“Izolo ngibonile ngokusobala ngibona ama-mermaid amathathu evela olwandle; kodwa azizinhle njengoba kushiwo, ngoba zikhombisa ngokusobala izici zobudoda ebusweni bazo. Lokhu kungena ku-log yomkhumbi yomkhumbi "uNinya" yangomhla ziyi-9 kuJanuwari, 1493, eyenziwe nguChristopher Columbus ngesikhathi sohambo lwakhe lobusha olusogwini lwaseHaiti.
Umhambi nomthwebuli odumile akusiyena kuphela osolwandle othole "ama-mermaids" emanzini afudumele asezwenikazi laseMelika. Yebo, izidalwa ezixakile zazingafani namaqhawekazi wezinganekwane, ngoba lokhu akuyona i-mermaid encane, kepha isilwane esinezilwane zasolwandle.
Incazelo nezici
Mhlawumbe, ukufana kwezimvu zasolwandle kwenza kube lula ukubiza iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezincelisayo "izinhlabamkhosi". Kuyiqiniso, lezi zidalwa zasenganekwaneni zaheha izisebenzi zemikhumbi ngezingoma zazo, futhi akukho ukukhohlisa ngemuva kwezilwane zasolwandle ezinama-siren. Ziyi-phlegm nokuzola uqobo.
Izinhlobo ezintathu zama-manatee ezaziwa ososayensi kanye ne-dugong - yilabo bonke abamele izinhlabamkhosi. Uhlobo lwesihlanu, olungasekho - inkomo yasolwandle yaseSteller - yatholwa eBering Sea ngo-1741, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka engama-27 nje, abazingeli babulala umuntu wokugcina. Ngokusobala, lezi zidlakela zazilingana nomkhomo omncane.
AmaSiren kukholakala ukuthi aqhamuka kokhokho abanemilenze emine abasuselwa emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-60 eyedlule (njengoba kufakazelwa yimivubukulo etholwe yizazi ze-paleontologists). Izilwane ezincane ezidla utshani bama-hyrax (hyraxes) ezihlala eMiddle East nase-Afrika, nezindlovu zibhekwa njengezihlobo zalezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo.
Kucace bha ngezindlovu, izinhlobo zinokufana okufanayo, zinkulu futhi zihamba kancane. Kepha ama-hyrax amancane (acishe alingane ne-gopher) futhi ambozwe ngoboya. Kuliqiniso, bona kanye namakhaza anezakhiwo ezicishe zifane zamathambo namazinyo.
Njengama-pinnipeds nemikhomo, izinhlabamkhosi yizilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke endaweni yasemanzini, kodwa ngokungafani nezingonyama zasolwandle nezimvu zamanzi, azikwazi ukufika ogwini. IManatee ne-dugong ziyefana, nokho, zinesakhiwo esihlukile sogebhezi nokuma komsila: owokuqala ufana nesigwedlo, owesibili unemfoloko eqoshiwe enamazinyo amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifonyo se-manatee sifushane.
Umzimba omkhulu we-manatee yabantu abadala uthinta emsileni oyisicaba, onjenge-paddle. Izinyawo ezimbili zangaphambili - amaphiko - azithuthukisiwe kahle, kepha zinezinqubo ezintathu noma ezine ezifana nezipikili. Amadevu abukisa ebusweni obushwabene.
AmaManatee ngokuvamile anombala ompunga, noma kunjalo, kukhona futhi nsundu. Uma ubona isithombe sesilwane esiluhlaza, yazi-ke: kungongqimba lwe-algae olunamathele esikhunjeni. Isisindo sama-manatees sihluka kusuka ku-400 kuye ku-590 kg (ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu). Ubude bomzimba wesilwane busuka kumamitha angu-2.8-3. Abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu futhi bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa.
AmaManatee anezindebe eziqinile zemisipha, engenhla ihlukaniswe yaba uhhafu wesobunxele nangakwesokudla, ezihamba ngokuzimela. Kufana nezandla ezimbili ezincane noma ikhophi elincane lomboko wendlovu, elenzelwe ukubamba nokumunca ukudla emlonyeni wakho.
Umzimba nenhloko yesilwane kumbozwe uboya obukhulu (i-vibrissae), cishe zingu-5000 zazo kumuntu omdala. Amafolishi afakwe ngaphakathi afaka ukuzula emanzini nokuhlola imvelo. Umdondoshiya uhamba ngezansi ngosizo lwamaphiko amabili agcina "emilenzeni" efana nezinyawo zezindlovu.
Amadoda anamavila avilaphayo angabanikazi bobuchopho obushelelezi nobuncane kunazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo (maqondana nesisindo somzimba). Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi bangamaqhubu ayiziphukuphuku. Ku-athikili ye-New York Times yango-2006, isazi sezinzwa uRoger L. Ripa wase-University of Florida waphawula ukuthi ama-manatee "anekhono ezinkingeni zokuhlola njengamahlengethwa, yize ehamba kancane futhi engenakho nhlobo ukuthanda izinhlanzi, okwenza kube nzima ukuzikhuthaza."
Njengehhashi ama-manatee olwandle - abanikazi besisu esilula, kepha i-cecum enkulu, ekwazi ukugaya izakhi zezitshalo ezinzima. Amathumbu afinyelela kumamitha angama-45 - made ngokungavamile ngokuqhathaniswa nosayizi womgcini.
Amaphaphu ama-manatee alala eduze komgogodla futhi afana nedamu elintantayo elisemuva kwesilwane. Ngokusebenzisa imisipha yesifuba, bangacindezela umthamo wamaphaphu futhi baqinise umzimba ngaphambi kokuntywila. Ekulaleni kwabo, imisipha yabo ye-pectoral iyakhululeka, amaphaphu ayakhula futhi ngobumnene athwale umphuphi aye phezulu.
Isici esithandekayoIzilwane ezindala azinawo ama-incisors noma ama-canine, kuphela iqoqo lamazinyo esihlathi angahlukanisiwe ngokusobala ngama-molars kanye nama-premolars. Zishintshwa kaninginingi kukho konke ukuphila ngamazinyo amasha akhula ngemuva, njengoba lawa madala esulwa yizimbungulu zesihlabathi bese ephuma emlonyeni.
Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, i-manatee imvamisa ayinamazinyo angaphezu kwayisithupha emhlathini ngamunye. Enye imininingwane eyingqayizivele: i-manatee inama-vertebrae wesibeletho ayisithupha, angahlotshaniswa nokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo (zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zinezingu-7 zazo, ngaphandle kwama-sloths).
Izinhlobo
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zalezi zilwane ezaziwa ngososayensi: i-American manatee (Trichechus manatus), Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis), Afrika (Trichechus senegalensis).
Imanatee yaseAmazon iqanjwe kanjalo ngendawo yayo yokuhlala (ihlala kuphela eNingizimu Melika, eMfuleni i-Amazon, indawo yayo enezikhukhula nemifudlana). Luhlobo lwamanzi ahlanzekile olungabekezeleli usawoti futhi olungalokothi lubhukude olwandle noma olwandle. Mancane kunabalingani bawo futhi aweqi kumamitha ayi-2.8 ubude. Kubhalwe eNcwadini Ebomvu "njengabantu abasengozini".
I-manatee yase-Afrika itholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini lolwandle kanye nasezindaweni ezisogwini lolwandle, kanye nasezinhlelweni zemifula yamanzi ahlanzekile ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika kusukela eSenegal River eningizimu kuya e-Angola, eNiger naseMali, 2000 km ukusuka ogwini. Inani labantu balezi zinhlobo lingabantu abangaba ngu-10 000.
Igama lesiLatin lohlobo lwaseMelika, i-manatus, lihambisana negama elithi manati elisetshenziswe ngabantu baseCaribbean bangaphambi kweColombia, okusho ukuthi isifuba. Ama-manatee aseMelika akhetha injabulo efudumele futhi aqoqane emanzini angajulile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanandaba nokunambitheka kwamanzi.
Zivamise ukuthuthela emilanjeni ebunjiwe ziye emithonjeni yamanzi angenasawoti futhi azikwazi ukuphila emakhazeni. AmaManatee ahlala ezindaweni ezixhaphozini ezisogwini nemifula yoLwandle lweCaribbean naseGulf of Mexico, ukubukeka kwawo kwaqoshwa ngabaphenyi ngisho nasezindaweni ezingavamile zezwe njengase-Alabama, eGeorgia, eSouth Carolina emifuleni yasemaphandleni nasemifuleni embozwe ulwelwe.
I-manatee yaseFlorida ibhekwa njengama-subspecies aseMelika. Phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo, izinkomo zasolwandle ziya ezindaweni ezintsha futhi zibonakala kude nentshonalanga njengeTexas nasenyakatho eMassachusetts.
Abanye ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi bakhethe olunye uhlobo lwenhlobo - imifushane manatees, hlala baseduze nomasipala wase-Aripuanan eBrazil kuphela. Kodwa i-International Union for Conservation of Nature ayivumelani futhi ibeka ama-subspecies njenge-Amazonian.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Ngaphandle kobudlelwano obuseduze kakhulu phakathi komama namathole (amathole) abo, ama-manatee yizilwane ezihlala zodwa. Abesifazane abanamaqhuqhuva bachitha cishe u-50% wezimpilo zabo belele ngaphansi kwamanzi, njalo "bephumela" emoyeni ngezikhathi zemizuzu eyi-15-20. Isikhathi esisele "badla" emanzini angajulile. AmaManatee athanda ukuthula futhi abhukuda ngejubane lamakhilomitha ama-5 kuye kwayi-8 ngehora.
Akumangalisi ukuthi babeteketiswa «izinkomo»! AmaManatee sebenzisa amaphiko abo ukuzulazula phansi ngenkathi ngenkuthalo umba izitshalo nezimpande ku-substrate. Imigqa egqamile engxenyeni engenhla yomlomo nomhlathi ongezansi kudwengula ukudla kube yizicucu.
Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle azinalo ulaka ngendlela emangalisayo futhi azikwazi ukusebenzisa amazinyo azo ukuhlasela. Kufanele ufake isandla sakho sonke emlonyeni we-manatee ukuze ufike emazinyweni ambalwa.
Izilwane ziyaqonda eminye imisebenzi futhi zibonisa izimpawu zokufunda okuyinkimbinkimbi, zinenkumbulo enhle yesikhathi eside. AmaManatee enza imisindo ehlukahlukene esetshenziswa ekuxhumaneni, ikakhulukazi phakathi kukamama nenkonyane. Abantu abadala "bakhuluma" kaningi ukugcina ukuxhumana ngesikhathi sokudlala kocansi.
Naphezu kwesisindo sabo esikhulu, abanalo ungqimba oluqinile lwamafutha, njengemikhomo, ngakho-ke lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lehla ngaphansi kwama-degree ayi-15, bathambekele ezindaweni ezifudumele. Lokhu kudlale ihlaya elinesihluku neziqhwaga ezinhle.
Eziningi zazo sezijwayeze ukugcwala ezindaweni eziseduze nezindawo ezisebenza ngogesi zikamasipala nezizimele, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasebusika. Ososayensi bakhathazekile: ezinye zeziteshi eseziphelelwe yisikhathi ngokomzimba nangokomzimba ziyavalwa, kanti imizulane enesisindo isetshenziselwa ukubuyela endaweni efanayo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
AmaManatee adla imifino futhi adla amanzi angenasawoti ahlukene angaphezu kwama-60 (ukhula lwe- alligator, ulethisi wasemanzini, utshani be-musk, i-hyacinth entantayo, i-hydrilla, amaqabunga omhlume) nezitshalo zasolwandle. Ama-gourmet athanda ulwelwe, i-sea clover, utshani bofudu.
Kusetshenziswa udebe lwaphezulu oluhlukanisiwe, i-manatee ilawulwa ngobuciko ngokudla futhi ijwayele ukudla cishe ama-50 kg ngosuku (kufika ku-10-15% wesisindo sayo somzimba). Ukudla kuhamba amahora. Ngomthamo omningi kangaka osetshenzisiwe, "inkomo" kufanele idle amahora afinyelela kwayisikhombisa, noma nangaphezulu ngosuku.
Ukuze ubhekane nokuqukethwe kwe-fiber ephezulu, ama-manatee asebenzisa ukuvutshelwa kwe-hindgut. Kwesinye isikhathi "izinkomo" zintshontsha izinhlanzi kumanetha okudoba, yize zingenandaba nalokhu "kudla okumnandi".
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ama-manatees abuthana ngemihlambi. Owesifazane ufunwa kusuka kwabesilisa abali-15 kuya kwabangu-20 kusukela eminyakeni engu-9 ubudala. Ngakho-ke phakathi kwabesilisa, ukuncintisana kuphakeme kakhulu, futhi abesifazane bazama ukugwema abalingani. Imvamisa, ama-manatees azala kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili. Ngokuvamile, insikazi izala ithole elilodwa kuphela.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-12. Ukulunyulwa kwengane kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-12 kuya kwezingu-18, umama uyincelisa ngobisi esebenzisa izingono ezimbili - eyodwa ngaphansi kwelungu ngalinye.
Ithole elisanda kuzalwa linesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-30 kg. Amathole e-manatee ase-Amazonia mancane - 10-15 kg, ukukhiqizwa kwalezi zinhlobo kwenzeka kaningi ngoFebhuwari-Meyi, lapho izinga lamanzi esigodini sase-Amazon lifinyelela phezulu.
Isikhathi sokuphila semanatee yaseMelika yiminyaka engama-40 kuye kwengama-60. I-Amazonian - engaziwa, igcinwe ekuthunjweni iminyaka engaba ngu-13. Abamele izinhlobo ze-Afrika bafa cishe eminyakeni engama-30 ubudala.
Esikhathini esedlule, ama-manatee ayezingelwa inyama namafutha. Ukudoba manje sekuvunyelwe, futhi ngaphandle kwalokhu, izinhlobo zaseMelika zithathwa njengezisengozini. Kuze kube ngu-2010, inani labo labantu lenyukile ngokuqhubekayo.
Ngo-2010, bangaphezu kuka-700 abantu abashonile. Ngo-2013, inani lama-manatee lehla futhi - ngo-830. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi babengu-5 000 babo, kwavela ukuthi "umndeni" waseMelika waba mpofu ngo-20% ngonyaka. Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi i-manatee izophila isikhathi esingakanani.
- izilwane ezidla ezinye aziyona ingozi enkulu, ngisho nama-alligator avumela ama-manatees (yize izingwenya zingaphikisani nokuzingela amathole "ezinkomo" zase-Amazonia);
- isici somuntu siyingozi kakhulu: izinkomo zasolwandle ezingama-90-97 ziyafa endaweni yokubungaza eFlorida namaphethelo ngemuva kokushayisana nezikebhe zezimoto nemikhumbi emikhulu. I-manatee isilwane esinelukuluku lokwazi, futhi zihamba kancane, yingakho abafo abampofu bewela ngaphansi kwezikulufo zemikhumbi, basike isikhumba ngokungenasihawu balimaze nemithambo yegazi;
- amanye ama-manatee afa ngokugwinya izingxenye zamanetha okudoba, izintambo zokudoba, upulasitiki, ongagayeki futhi avale amathumbu;
- esinye isizathu sokufa kwama-manatee "yi-red tide", isikhathi sokuzala noma "sokuqhakaza" kwe-algae microscopic Karenia brevis. Akhiqiza ama-brevetoxins asebenza ohlelweni lwemizwa oluphakathi lwezilwane. Ngo-2005 kuphela, ama-manatee angama-44 aseFlorida abulawa igagasi elinobuthi. Ngokunikezwa kwenani elikhulu lokudla abakudlayo, imidondoshiya ibhujiswa phakathi naleso sikhathi: izinga lobuthi emzimbeni alikho emashadini.
Imanatee ehlala isikhathi eside evela e-aquarium yaseBradenton
Imanatee endala kakhulu eyathunjwa kwakunguSnooty wase-Aquarium weSouth Florida Museum eBradenton. UVeteran wazalelwa eMiami Aquarium naseTackle ngoJulayi 21, 1948. Wakhuliswa izazi zezilwane, uSnooty wayengakaze abone izilwane zasendle futhi wayeyintandokazi yezingane zasendaweni. Umhlali ohlala njalo e-aquarium ushone ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemuva kokuzalwa kwakhe kweminyaka engama-69, ngoJulayi 23, 2017: watholakala endaweni engaphansi kwamanzi esetshenziselwa uhlelo lokusekela impilo.
Isibindi eside sidume ngokuba nobungani kakhulu owesilisa. Esithombeni uvamise ukubukisa ngabasebenzi abondla lesi silwane, kwezinye izithombe "ikhehla" libheka izivakashi ngentshisekelo. USnooty wayeyisihloko esiyintandokazi yokufunda ikhono nekhono lokufunda lohlobo oluthile.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Isisindo esikhulu kunazo zonke esiqoshiwe se-manatee ngu-1 ton 775 kg;
- Ubude be-manatee kwesinye isikhathi bufinyelela ku-4.6 m, lezi izinombolo ezirekhodiwe;
- Ngesikhathi sokuphila, akunakwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi lesi silwane esincelisayo sasolwandle sineminyaka emingaki. Ngemuva kokufa, ochwepheshe babala ukuthi zingaki izingqimba zamasongo ezikhulile ezindlebeni ze-manatee, yile ndlela iminyaka enqunywa ngayo;
- Ngo-1996, inani lama-manatee-izisulu ze "red tide" lafinyelela ku-150. Lokhu ukulahleka kwabantu okukhulu kunakho konke ngesikhathi esifushane;
- Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi ama-manatees anembobo emhlane njenge-whale. Lokhu ngumbono oyiphutha! Isilo siphefumula ngamakhala aso uma siphuma phezulu. Emanzini, uyakwazi ukuvala lezi zimbobo ukuze amanzi angangeni kuzo;
- Lapho isilwane sisebenzisa inani elikhulu lamandla, kufanele sivele njalo ngemizuzwana engama-30;
- EFlorida, kube nezimo zokucwiliswa isikhathi eside kwezinkomo zasolwandle: ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-20.
- Ngaphandle kokuthi lezi yizilwane ezidla utshani, azikhathazi lapho izingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi ezincane zingena emlonyeni wazo kanye nolwelwe;
- Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, abantu abasha bakhula ngesivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-30 ngehora, noma kunjalo, lona "ngumjaho we-sprint" emabangeni amafushane.
