiza kakhulu ikhilogremu lesibiliboco.
Intengo emaphakathi yokuthengisa ye-mackerel eRussia yile:
- iqandisiwe - 90-150 r / kg;
- ngabhema - 260 - 300 r / kg;
- ukudla okusemathinini - ama-ruble / iphakethe elingu-80-120.
Izinhlanzi ezibanjwe ngaphandle kwezwe lethu zibiza kakhulu kunezinhlanzi ezifuywayo: isibonelo, inkosi yaseChilean mackerel ingathengwa ngentengo ka-200 r / kg, isiJapane - kusuka ku-180, isiShayina, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane, inentengo ephansi kakhulu yezinhlobo ezingenisiwe - kusuka ku-150 r / kg.
Inani lokudla okunomsoco nokuqukethwe kwamavithamini nama-microelements, ikakhulukazi i-fatty acid engafakwanga i-Omega-3, yenze i-mackerel yaba enye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezentengwayo. Indawo ehlala kuyo kanye nenani elinganciphisi likuvumela ukuthi ubambe ama-mackerel cishe kuwo wonke amanzi, olwandle nolwandle.
Inyama ebucayi ilungiswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kepha inhlanzi ebhemayo ibhekwa njengokudla okukhethekile, okuthi, ngokuqukethwe kwayo okunamafutha amaningi, kunokuqukethwe kwekhalori eliphansi futhi akulimazi isibalo.
Abantu abahlukahlukene balungisa izitsha ezijwayelekile ezivela ku-mackerel, ngokwesibonelo, izakhamuzi zaseMpumalanga Ekude zithanda i-mackerel stroganin, futhi emazweni ase-Asia, kwenziwa amapasta namaphayi, okubhekwa njengokumnandi.
