Ehlathini, ekotishi lasehlobo noma epaki, kuvame ukutholakala izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinambuzane. Ikakhulukazi amabhungane, iningi lawo elingabalwa emndenini ofanayo - ibhungane lomhlabathi.
Incazelo nezici
Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 zaleli bhungane ziyaziwa emhlabeni. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu zibhekwa endaweni yaseRussia. Bayizinhlobo ezifanayo, kepha banokuhluka okuphawulekayo phakathi kwabo: ngombala, usayizi, kwesinye isikhathi ngesakhiwo sangaphandle.
Njengomthetho, umbala wamabhungane umnyama, unesibani sensimbi esikhanyayo. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi elangeni. Ukuncipha kunombala oluhlaza okotshani, okwesibhakabhaka, negolide. I-shades ebomvu nebomvu ayijwayelekile kakhulu.
Uma ubhekisisa ukubhebhetheka kwensimbi, uyabona ukuthi iqukethe imivimbo eminingi emincane. Kuzoba nzima kumuntu ongenalwazi ukuhlukanisa amabhungane komunye nomunye, kepha izincazelo ezimbalwa ezilula zizosiza ukukhomba ibhungane lomndeni webhungane lomhlabathi ezinambuzaneni ezijwayelekile.
Ngakho-ke:
- i-ground beetle yisinambuzane esikhulu, ezinye izinhlobo zingafinyelela amasentimitha ayishumi ubude; umzimba u-oval;
- ekuhloleni okuningiliziwe komzimba webhungane, umuntu angabona kahle ikhanda, elihlukaniswe nomzimba ngesifunda somlomo wesibeletho, kanye nemihlathi emikhulu;
- ibhungane linemilenze emide ende, equkethe izingxenye eziningana; izidladla ezinjalo zenzelwe ngokuphelele ukusebenza ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, ngakho-ke kungaba nzima ukubamba isinambuzane;
- amadevu amade, anezinwele eziphuma ngamasentimitha ambalwa phambili; amadevu asebenza njenge-radar yebhungane lomhlabathi;
- imilenze yangaphambili ifakwe izigaxa ezikhethekile, ezisebenza njengebhulashi lesinambuzane ukuhlanza imihlathi.
Ibhungane lomhlabathi inamaphiko aqinile, ubukhulu bawo buncike endaweni yokuhlala. Ezifundeni ezinenani elanele lokudla, amaphiko akhula kancane, ngoba asikho isidingo sokuhamba ibanga elide ukuyofuna ukudla. Imvamisa, amaphiko asetshenziselwa ukuhlala, futhi kaningi akhula ndawonye ngokungadingekile.
Isici esihlukile sezinambuzane zensimbi ukukhetha kwendawo yokuhlala. Zikhetha izindawo ezinomswakama ophakeme namazinga okushisa aqinile. Yingakho ibhungane lomhlabathi livame ukutholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeRussia, i-Ukraine neMoldova.
Izinhlobo zomhlaba webhungane
ERussia, izinhlobo ezinkulu ezivamile zingabizwa ngokuphepha Ibhungane lomhlabathi waseCaucasia... Bahlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zeCaucasus, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Kepha ungabathola eKrasnodar Territory. Ungesabi i-rustle engaqondakali, uhleli engadini uphethe inkomishi yetiye ezandleni zakho.
La mabhungane aphumula kahle emini futhi aphuthuma empini kusihlwa. Ebumnyameni, amabhungane enza kusebenze imisebenzi yawo, aqale ukuzingela izikelemu nama-midge amancane, angazideleli izibungu. Izindawo eziyintandokazi zebhungane lomhlabathi izingadi namapaki lapho ungazingela khona ngokuphepha futhi akukho ukushoda kokudla.
Uma uthi nhlá, ibhungane lomhlabathi laseCaucasus lingabonakala ngombala ogqamile oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwesinye isikhathi onombala oluhlaza nonsomi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamabhungane lubhalwe ohlwini lweRed Book of the Russian Federation njengoluncipha ngokushesha. Emuva ngekhulu le-19, ososayensi babezingela ngenkuthalo amabhungane amahle ukuze bagcwalise ukuqoqwa kwabo noma bathengiselwe ozakwabo abanenhlanhla, hhayi eRussia kuphela kodwa nakwamanye amazwe.
Kuzoba yinhlanhla engavamile ukuthola olunye uhlobo lwebhungane lomhlabathi - iCrimea. Igama layo liyazikhulumela. Ungayithola ngaphakathi kweNhlonhlo YaseCrimea, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga. Kodwa-ke, isifiso esisodwa sokuthola isinambuzane asanele. Udinga ukubekezela futhi ube nethoshi elinamandla, ngoba leli bhungane lihlala ebusuku futhi liyahamba lizingela kuphela selishonile ilanga.
ICrimea ground beetle - ibhungane likhulu kakhulu. Kube khona amacala lapho ubude bomzimba wakhe bufinyelela kumasentimitha ayisithupha. Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo nethalente lokuzingela, leli bhungane liyisitha esiyingozi hhayi nje kuphela izinambuzane ezincane, kodwa nezimbankwa ezincane. Uthanda iminenke yamagilebhisi, ngakho-ke futhi ungamthola eduze kwamanzi, emanzini amancane angasemuva.
Ukuqapha! Lolu hlobo lwebhungane lungaba yingozi kubantu. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngemuva komzimba webhungane lomhlabathi laseCrimea kunezindlala ezikhethekile eziqukethe uketshezi olubi. Akubona ubuthi, kepha ukwakheka koketshezi kuhlose ukusabisa izitha. Ibhungane lidubula lolu ketshezi lubhekise kusongo.
Isibhamu singaba amamitha amabili ubude futhi singashaya kalula, ngokwesibonelo, emehlweni. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, hlambulula ngokushesha amehlo akho noma enye indawo ethintekile ngamanzi amaningi bese uya kwezokwelapha. Akufanele uziphindiselele kubhungane. Leli bhungane lomhlabathi liseRed Book njengesilwane esisengozini yokuphela.
Ubuhle bebhungane baphansi - ummeleli ohlonipheka kakhulu wohlobo lwayo. Igama layo eligcwele ubuhle obunuka. Ubukhulu bayo obuphakathi buqala ngamasentimitha ama-3 kuye kwayi-4. Umzimba walesi sinambuzane, njengozakwabo, unesibani sensimbi, kodwa ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo, sinombala omuhle kakhulu.
Imvamisa le yimibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okuxutshwe negolide nethusi. Uncamela ukuhlala emahlathini asebukhoneni nasemahlathini, emapaki nasezivandeni, lapho kunomswakama nokwanelisa khona ngenxa yamakholoni ezimvemvane namacimbi ahlala lapho. Kukubo lapho ibhungane elihle lizingela khona ebusuku obumnyama.
Imvamisa, ungathola ubuhle emahlathini emazweni aseYurophu, eMoldova, eBelarus, eGeorgia nakwamanye amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi. Ibhungane lomhlabathi - isinambuzane kuyaqabukela, kufakwe eRed Book hhayi eRussia kuphela, kepha naseYurophu.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zebhungane lomhlabathi yilezi:
- i-shagreen;
- ingadi;
- ngobukhulu;
- amahhashi;
- lebia.
Yilezi zinhlobo zezinambuzane ezisakazeke kuzo zonke izifunda zaseRussia.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Zonke izinhlobo amabhungane omhlabathi zibhekwa njengezinambuzane zasemhlabeni. Imvamisa, bazihlomisa ngendawo yokuhlala ngaphansi kwamatshe, phakathi kwezimpande zezihlahla, phakathi kwamahlamvu nasemahlathini otshani. Yizinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zezinambuzane ezikwazi ukwakha amakhaya azo ezihlahleni, futhi noma kunjalo zingaphakeme, ekuphakameni okungafika kumamitha amabili.
Yize iqiniso lokuthi amabhungane ayizilwane ezidliwayo, wona uqobo angaba yizisulu zezinyoni, ngakho-ke, ahlela izindawo zawo zokuhlala emigodini yamagxolo noma phakathi kwamagatsha. Izimo zokuphila eziyinhloko umswakama ophezulu, izinga lokushisa elizinzile nomthunzi ojiyile.
Ukuqaphela kwakamuva kwala mabhungane kugcine sekuqinisekise ososayensi ukuthi amabhungane omhlabathi hlala emindenini eminingana. Amaqembu amancane ezinambuzane ayazivumela ukuthi zizingele ngempumelelo inyamazane enkulu, njengezibankwa ezincane.
Indlela yokuphila yamabhungane iningi lasebusuku. Ebumnyameni, wonke amalungu asebenzayo omndeni aya kozingela, kuthi ngemisebe yokuqala yelanga angene emthunzini kuze kuhlwe. Abanye abamele amabhungane omhlabathi bakhetha ukusebenza emini futhi "baphumule" endaweni yabo yokukhosela ebusuku.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, cishe maphakathi no-Okthoba, amabhungane angena emhlabathini, ajule ngokwanele, futhi alala ubusuku bonke, ukuze kuthi lapho kuqala izinsuku zokuqala zasentwasahlobo ezifudumele, aqhubeke nempilo yawo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Impilo yebhungane lomhlabathi emahlathini, emapaki, ezingadini nasezakhiweni zasekhaya, lapho kunenqwaba enkulu yazo zonke izinhlobo zokudla. "Izitsha" eziyizintandokazi zamabhungane zazisasele:
- amacimbi;
- izibungu;
- i-aphid;
- ama-slugs;
- iminenke.
Umgomo wokuzingela nokubamba inyamazane ulula ngokwedlulele. Lapho ibhungane lithola "isidlo sasemini" salo, kusebenze uketshezi olukhethekile kwizindlala ezifihlwe emihlathini enamandla. Ibhungane lifafaza isisulu salo ngale nhlanganisela, lilinde imizuzu embalwa bese liyathathwa ukuze lidle.
Ingqamuzana elenziwe ngomjovo livimbela lesi sinambuzane futhi lisenze sithambe sibe uhlobo lwe-gruel, oluthathwa kalula ibhungane. Ngemuva kwesidlo sakusihlwa esimnandi, ibhungane lomhlabathi lingabuyela endaweni yalo yokuhlala futhi lingaphumi izinsuku eziningana zilandelana - ukugaya ukudla. Ngemuva kokugaya okuphelele, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, ibhungane liyaphinda lizingele.
Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-amara ne-ophorus, zithanda ukudla kwezitshalo kuphela. Ukudla kwabo kufaka amaqabunga, izingxenye ezithambile zezitshalo. La mabhungane angalimaza izitshalo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi izinambuzane ziphila isikhathi esisodwa. Abaningi - yebo, kodwa hhayi ibhungane lomhlabathi. Phakathi kwezinambuzane, leli bhungane lihlala isikhathi eside. Isikhathi sayo sokuphila cishe iminyaka emithathu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokuphila ezinhle, amabhungane angaphila iminyaka emine kuya kwemihlanu. Ngaphambi kokuba likhule, ibhungane lidlula ezigabeni ezine:
- iqanda;
- isibungu;
- unodoli;
- isinambuzane.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana ngamabhungane asemhlabathini siseduze kuka-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ibhande elilodwa lowesifazane liqukethe cishe amaqanda angama-70-80. Izidingo ezikhethekile zibekwa endaweni yokwakha. Kufanele kube nomswakama kakhulu, kufudumele futhi kube mnyama. Umhlaba kufanele uthele, njengoba abantu besho - "amafutha". Insikazi izalela amaqanda emhlabathini ekujuleni okungaba amasentimitha amathathu.
Kuthatha cishe amasonto amabili ukuthi amaqanda aphenduke izibungu. Isibungu sebhungane saphansi ifinyelela usayizi omkhulu ngokwanele, cishe amasentimitha ama-2. Emahoreni okuqala, izibungu zimhlophe, bese kuthi emini ngayinye ibe mnyama.
Ngendlela yesibungu, ibhungane lomhlabathi liphila kuze kuphele ihlobo ngokusho kwemithetho efanayo neyamabhungane amadala. Isibungu sesivele sinemihlathi enamandla, lapho sibamba inyamazane ngayo, siyifafaza ngoketshezi oluthile bese siyidla.
Ngemuva kokumunca ukudla, lesi sibungu singangena emhlabathini izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokugaywa ngokuphelele. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, isibungu esisendaweni yaso yokuhlala simbozwa ngomfece bese siyalala. Ukuvela kwebhungane eligcwele kwenzeka kuphela entwasahlobo.
Izinzuzo nokulimala kwamabhungane omhlabathi kubantu
Ibhungane lomhlabathi ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili: iyingozi futhi inenzuzo. Enye yezinhlobo eziyingozi yi-beetle yomhlaba. Ungowesigaba okuthiwa samabhungane anobuthi.
Kepha ubuthi abukho ngomqondo oqondile waleli gama. Ubuthi bayo buyinto eyimbangela yamakhemikhali engakwazi ukubulala umuntu, kepha ingadala ukungezwani komzimba ngendlela yokuqubuka kanye ne-edema. Ukusha kobuhlungu obunjalo kungahlala esikhunjeni cishe izinsuku ezintathu.
Isinkwa sebhungane singadala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni, sonakalise izinto zasendlini nefenisha. Ngenxa yemihlathi yayo enamandla, ibhungane likwazi ukugaya izinto ezinzima kakhulu. Leli bhungane lidala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni ezisanhlamvu, lonakalisa izimbali zasendlini, lidla izimpande, futhi lifinyelela kalula ezitshalweni zemifino nezamaberry.
Le bhungane lomhlaba liyisakhamuzi sasebusuku, ngakho-ke, ebusuku, ngenkathi umnikazi elele, lingakhuphukela ezikhwameni zamabele, lenze izimbobo kuzo. Bazivumela kalula ukugibela etafuleni befuna imvuthu yokudla, ngaphandle kokwesaba, bangakhasa kumuntu.
Uma kutholakala ibhungane elinjalo endlini - futhi ungalibona ngombala walo onsomi - kufanele usebenzise izinyathelo ngokushesha. Ukubhubhisa lesi silokazane, kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali anamuhla, angathengwa kunoma yisiphi isitolo sokubulala amagciwane. Uma ungaqali ukulwa nebhungane ngesikhathi, inani lalo lingakhula kakhulu, bese kuba nzima kakhulu ukuqeda abahlali abangamenyiwe.
Kepha kukhona nezici ezinhle. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane zigada ingadi. Laba bangobuhle, i-Crimean ground beetle kanye ne "tiger". Ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu yi-Crimean ground beetle umnenke wamagilebhisi. Lesi silokazane sidala ukulimala okungenakulungiseka ezitshalweni zamagilebhisi kanye namajikijolo, ukonakala kwezithelo esezivuthiwe, kuqeda izimpande ezingakwazi ukubuyiselwa futhi isitshalo sife.
Abathandi bobuhle bayajabula ukubona izakhamuzi zasehlobo nabalimi ezingadini zabo. Kungenxa yamakhono adlayo ale bhungane ukuthi iziza zasekhaya kanye nokuvuna kuhleleke kahle. Ibhungane libhubhisa zonke izinhlobo zeziphungumangathi eziyingozi nezibungu zezinambuzane. Ngokuthakazelisayo, izibungu zomhlaba webhungane nazo zingabazingeli.
Ngenxa yobuncane bazo, azikwazi ukubhubhisa izinambuzane ezinkulu, kepha zibhekana nezincane nge-bang. Esinye isifanekiso esithakazelisayo yi-tiger ground beetle. Ibizwa kanjalo ngoba ukwakheka kwemihlathi yayo kufana nomlomo wengwe ngamazinyo amakhulu acijile.
Ngazo udwengula isisulu sakhe. Izinambuzane eziwele emhlathini wale bhungane zinqunyelwe ukufa. Ibhungane lihlala otshanini naphakathi kwamagade omhlaba. Uhlala efuna ukudla, ngakho-ke, lapho umbona esizeni sakhe, ungazola ukuphepha kwesivuno.
Ukulawulwa kwebhungane lomhlabathi
Ngaphambi kokuqala impi ngezinambuzane, kufanelekile ukucaciswa lapho kuhlala khona ibhungane lomhlabathiibhuku elibomvu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, izinhlobo ezithile ziyavikelwa futhi ukuqedwa kwazo kungahle kube nemiphumela emibi. Indawo eyinhloko yamabhungane angavamile yiNhlonhlo YaseCrimea, kodwa ingahlala kunoma iyiphi indawo efanele izimo zezulu. Kuyafaneleka ukuqhathanisa isinambuzane esitholakele nebhungane lomhlabathi esithombeni bese uqiniseka ngesimo salo "sezinambuzane".
Akulula kangako ukubhubhisa inkathazo. Kuyadingeka ukuthatha leli bhizinisi ngokubekezela konke futhi wenze ukwelashwa kwamakhemikhali kabili noma kathathu. Bese, kanye ngenyanga, thatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukubhubhisa izibungu ezisele ngemuva kokuhlanzwa okuyinhloko.
Izindlela eziningana zisetshenziselwa ukubulala amabhungane ngasikhathi sinye. Ukuze welashwe ngamakhemikhali, kufanele uthenge ama-dichlorvos ne-karbofos futhi uwasebenzise kanye nesisombululo se-ammonia noma uviniga.
Uviniga ne-ammonia kufanele kuncibilikiswe emanzini ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 2. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukucubungula ingadi noma ingadi yemifino, udinga ukunakekela ukuphepha kwakho. Udinga ukuthenga:
- umshini wokuphefumula;
- amagilavu e-latex;
- izingilazi zepulasitiki ezinamathempeli abanzi;
- izingubo ezikhethekile noma enye ongeke ukwazi ukuyilahla kamuva.
Ngemuva kokuhlanza okomile, yonke imishini yokuvikela kufanele ihlanzwe ngamanzi ahambayo, yomiswe futhi isuswe ekhoneni elikude, noma ilahlwe. Uma impi yokulwa nezinambuzane izokwenzeka endaweni yokuhlala, kungcono ukuqala ngokucubungula ukudla.
Kungcono ukosa okusanhlamvu kuhhavini ezingeni lokushisa okungenani lama-degree angama-75 bese uwafaka esitsheni esingangeni moya. Noma ubeke ngaphansi kweqhwa elijulile elibukhali. Onke amakhabethe, amashalofu we-pantry kanye nama-baseboards aphathwa ngesisombululo seviniga.
Kunconywa ukusebenzisa ama-reagents e-ammonia noma amakhemikhali kuphela kulawo makamelo lapho kunomoya omuhle khona. Ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa, wonke amalungu omndeni nezilwane kumele akhishwe endlini ukuyozula.
Ngemuva kokubhujiswa okuphelele kwebhungane lomhlabathi, umuntu akufanele ehlise umoya. Izindlela zokuvimbela kufanele zenziwe kaningi, cishe akunakwenzeka ukubhubhisa yonke indawo yezinambuzane ngasikhathi sinye. Landela imiyalo elula:
- ngemuva kokuthenga ukudla, ikakhulukazi imifino nezithelo, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola izimpahla ngomonakalo;
- yenza njalo ukuhlanza kwentwasahlobo ngeviniga, ubheke ngaphakathi bese uhlanza kahle wonke amakhona, ikakhulukazi emakamelweni amnyama;
- gcina okusanhlamvu ezitsheni ezivaliwe;
- kwesinye isikhathi uphatha ifenisha yokhuni, izinambuzane zingahlala phakathi kwamabhodi.
Lapho uqala ukulwa nobhungane obuphansi, ungawudluli. Kuhlala kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi izinambuzane ezinjalo zithatha isinyathelo esibalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla. Ukucekelwa phansi ngokuphelele kwezinambuzane kungathinta kabi izitshalo kuphela, kepha nezilwane ezinkulu nezinyoni ezidla kulezi zinkumbi ezinhle.
