I-Marsh harrier - inyoni edla inyama esabalele e-Eurasia. Igama layo linemvelaphi evamile yamaSlav. Ingahunyushelwa olimini lwanamuhla ngokuthi umphangi. Amagama afanayo: i-harrier harrier, i-marsh hawk, i-marsh kite, i-mousewort.
Incazelo nezici
Izinhlobo ezi-5 zezidleke ze-harriers eRussia. Okukhulu kunazo zonke i-marsh harrier noma i-reed harrier. Njengezinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama, inokubukeka okuhle, okuncane. Ikhanda lincane. Amehlo athatha ingxenye ebalulekile yawo.
Ezinyonini, ikakhulukazi izinyoni ezidla inyama, umbono uyisitho somqondo esiyinhloko. Kuleli xhaphozi lexhaphozi, libukhali, likuvumela ukuthi ubone igundane elincane noma undlunkulu ebangeni cishe elingu-1 km. Indawo yamehlo ibona ubunjalo bombono obonwayo. Kepha i-engeli yombono we-binocular incane impela.
Iso elilodwa leMarsh Harrier limboza i-engela engu-150 - 170 degrees. Umbono we-Binocular wezinto ukhawulelwe emkhakheni wama-30 degrees. Lokho wukuthi, ukuze ubone izinto eziseceleni ngevolumu, inyoni kufanele ijike ikhanda.
Ngaphezu kokuqina okubonakalayo, izithiyo zexhaphozi zinesici esibuye sitholakale nasezinyonini eziningi ezidla ezinye. Bahlukanisa ngokusobala phakathi kwezinto ezihamba ngokushesha. Kumuntu, ukucwayiza kwesibani se-hertz esingu-50 kuhlangana kube ukukhanya okuqhubekayo. Umbono we-swamp harrier ubona ukukhanya okuhlukile.
Ukuntuleka kokungaboni kahle kwesimo kusiza isilwane esinamaphiko ukuhlukanisa uhlobo lwento eqondiswa ngokushesha. Ngokulandela ngesivinini esikhulu inyamazane, uklebe noma i-harrier, ngenxa yale ndawo, gwema ukushayisana nezithiyo.
Impahla emangalisayo kakhulu yamehlo eMarsh Harrier nezinye izinyoni ezifudukayo yikhono lokubona amandla kazibuthe woMhlaba. Itilosi elingokwemvelo elakhelwe emehlweni liqondisa izinyoni emzileni wokufuduka.
Izindlebe zitholakala eduze kwamehlo eMarsh Harrier. Ngokwemvelo, azibonakali, ngoba izinyoni azinazo izindlebe. Zonke ezinye izinsiza-kuzwa ziyefana nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Kunembobo yendlebe embozwe izimpaphe ekhanda. Umsele wendlebe usuka kuwo. Ngalo kufika umsindo endlebeni yangaphakathi. Okuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, okwenza imisebenzi ye-vestibular.
Ku-harrier, izimpaphe ezimboze ukuvulwa kokuzwa zisebenza njengesihlungi. Ngokuhambisa isikhumba ekhanda, le nyoni iguqula ukumiswa kwezimpaphe, okungena ngaphansi kwazo umnyango wendlebe. Lokhu kuthulisa noma kukhulisa imisindo yemvamisa ethile. Lokhu kusiza ukuzwa isisulu ngomsindo womhlanga.
IMarsh Harrier ayinazo izindlebe zangaphandle, kodwa inomlomo woKlebe. Inkulu kunaleyo yezinye izithiyo, ingamasentimitha amabili ubude.Imnyama, ixhunyiwe. Amakhala atholakala ezansi komlomo. Ziyingxenye yohlelo lokuphefumula.
Umoya ohogelwayo odlula ngamakhala uqukethe iphunga. Ubunzima buvela ngokuzimisela kwabo kuma-swamp harriers nakwezinye izinyoni. Amaseli we-odor receptor akhona emgodini wamakhala, kepha akhule kahle. Okufanayo kubi encazelweni yokunambitha.
IMarsh Harrier akuyona igourmet futhi icishe ingabi nephunga. Kepha umbono, ukuzwa, ukwakheka komzimba, izimpaphe zikusho lokho umhlaseli we-swamp harrier onekhono, ovelele.
Owesilisa osekhulile unesisindo esingu-400-600 g. Insikazi, njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka ngezinyoni ezidla inyama, inamandla kakhulu kuneduna, isisindo sayo sisuka ku-600 kuye ku-850 g. Eyesilisa ingakwazi ukwelula amaphiko kusuka ku-100 kuye ku-130 cm.
Ingxenye yangemuva yangemuva, engenhla yeduna ipendwe nsundu. Ekhanda nasentanyeni, emaphethelweni ezimpaphe alungiswa ngogwayi, ithoni ephuzi. Izimpaphe ezisemsileni nasempikweni zinamathoni ansundu ansundu. Ingxenye yomzimba evundlile, evundile ngokugqwala ngokuphuzi.
I-Swamp Harrier Owesifazane ehluke kakhulu kowesilisa. Inemibala enokugqama okuncane. Ikhanda lakhe liyimpunga, linemivimbo ephuzi ngoku nsundu esifubeni sakhe. Ama-harriers amancane awathathi masinyane umbala wezinyoni ezindala. Ukuze benze lokhu, kufanele badlule kuma-molts amaningana.
Izinhlobo
IMarsh Harrier ifakiwe ekuhlukanisweni kwezinto eziphilayo ngaphansi kwegama elithi Circus aeruginosus. Le nyoni ingeyomndeni omkhulu wozwane futhi ibumbene nezinye izithiyo ku-Circus genus. Ama-ornithologists afaka izinhlobo ezi-18 kuhlobo lo, lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zeziqhingi seziphelile.
- I-Circus aeruginosus iyinyoni ejwayelekile kakhulu yalolu hlobo - i-marsh harrier ejwayelekile.
- Circus assimilis - uhlala e-Australia nase-Indonesia. Izimpaphe zinamachashazi njengesikhova. Ngenxa yezimpawu zombala, ibizwa ngokuthi i-harrier enamabala. Umbala onamabala akhulile utholwa ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila.
- Ama-circus circus - le nyoni ibizwa ngokuthi: i-swamp harrier yase-Australia, i-New Zealand harrier. Kusatshalaliswe ezwenikazi lesihlanu nakuyo yonke iNew Zealand. Ngaphezulu onsundu onsundu nephunga lempiko elimpunga elimpunga. O-Australia ixhaphozi lithatha indiza - inyoni enhle ngokukhethekile.
- Isekisi buffoni. Igama elijwayelekile lale nyoni yi-harrier enamaphiko amade. Izinhlobo eSouth America. Izimpaphe ezinde ezimpikweni nasemsileni zisiza ekwenzeni izindiza ezinkulu lapho zifuna ukudla.
- I-Circus cyaneus iyinkambu yenkundla yase-Eurasia. Enyakatho, indawo yokwakha isidleke nokuzingela iphelela e-Arctic Circle, empumalanga ifinyelela eKamchatka, eningizimu ifaka iMongolia neKazakhstan, entshonalanga kunqunyelwe yi-French Alps.
- I-Circus cinereus iyi-harrier yaseNingizimu Melika egrey. Imingcele yale ndawo isuka eColombia iye eTierra del Fuego.
- Ama-circus macrosceles - iMalagasy noma iMadagascar Marsh Harrier. Kutholakala eMadagascar naseComoros.
- Isekisi macrourus - Pale noma Steppe Harrier. Kuhlala eningizimu yeRussia, eKazakhstan, eMongolia, ebusika eNdiya, eningizimu ye-Afrika.
- I-Circus maurus iyi-harrier emnyama yase-Afrika. Ukuzala eBotswana, eNamibia nakwezinye izindawo zaseNingizimu Afrika. Inyoni enamaphiko agoqiwe ibonakala icishe ibe mnyama. Lapho indiza, imikhawulo emhlophe yezimpaphe iyabonakala. Umbala ojwayelekile uthatha ukubukeka okuhle kepha okulusizi.
- I-Circus maillardi iqanjwe ngendawo yayo yokuhlala: Reunion Marsh Harrier. Ubungozi esiQhingini saseReunion.
- I-Circus melanoleucos - i-Asian piebald harrier. Ukuzala eTransbaikalia naseSifundeni sase-Amur, kwenzeka eMongolia naseChina. Ubusika kulo lonke elaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
- I-circus pygargus iyindawo ethwala izigaxa yase-Eurasia. Izingela izidleke kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eSiberia naseKazakhstan. Ubusika eNdiya naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika.
- Circus spilonotus - East Asia noma i-swamp harrier esempumalanga... Phambilini bekucatshangelwa ama-subspecies we-marsh harrier ejwayelekile. Kuzalwa eSiberia, kusuka kuma-Urals kuya eLake Baikal. Kutholakala eMongolia nasenyakatho neChina. Inani elincane labantu lihlala eziqhingini zaseJapan.
- Circus ranivorus - izinhlobo nobusika eningizimu nasenkabeni ye-Afrika. Ibizwa ngegama elihambisana nobubanzi bayo - ixhaphozi lasexhaphozini lase-Afrika.
- Isekisi spilothorax - iNew Guinea Harrier. Ihlukaniswe eNew Guinea. Abanye abantu batholakale e-Australia.
- Uhlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili ezingasekho: Circus eylesi ne dossenus. Izinsalela zokuqala zitholakale eNew Zealand. Uhlobo lwesibili lwake lwahlala eHawaii.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ebusika, amaxhaphozi aba yiqhwa, izinyoni ezincane nezamanzi zinabela eningizimu. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kungani i-marsh harrier — inyoni ukufuduka. Ubusika besibalo sabasempumalanga eHindustan. Izinyoni ezidla ezindaweni ezisenyakatho nezipholile zaseYurophu zifudukela ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika. IMarsh Harriers esuka eNtshonalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu indizela eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika, esifundeni saseZambia naseMozambique.
ESpain, eTurkey, emazweni aseMaghreb, kunabantu abahlala phansi. Ibanga labo liseduze noLwandle iMedithera. Izimo zokuphila, isimo sezulu sivumela lezi zinyoni ukuba ziyeke ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile. Isibalo sezinyoni ezihlala phansi asisikhulu, asidluli ku-1% lenani eliphelele lazo zonke izithiyo zomhlanga (zomhlanga).
Indiza yasebusika iqala ekwindla, ngoSepthemba-Okthoba. Kwenziwe wedwa. Ama-Hawkbird ngokuvamile, kanye neMarsh Harriers ikakhulukazi, awenzi imihlambi. Iqembu lomphakathi kuphela elenziwa ama-loonies yilezi zithandani. Kukhona okwandulelayo lapho ukuhlangana kowesilisa nowesifazane sekukhona iminyaka eminingana. Kepha imvamisa izithandani zisebenzelana isizini eyodwa kuphela.
Ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke nobusika be-harrier, kukhethwa uhlobo olufanayo lwendawo. Zikhetha izimvula ezinamanzi, ezikhukhulayo nezamanzi. Imvamisa lezi yizindawo zezolimo ezakhelene namaxhaphozi noma amachibi angajulile. U-Looney uthethelela ngokuphelele elinye lamagama abo: bayingxenye yezihlahla zomhlanga.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukundiza kwe-marsh harrier yokuzingela kumangalisa impela. Lokhu kuyindilinga ephansi ezimpikweni ezakha i-v-shape engajulile. Ngasikhathi sinye, imilenze yenyoni ivame ukulengiswa. Lokho wukuthi, ukulungela okuphelele ukuhlasela kuyakhonjiswa. Lesi sitayela sendiza sikuvumela ukuthi wehle masinyane ucoshe inyamazane ebusweni bamanzi noma emhlabeni. Uhlu olusondele lwe- udliwa yini umgxobhozo wexhaphozi:
- amadada namanye amatshwele,
- izinhlanzi nezinyoni ezincane,
- amagundane, ikakhulukazi ama-muskrats amancane,
- ezihuquzelayo, izilwane zasemanzini.
IMarsh Harriers, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokudla, zama ukuhlasela izinyoni zamanzi ezindala. Le mizamo ayiphumeleli kakhulu. Kuphela lapho idada noma i-sandpiper igula noma ilimele. Izinyoni ezizalela kuleli koloni zizivikela ngenkuthalo futhi zingavumeli izithiyo zasemanzini nezinye izinyoni ze-hawk zisondele.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
IMarsh Harriers ibuyela ezindaweni zazo zokwakha izidleke ngo-Ephreli. Izinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala ziyalulama ngemuva kokundiza - zondla ngenkuthalo. Uma umbhangqwana ungadalwanga ngesikhathi sasebusika, inyunyana entsha yezinyoni iyakhiwa ngalesi sikhathi.
Imibhangqwana evelayo ibonisa izinto zokuziphatha kokukhwelana. Izinyoni zenza izindiza ezikhuphuka ngokuhlanganyela. UMarsh Harrier esithombeni kuvame ukulungiswa lapho kwenziwa ukunyakaza kwe-aerial acrobatic.
Mhlawumbe, ngenkathi kwenziwa lezi zindiza, akuvezi izinhloso kuphela, kepha futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi insimu yokwakha indlu ikhethwe kahle kanjani. Ngemuva kokuqomisana emoyeni, sekuyisikhathi sokwakha isidleke.
Indawo eyintandokazi kakhulu yeMarsh Harrier itholakala ezihlahleni zomhlanga, esikhungweni sexhaphozi esingangeneki. IMarsh Harriers yakha kabusha indawo yazo yamachwane njalo ngesizini. Kepha abasuki ezindaweni zabo ezijwayelekile. Isekelwe cishe ezindaweni ezifanayo minyaka yonke.
Imizamo esemqoka yokwakha isidleke yenziwa ngowesifazane. Indoda idlala indima yokusekela. Iletha impahla yokwakha, yondle insikazi. Umhlanga namagatsha akha indawo ecishe ibe yisiyingi engaba ngu-0.8 m ububanzi no-0.2 m ukuphakama. Ukudangala kunyathelwa phansi maphakathi nesiza, ingaphansi lalo limbozwe ngezinto ezithambile nezomile zezitshalo.
Isokhethi linemisebenzi emibili. Ukuphepha kwamatshe, imfihlo yesidleke kuhloselwe lokhu. Ukufinyelela okunganqandeki esidlekeni sezinyoni ezindala. Okungukuthi, ukungabi bikho kwezihlahla, izimila eziphakeme kakhulu, okungathi, lapho kuhlaliswa khona, kuphazamise ukusuka nokufika kwezinyanga.
Lapho amanye amaMarsh Harriers esezoqeda ukwakha isidleke futhi abeke, abanye basafuna umlingani. Inqubo yokubhanqa, ukwakha isidleke nokukhiqiza ukwakhiwa kwamatshe ithatha cishe inyanga, kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi.
Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, ngentwasahlobo ende ngoMeyi, insikazi yenza ibhande lamaqanda ama-4-5 acishe abe mhlophe ngocezwana olumnyama. Ukuxakaniseka kungaba kukhudlwana noma kuncane. Owesifazane kuphela osesidlekeni. Indoda iyayondla, yenza izindiza zokudla ezivamile. Ebusuku ihlala budebuduze nesidleke esihlahleni somhlanga.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20, izibulo likhipha igobolondo. Amanye amatshwele achanyuselwa ngokuphazamiseka okufishane. Azinakuzisiza, zimbozwe ngompunga oshunqayo phansi. Iphuphu lokuqala linesisindo esingu-40-50 g, elokugcina alidluli ku-30 g. Naphezu komehluko entuthukweni, i-kainism (ukubulala umzalwane obuthakathaka ngamandla) ayibonwa ngaphakathi esidlekeni.
Izinsuku zokuqala eziyi-10-15 zamachwane nowesifazane zondliwa kuphela yi-harrier yowesilisa. Ngemuva kwalokho, insikazi iqala ukushiya isidleke iyofuna ukudla. Ukondla amaphuphu, zombili izinyoni zindiza zifuna inyamazane, kwesinye isikhathi zihamba amakhilomitha ama-5-8 ukusuka esidlekeni.
Ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, amaphuphu aqala ukuvela. Kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJulayi, abazali bondla izingane zabo. Ama-marsh harriers amancane abuka futhi axoshe izinyoni ezindala, athathe ukuma kwephuphu elincengayo, futhi ekugcineni acele ukudla. Izinkukhu ziqala ukuhlakazeka ngo-Agasti. Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, inqubo yokuzala nokondla kuma-marsh harriers iyaphela.
Ekuqaleni kokwindla, ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, amaLoonies aqala ukufuduka kwawo ekwindla. Izinyoni ezincane ezihlala zodwa zihlala isikhathi esithile. Baneminyaka eyi-12 - 15 ngaphambi kwabo (le yindlela ehlala amaxhaphozi amade ngayo).
Kumbuzo othi "i-swamp harrier encwadini ebomvu noma cha"impendulo ithi cha. Izinyoni zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kulo lonke uhla. Kunzima ukubala inani eliphelele, kepha ukunyamalala kwezihibe zemashi (zomhlanga) akusongelwa.
