Le nhlanzi ingene ekuhlukanisweni kwezinto eziphilayo njengeSparus aurata. Ngaphezu kwegama elijwayelekile - i-dorado - okuvela ku-Latin kwaqala ukusetshenziswa: i-spar yegolide, i-aurata. Onke amagama anokuxhumana ngensimbi enhle. Lokhu kungachazwa kalula: ekhanda lenhlanzi, phakathi kwamehlo, kukhona umucu omncane wegolide.
Ngaphezu kwamagama angenhla, inhlanzi inamanye: i-sea carp, i-orata, i-chipura. Igama elithi darado lingasetshenziswa ngendlela yesifazane noma yaseYurophu - umphumela yi-dorada noma i-dorado.
Indawo yedorado incane uma iqhathaniswa: uLwandle iMedithera ne-Atlantic, elakhelene neMorocco, iPortugal, iSpain neFrance. Kuyo yonke indawo yokusatshalaliswa, i-sea carp noma i-dorado yizinto zokudoba. Kusukela ezinsukwini zaseRoma lasendulo, i-dorado iye yakhiqizwa ngokungeyikho. Manje le mboni isakhiwa emazweni aseMaghreb, eTurkey, nasezifundazweni eziseningizimu yeYurophu.
Incazelo nezici
Inhlanzi ibukeka ngendlela ebonakalayo. Okusaqanda, umzimba oyisicaba. Ukuphakama okuphezulu komzimba wenhlanzi cishe kuyingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zobude bayo. Okusho ukuthi, ubukhulu bomzimba wedorado bufana nobomzimba we-crucian. Iphrofayili ehla kakhulu ekhanda. Maphakathi nephrofayili kukhona amehlo, engxenyeni engezansi kunomlomo onamalebe aminyene, isigaba saso sitsheke sibheke phansi. Ngenxa yalokho, u-dorado esithombeni hhayi enobungane kakhulu, ukubukeka "okujwayelekile".
Amazinyo ahlelwe ngemigqa emihlathini engenhla nengezansi yenhlanzi. Emgqeni wokuqala kunama-canine ayindilinga angama-4-6. Lokhu kulandelwa yimigqa enezinsalela eziningi ezingacacile. Amazinyo emigqeni engaphambili anamandla kakhulu kunalawo atholakala ngokujula.
Amaphiko ngawohlobo lwe-perch, okungukuthi, aqinile futhi anameva. Amaphiko wepectoral anomgogodla owodwa nemisebe emi-5. Umgogodla omude utholakala phezulu, ufushanisa imisebe njengoba yehlela ezansi. Isiphetho sangemuva sithatha cishe yonke ingxenye yomgogodla womzimba. I-fin inezinsipho eziyi-11 no-13-14 uthambile, hhayi imisebe ehlabayo. Indlu yangasese, amaphiko endunu anezinsipho ezintathu nemisebe engu-11-12.
Umbala ojwayelekile womzimba ungwevu okhanyayo ngesici se-sheen sezikali ezincane. Ngemuva kumnyama, kuvundlile, umzimba ongezansi ucishe ube mhlophe. Ulayini we-lateral mncane, ubonakala kahle ekhanda, ucishe unyamalale ngasemsileni. Ekuqaleni kolayini ohlangothini, ezinhlangothini zombili zomzimba kunendawo egcotshwe ngamalahle.
Ingxenye engaphambili yekhanda ingumthofu omnyama ngombala; maqondana nalesi sizinda, indawo yegolide, evulekile igqamile, etholakala phakathi kwamehlo enhlanzi. Kubantu abasha, lo mhlobiso uboniswa kancane, kungenzeka ungabikho ngokuphelele. Umugqa ugijima emaphethelweni we-dorsal. Imigqa emide yobude obude kwesinye isikhathi ingabonakala emzimbeni wonke.
Isiphetho se-caudal sinesimo esivame kakhulu, esinezimfoloko, izazi zezinto eziphilayo esizibiza ngokuthi yi-homocercal. Umsila nokugcina kokukuqedela kuyalingana. Ama-lobes wokugcina amnyama, umphetho wawo wangaphandle uzungezwe umngcele ocishe ube mnyama.
Izinhlobo
UDorado kungokwalabo uhlobo spars, nakho, kungokwalabo spar umndeni, noma, njengoba bebizwa njalo, sea carp. I-Dorado iyinhlobo ye-monotypic, okungukuthi, ayinayo i-subspecies.
Kepha kukhona igama. Kukhona inhlanzi ebizwa nangokuthi idorado. Igama lesistimu yalo nguSalminus brasiliensis, ilungu lomndeni we-haracin. Izinhlanzi zingamanzi angenasawoti, zihlala emifuleni yaseNingizimu Melika: iParana, i-Orinoco, iParaguay nezinye.
Womabili la ma-dorado ahlanganiswe ubukhona bamabala egolide ngombala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zombili izinhlanzi ziyizinhloso zokudoba. IDorado yaseNingizimu Melika inentshisekelo kuphela kubadobi be-amateur, i-Atlantic - kubadlali nakubadobi.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
UDorado — inhlanzi i-pelagic. Ibekezelela amanzi anosawoti ahlukile kanye namazinga okushisa kahle. UDorado uchitha impilo yakhe ebusweni, emilonyeni yemifula, emadamini anosawoti omncane. Izinhlanzi ezivuthiwe zinamathela ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha angama-30, kepha zingehlela kumamitha ayi-100-150.
Kukholakala ukuthi le nhlanzi ihamba phambili ngokuhlala. Kepha lo akuwona umthetho ophelele. Ukufuduka kokudla kusuka olwandle oluvulekile kuya ezifundeni ezisogwini lwaseSpain naseziQhingini zaseBrithani kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Iminyakazo yenziwa ngabantu abangashadile noma imihlambi emincane. Lapho kuqala ubusika, izinhlanzi zibuyela ezindaweni ezijulile zisaba amazinga okushisa aphansi.
U-Alfred Edmund Brehm ocwaningweni oludumile lwe- "The Life of Animals" waveza ukuthi abantu besikhathi sakhe - amaVenetians - bakhulisa i-dorado emachibini amakhulu. Lo mkhuba bawuthole kumaRoma asendulo.
Esikhathini sethu, ukutshalwa kwe-dorado, izinhlayiya zegolide emapulazini ezinhlanzi sekuyinsakavukela. Lokhu kunikeza izizathu zokugomela ukuthi kukhona okwenziwe ngokufakelwa futhi kuvela ezimweni zemvelo izinhlobo ze-dorado.
IGolden Spar, eyiDorado, ikhule ngezindlela eziningana. Ngale ndlela ebanzi, izinhlanzi zigcinwa ngokukhululeka emachibini nasemadamini. Ngendlela yokulima enesisindo esincane, ama-feeders namakheji amakhulu afakwa emanzini asogwini. Izindlela ezijulile zibandakanya ukwakhiwa kwamathangi angaphezulu komhlaba.
Lezi zindlela zehluke kakhulu ngokwezindleko zokwakha, ukugcinwa kwezinhlanzi. Kepha izindleko zokukhiqiza, ekugcineni, ziyavela zilingane. Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela ethile yokukhiqiza kuncike ezimweni nasendaweni yakhona. EGrisi, ngokwesibonelo, indlela ethuthuke kakhulu isuselwa ekugcinweni kwamahhala kwedorado.
Indlela ebanzi yokubamba i-dorado iseduze nokudoba kwendabuko. Izingibe zibekelwe imizila yokufuduka kwezinhlanzi. Imibhangqwana yegolide yezingane kuphela esuswa ngokwemboni, ekhishwa inqwaba yolwandle. Le ndlela idinga izindleko zemishini encane, kepha imiphumela yokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ayihlali ibikezela.
Emachibini okulinywa kakhulu, akuvunyelwe nje kuphela ukukhishwa kwama-dorado juveniles, kepha futhi namahlumela ama-mullet, ama-sea bass, ne-eel. IGolden Spar ikhula ize ibe ngusayizi wayo wokuqala wezohwebo ongu-350 g ezinyangeni ezingama-20. Cishe ama-20-30% ezinhlanzi ezikhishiwe zinamathela endaweni yempilo yazo ziqala sonke lesi sikhathi.
Ukukhiqizwa kweDorado ngokuqukethwe kwamahhala kufinyelela kuma-30-150 kg ehektheleni ngalinye ngonyaka noma u-0.0025 kg ngemitha ngalinye. imitha. Ngasikhathi sinye, inhlanzi ayondliwe ngokungeyikho, imali isetshenziswa kuphela ekukhuleni gazinga. Indlela ebanzi ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokubambisana nokudoba kwendabuko kwedorado nezinye izindlela ezinamandla kakhulu.
Ngendlela eqinile yokuzalanisa i-dorado, ukulawula kwabantu phezu kwabantu kuphakeme kunokugcina mahhala. Kunezinketho ezihambisana nokukhulisa izingane ezimeni esidala ukunciphisa ukulahleka nokunciphisa isikhathi sokufinyelela usayizi ongathengiseka.
Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukugcina izinhlanzi emakhejini amakhulu olwandle oluvulekile. Kulokhu, izinhlanzi ziyondliwa, futhi, kwesinye isikhathi, izindawo zokugcina izinhlanzi zinikezwa umoya-mpilo. Ngale ndlela, cishe i-1 kg yezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo itholakala kumitha elilodwa le-cubic lendawo yamanzi. Ukukhiqizwa okuphelele kungama-500-2500 kg ngehektha ngalinye ngonyaka.
Indlela yokutshala ejulile yeDorado ifaka izigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, gazinga kutholakala ku-caviar. Emachibini anezinga lokushisa elingu-18-26 ° C kanye nobuningi bezinhlanzi obungu-15-45 kg ngemitha engama-cubic. imitha ukuphakelwa okuyinhloko. Isigaba sokuqala siphela lapho i-dorado encane ifinyelela isisindo esingu-5 g.
Ngokukhulisa ngokwengeziwe, amabhangqa egolide adluliselwa ezindaweni ezinamandla kakhulu zokuboshwa. Lokhu kungaba ngamachibi asemhlabeni, amachibi asendlini noma amathangi antantayo atholakala esiqeshini sogu, noma izakhiwo zamakheji ezifakwa olwandle.
UDorado ubekezelela impilo eminyene kahle, ngakho-ke ubukhulu bezinhlanzi kulawa madamu buphezulu impela. Into esemqoka ukuthi kukhona ukudla okwanele ne-oxygen. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, i-dorado ikhula ifike ku-350-400 g ngonyaka.
Zonke izindlela zokuzalisa idorado zinobuhle nobubi bazo. Amapulazi athuthuke kakhulu asebenzisa indlela ejulile yokondla izinhlanzi emakheji asolwandle acwilisiwe. Kulokhu, azikho izindleko ze-aeration, zokuhlanza nokupompa amanzi ezidingekayo. Yize ubuningi besibalo sezinhlanzi esibayeni kufanele bube buncane kunechibi langaphakathi.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwabasebenzi phakathi kwamapulazi ezinhlanzi kwenzeka ngokwemvelo. Abanye baqala ukugxila ekukhiqizeni ama-juveniles, abanye kulinywa i-spar yegolide ezweni elingathengiseka, elithengiswayo, okungukuthi, kuze kube isisindo sama-400 g.UDorado angakhula kakhulu kakhulu - aze afike ku-10 noma ngisho naku-15 kg, kepha inhlanzi enkulu ayifuneki kangako, inyama yayo ibhekwa njengencane okumnandi.
UDorado akondliwe amahora angama-24 ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa ukudayiswa. Izinhlanzi ezilambile zikubekezelela kangcono ukuthuthwa futhi zigcina ukubukeka kwazo okusha isikhathi eside. Esigabeni sokudoba izinhlanzi ziyahlungwa: ama-specimens alimele futhi angaphili ayasuswa. Izindlela zokubamba inqwaba yezinhlanzi zincike endleleni yokugcina. Esikhathini esiningi kuqoqwa inhlanzi ngenetha noma ukufana okuhlanganisiwe kwetrawl.
Izindleko zokutshalwa kweDorado okufakelwayo ziphakeme impela. Umuntu ngamunye ubiza okungenani i-euro eyodwa. Hhayi ngaphezu kwezindleko eziphambili zezinhlanzi ezibanjwe ngendlela engokwemvelo, yendabuko, kepha icashunwa ngabathengi ngaphezulu. Ngakho-ke, kwesinye isikhathi i-dorado elinyiwe ivezwa njengezinhlanzi ezibanjwe olwandle oluphakeme.
Ukudla okunomsoco
IDorado itholakala ezindaweni ezinothe ngama-crustaceans amancane, ama-molluscs. Kuyikudla okuyinhloko kwale nhlanzi edla inyama. Iqoqo lamazinyo, eliqukethe ama-canines kanye nama-molars anamandla, likuvumela ukuthi ubambe inyamazane futhi uqede amagobolondo ezinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans amancane nezimbaza.
UDorado udla izinhlanzi ezincane, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle. Izinambuzane ziqoqwa ebusweni bamanzi, amaqanda athathwa phakathi kwe-algae, futhi awenqabi ulwelwe uqobo. Ukuzalanisa izinhlanzi okufakelwayo, okuphakelayo okugwadle okusetshenzisiwe kuyasetshenziswa. Zenziwe ngesisekelo sikabhontshisi, isidlo senhlanzi, imfucumfucu yokukhiqizwa kwenyama.
Inhlanzi ayikhethi kakhulu ngokudla, kepha iyaziswa ngama-gourmets futhi ingeyasezibiliboco. Izitsha zeDorado zifakiwe ekudleni kwaseMedithera. Ngenxa yokwakheka okumnandi i-dorado hhayi nje okokudla kuphela kepha futhi nomuthi okwelapha.
I-100 g ye-spar yegolide (i-dorado) iqukethe i-94 kcal, i-18 g yamaprotheni, ama-3.2 g wamafutha hhayi i-gram yama-carbohydrate. Njengokudla okuningi ekudleni kwaseMedithera, i-dorado yehlisa amazinga e-cholesterol egazini, inyusa ukuqina kwemithambo, okungukuthi, i-dorado imelana ne-atherosclerosis.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezitsha ezivela kule nhlanzi kuboniswa lapho kudingeka ukunciphisa isisindo. Inani elikhulu le-potassium, ngaphezu kokuvuselela umsebenzi wemisipha yenhliziyo nokunciphisa ingcindezi, kusebenze ukusebenza kobuchopho, kuthuthukisa inkumbulo, futhi kwandise ubuhlakani.
Iodine iyinxenye yezinhlanzi eziningi zasolwandle; kukhona futhi okuningi eDorado. Indlala yegilo, amasosha omzimba ngokujwayelekile, imetabolism, amalunga nezinye izingxenye zomzimba zamukela lesi sici ngokubonga.
Kwesinye isikhathi ubuciko obukhethekile bokupheka abudingeki ukulungisa izitsha kusuka ku-spar yegolide. Kwanele ukuthatha umucu wedorado ubhake kuhhavini. Ama-gourmets angathatha isikhathi ukuziphekela noma uku-oda, isibonelo, i-dorado ku-pistachio crust noma i-dorado efakwe ewayinini, noma i-dorado ene-hollandaise sauce, njalonjalo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
IGolden spar (dorado) lapho isikhona ikwazi ukuguqula ubulili bayo ngokwemvelo. UDorado uzalwa njengowesilisa. Futhi uhola isici sempilo sowesilisa. Eminyakeni emibili, abesilisa bazalwa kabusha baba ngabesifazane. I-gonad esebenza njenge-testis iba ama-ovari.
Ukuba ngowobulili obubili akuyona into engavamile ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni. Zonke izinhlanzi zomndeni wababili ziphethe leli qhinga lokuzalisa. Phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobo ezithwala ngasikhathi sinye izici zabo bobubili ubulili.
Kukhona lezo ezikhiqiza njalo izici ezithile zocansi. UDorado, ngenxa yesiqalo sempilo yowesilisa nokuqhubeka kwabesifazane, bangabalandeli be-dichogamy efana ne-protandria.
Ekwindla, kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuDisemba, emaDorado labesifazane abeka emaqanda langema-20 000 kuya ku-80,000. UDorado caviar incane kakhulu, engeqi ku-1 mm ububanzi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Larval kuthatha isikhathi eside - cishe izinsuku ezingama-50 ezingeni lokushisa lika-17-18 ° C. Bese kuba khona ukukhishwa okukhulu kwamafry, iningi lawo elidliwa yizilwane zasolwandle.
Ekuzalaneni okufakelwayo, impahla yokuqala yokuzalanisa yathathwa ngqo kwimvelo. Ezimweni zamanje, ipulazi ngalinye elikhulu lezinhlanzi ligcina umhlambi walo - umthombo wamaqanda kanye nefry.
Umhlambi wezinkukhu ugcinwa ngokwahlukana; ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, ukuzalanisa iDorado kudluliselwa emathangini azala. Ukugcina isilinganiso esifanele sabesilisa nabesifazane kunzima impela ngenxa yokuthambekela kwezinhlanzi ukushintsha ubulili.
Izinhlanzi zilethwa esikhathini sokuzala ngokukhulisa ukukhanya nokugcina izinga lokushisa elidingekayo. Ezinhlanzi, ukuhlelwa kabusha komzimba kwenzeka, njengokungathi kusondele ngokwemvelo ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Kunezinhlelo ezimbili zokukhulisa i-dorado Fry: kumathangi amancane namakhulu. Lapho kukhiqizwa amathanga amancane, ama-150-200 gazinga achitha ilitha elilodwa lamanzi ngenxa yokulawula okuphelele kwikhwalithi yamanzi.
Lapho kuchanyuselwa amachibi amakhulu, awekho ama-gazinga angaphezu kwali-10 achanyuselwa ilitha elilodwa lamanzi. Ukukhiqizwa kwalolu hlelo kuphansi, kepha inqubo isondele kakhulu emvelweni, yingakho kuzalwa izingane ezinamandla kakhulu zeDorado.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-3-4, izikhwama ze-yolk zamabhangqa egolide ziyaphela. Amafry alungele ukudla. Ama-Rotifers avame ukunikelwa kuDorado osanda kuzalwa. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-11, i-Artemia ingezwa kuma-rotifers.
Ngaphambi kokondla ama-crustaceans ahlanganiswe nezinto ze-lipid, okunamafutha acid, amavithamini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-microalgae ayengezwa emachibini lapho kuhlala khona gazinga. Lokhu kudala indawo enhle yokukhula kwentsha. Uma ufinyelela isisindo esingu-5-10 g, ukudla okuneprotheni ephezulu kuyaphela.
UDorado Fry ushiya i-nursery eneminyaka engu-45. Badluliselwa kwelinye ichibi, bashintshela kusistimu yamandla ehlukile. Ukondla kuhlala kuhlala kwenzeka kaningi, kepha ukudla kuhamba kufomu yezimboni, eyimbudumbudu. UDorado uqala ukuthola isimo sokumaketha.
Intengo
IGolden Spar ngokwesiko iyinhlanzi ebabazekayo. Ukubanjwa okujwayelekile ngamanetha namathafa okubiza kakhulu ngenxa yokuthambekela kweDorado ukuhlala ngokuzimela noma ukuhlala emhlambini omncane. Ukuzaliswa kokuzenzela kwenze ukuthi izinhlanzi zithengeke kakhulu. Ukwehla kwangempela kwamanani kwaqala kuphela ngekhulu lama-21, ngokuvela kwamapulazi amakhulu ezinhlanzi.
IDorado ingathengwa emakethe yaseYurophu ngama-5.5 euros ngekhilogremu. ERussia, amanani entengo yegolide asondele kunawaseYurophu. Ukuthengisa inani le-dorado isukela kuma-ruble angama-450 kuye kwangama-600 ngisho nama-700 ngekhilogremu ngalinye.
